Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Market Performance Market Performance and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Performance: The principal focus of competition policy, market performance refers to the degree to which a particular industry or [...]...
2. CEDAW Committee Signification of Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) Committee The Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) Committee was established by the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination [...]...
3. Rural Women Rural Women in the CEDAW Article 14 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) stipulates, in relation to Rural Women, that all countries are required to pay special attention to the situation of rural women. They should ensure rural women's [...]...
4. Compensatory Tax A special import levy imposed by the European Economic Community upon certain agricultural imports when the entry price of such products falls below a reference, or minimum target, price and the import is priced so as to reflect an export subsidy. Compensatory taxes are institutionalized in the [...]...
5. Social Life Economic and Social Life in the CEDAW Article 13: of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) stipulates, in relation to Economic and Social Life, that all countries are required to eliminate discrimi-nation in other areas of economic and social [...]...
6. Market Power Market Power and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Power: The ability of an individual firm to exert control over prices prevailing in the markets for its products or services. The highest [...]...
7. Economic Rent Economic Rent and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Economic Rent: The gain to a producer or resource owner resulting from a trade barrier or other restriction of supply that leads to a higher [...]...
8. Arm's Length Pricing Arm's Length Pricing and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Arm's Length Pricing: The price at which a particular product or service would sell in a transaction between unrelated buyers [...]...
9. Public Life Public and Political Life in the CEDAW Article 7: of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) stipulates, in relation to Public and Political Life, that all countries are required to eliminate discrimination in public and political life, and [...]...
10. Supplementary Levy An additional tax that may be imposed upon imports of pork, poultry, or eggs into the European Economic Community when the purchase price of such items falls below the Gate Price ("https://lawin.org/list-of-international-trade-law-terms/">read this and related legal terms for [...]...
11. Rules-Oriented Trade Policy Rules-Oriented Trade Policy and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Rules-Oriented Trade Policy: An idealized approach to trade policy under which governments establish a set of rules for the [...]...
12. International Affairs International Affairs in the CEDAW Article 8 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) stipulates, in relation to International Affairs, that all countries are required to ensure women the equal opportunity to represent their governments at the [...]...
13. Buffer Stocks Buffer Stocks and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Buffer Stocks: Commodity stocks managed by countries or international organizations to moderate market price fluctuations. When prices rise [...]...
14. Human rights : a reference handbook Human rights : a reference handbook Nina Redman and Lucille Whalen ContentsTable of contents of this bookConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ... Read more...
15. Cedaw Signification of General Recommendation As it pertains to Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), general recommendations are detailed commentary on the articles of Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) [...]...
16. Restitutions Export and producer subsidies granted by the European Economic Community to EEC farmers and processors. The subsidies are a feature of the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details......
17. Arbitrage Summary of Arbitrage The practice whereby foreign exchange or commodities are purchased in one market at lower cost and rapidly traded off in another, higher cost market. For example, if the pound sterling sells for $1.50 in Paris, but only $1.45 in New York, an arbitrageur could buy [...]...
18. Economic Nationalism A conscious, articulated national drive toward economic self-sufficiency. Economic nationalism is comparable to Autarchy (read this and related legal terms for further details) but does not mandate the economic isolation......
19. Market Structure Market Structure and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Structure: Refers to the structure of an industry or market, as reflected in the number and size distribution of sellers and buyers, [...]...
20. Terms of Trade Summary of Terms of Trade An export-import price ratio derived by dividing indices of export prices by indices of import prices. For example, when export indices are 105 percent of a base period, and import indices are 98 percent of the same base period, then the terms of trade [...]...
21. Turnover Summary of Turnover The rate at which sales occur, relative to the capital employed. For example, if sales are one million dollars, and capital employed is one hundred thousand, the capital turnover is ten.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Turnover and International Trade Economy [...]...
22. Imperfect Competition Imperfect Competition and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Imperfect Competition: When an industry is marked by imperfect competition, market prices send "incorrect signals" regarding [...]...
23. Barter Summary of Barter A direct exchange of products without cash. In some cases, a third party is brought into the transaction to dispose of some or all of the goods in a third country; this practice is known as switch trading. See Countertrade.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Barter [...]...
24. Market Failure Market Imperfections or Market Failure and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Imperfections or Market Failure: Often refers to two sources of departure from perfect competition, i.e., [...]...
25. Export-Led Growth Export-Led Growth and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Export-Led Growth: A macroeconomic strategy focusing on expansion of the export sector --such as through export subsidies or competitive [...]...
26. Deindustrialization Deindustrialization and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Deindustrialization: A term denoting a negative impact of international competition on the overall size of a country's manufacturing [...]...
27. C.I.F. C.I.F. and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of C.I.F.: An abbreviation (for "costs, insurance, and freight") used in international trade statistics and sales contracts. Transactions on [...]...
28. Human Rights Law In relation to Inter-American Treaties, Conventions and Agreements adopted within the framework of the OAS The Organization of American States (a list of Members of the Organization of American States is here) adopted the following international instruments regarding General Human Rights: [...]...
29. Devaluation Summary of Devaluation The official reduction of the value of a nation's money in relation to a standard (usually gold), special drawing rights, or the U.S. dollar. Inasmuch as all currencies are ultimately valued in terms of some standard, devaluation results in the conscious increase [...]...
30. Autarky Autarky and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Autarky: A policy that attempts to create a self-sufficient national economy entirely insulated from international trade, usually for ideological or [...]...
31. Differentiation Differentiation and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Differentiation: A key element in firms' competitive advantage. Refers to market conditions in which a product can vary in some [...]...
32. Managed Trade Managed Trade and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Managed Trade: A trade policy approach that denies the practicability of traditional "laissez-faire" approaches to trade, and instead [...]...
33. Laissez-faire Laissez Faire Summary of Laissez Faire A doctrine that government should refrain from any form of trade regulation, leaving productivity and distribution of wealth purely to market forces and individual industry. The concept arose around the beginning of the eighteenth century in France, [...]...
34. Economic Vulnerability Economic Vulnerability and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Economic Vulnerability: In the context of trade relations, the proportion of a country's GNP accounted for by exports and imports [...]...
35. Industrial Targeting Industrial Targeting and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Industrial Targeting: Selection by a government of industries deemed imponant to the evolution of the economy, and encouraging their [...]...
36. Quota Rents Quota Rents and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Quota Rents: The increase in profits that accrue to an import dealer (under an import quota) or an exporting firm (under an export quota or [...]...
37. Variable Levy Variable Levy and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Variable Levy: An import duty that is subject to alteration as world market prices change, designed to ensure that the [...]...
38. Economic Profit Economic Profit and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Economic Profit: The amount by which a producer's income exceeds total operating costs, including the cost of capital provided by the [...]...
39. Dumping Margin In those instances where a product has been dumped, that is, sold abroad at a price below the fair market value in the country of origin, the dumping margin is the difference between the home market price and the price at which the goods are sold abroad less incidental charges, such as export [...]...
40. Entente Literally, "an agreement." In political usage, an understanding among governments as represented by accords on important areas. Commercially, the term is used on the Continent as a synonym for a cartel.......
41. List of International Human Rights Treaties ContentsList of International Human Rights TreatiesResourcesSee Also List of International Human Rights Treaties There are nine core international human rights ... Read more...
42. Industrial Policy Industrial Policy and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Industrial Policy: A program of selective government interventions designed to change the sectoral composition of a country's economy [...]...
43. Competitive Competitive and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Competitive: As applied to internationally traded goods, refers to a country's or a firm's products being preferred by a significant [...]...
44. Price Supports A program of governmental action designed to stabilize or lift the price that producers receive for their products. These actions may include direct cash payments, government purchase of output to force up market prices, or special financing. Such supports are most commonly applied to agriculture.......
45. Price Competitiveness Price Competitiveness and International Trade Economy Resources See Also competitiveness...
46. Price-Fixing Agreement Price-Fixing Agreement and International Trade Economy Resources See Also cartel...
47. Price Base Price or Basic Price and International Trade Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to price in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom Resources See Also Common Agricultural Policy Gate Price and International Trade Resources [...]...
48. Price Bands Price Bands and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Price Bands: A form of variable levy linked to a system of domestic price controls. Countries such as Chile and Colombia [...]...
49. Price Undertaking Price Undertaking and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Price Undertaking: An agreement by an exporting firm with the government of an " importing country to raise the [...]...
50. Price Restrictions In the United States For information about Price restrictions in the context of international trade, click here...
51. Resale Price Maintenance Resale Price Maintenance and International Trade Economy Resources See Also vertical restraints...
52. Price Differentiation Price Differentiation in International Trade Meaning of Price Differentiation, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Price strategy for international markets that allows each local subsidiary or partner (agent, distributor. etc.) to set a price that is [...]...
53. Price Standardization Price Standardization in International Trade Meaning of Price Standardization, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Price strategy for international markets based on setting a price for the product as it leaves de factory. At its simplest it involves setting [...]...
54. Price Policy Related Fields Related topics include: Economic Development Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Social development Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Price Policy Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Price Control Find this subject in this World [...]...
55. Price Control Resources See Also Price Policy Price Control Pricing Strategy Dumping...
56. Price Stabilization Resources See Also Price Policy Price Control Pricing Strategy Dumping...
57. Price Support Resources See Also Price Policy Price Control Pricing Strategy Dumping...
58. Discrimination Summary of Discrimination Unequal treatment in the duties, quotas, or administrative controls accorded to the products of one or more nations. Generally speaking, any nation which does not enjoy most FAVORED NATION (read this and related legal terms for further details) status is the subject [...]...
59. Employment Discrimination In the United States For information about Employment discrimination in the context of international trade, click here...
60. Positive Discrimination Resources See Also Civil Liberty Civil Right Legal Right Citizen Freedom Political Liberty Constitutional Right Political Right Freedom of Speech...
61. Guide Price As used in conjunction with the European Economic Community's Common Agricultural Policy on cattle and calves, it is synonymous with Orientation Price (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
62. Intervention Price The price at which the European Economic Community, in accordance with the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details), will intervene in the market to buy excess agricultural produ......
63. Price Cartel An agreement among business entities to fix prices, to establish ranges within which prices may move, or to establish methods by which prices may be determined.......
64. Purchase Price Defined in 19 U.S.C. 162 as the price at which imported merchandise has been purchased, or will be purchased, prior to exportation. It is usually based on the ex factory price excluding any export duties levied in the country of manufacture. Within the framework of the European Economic Community......
65. Target Price An important concept within the common agricultural policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community. It represents an optimum wholesale price within the community for a g......
66. Norm Price Norm Price and International Trade Resources See Also Common Agricultural Policy...
67. Trigger Price Mechanism A program of import surveillance instituted by the U.S. government in 1977. Under this scheme, a floor price is established for designated import items; this floor is predicated upon the production cost of the most efficient foreign producer, with adjustments for freight and currency [...]...
68. Check Price System Check Price System and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Check Price System: A device used by a government agency to avoid charges of dumping in foreign markets by [...]...
69. Flag Discrimination Actions taken by a government to favor or discourage movement of cargoes aboard vessels flying certain flags; for example, a nation may require that certain cargoes or percentages of overall cargo tonnage move aboard its own vessels.......
70. Race Discrimination The Legal History of Race DiscriminationThis section provides an overview of Race Discrimination ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Race Discrimination in the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History (Oxford University [...]...
71. Gender Discrimination Spanish Translation of gender discrimination This is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to gender discrimination and / or a definition of this topic: Discriminación por Motivo de Sexo (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry). Gender Discrimination [...]...
72. Discrimination Against Women Convention on The Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (cedaw) in Election Law CEDAW (1979) commits the signatory states to eliminate all forms of discrimination against women and to support their full development in all political, economic, social, cultural and civil [...]...
73. Racial Discrimination International Convention on The Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (icerd) in Election Law Adopted in 1965, ICERD is a United Nations convention that commits its members to the elimination of racial discrimination and the promotion of understanding among all races. Brown v Board [...]...
74. Age Discrimination UN Working Group on Age Discrimination in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to UN Working Group on Age Discrimination: On August 12, 2013, Laurie Phipps, U.S. Adviser for Economic and Social Affairs, addressed a session of the UN's Open-Ended Working Group [...]...
75. Convention on Age Discrimination Possible Draft Convention on Age Discrimination in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to Possible Draft Convention on Age Discrimination: The United States has participated in fora to address the rights of older persons, including the Open-Ended Working Group on [...]...
76. Employment Law Discrimination Most Popular Entries related to Employment Law Discrimination Employment Law (in the World) Employment Law Cases (in the World) Employment Law Definition (in the World) Employment Law Discrimination (in the World) Employment Law Advice (in the World) Employment Law Outline (in the World)...
77. Discrimination in the Workplace Discrimination In relation to the international law practice and discrimination in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: Human Rights About this subject:Gender Note: there is detailed information and resources under these topics during the year 2013, [...]...
78. Discrimination Law Discrimination In relation to the international law practice and discrimination in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: Human Rights About this subject:RaceNote: there is detailed information and resources under these topics during the year 2013, covered [...]...
79. Anti Discrimination Anti Discrimination Discrimination In relation to the international law practice and discrimination in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: Human Rights About this subject:Sexual Orientation Note: there is detailed information and resources under these [...]...
80. Discrimination At Work Introduction Discrimination at Work This entry provides an overview of the legal framework of discrimination at work, with a description of the most significant features of discrimination at work at international level. Related Work and Conclusions Resources See Also References (Papers) Civil [...]...
81. Religious Discrimination Resources See Also Civil Liberty Civil Right Legal Right Citizen Freedom Political Liberty Constitutional Right Political Right Freedom of Speech...
82. Anti-union Discrimination Anti-union discrimination in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of Anti-union discrimination provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: Any practice that disadvantages a worker or a group of workers on grounds of their past, current or prospective trade union membership, their legitimate [...]...
83. Elimination of Racial Discrimination Periodic Report of the United States to the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to Periodic Report of the United States to the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination: On June 12, 2013, the [...]...
84. Discrimination in International Business Discrimination In relation to the international law practice and discrimination in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: Human Rights About this subject:Persons with Disabilities Note: there is detailed information and resources under these topics during [...]...
85. Non-Discrimination in Trade of Goods Non-Discrimination in Trade of Goods and Services This section provides an overview of non-discrimination in trade of goods and services within the legal context of Non-Discrimination in Trade of Goods and Services in international economic law (Principles)....
86. Non-Discrimination in Trade of Services Non-Discrimination in Trade of Goods and Services in International Economic Law In international economic law, non-discrimination in trade of goods and services includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal encyclopedia: li>National Treatment Most-Favoured Nation [...]...
87. Discrimination Against People With Disabilities Resources See Also Community Collective Right Society Public Law Collective Right Society Public Law...
88. Non-Discrimination on Foreign Direct Investment Non-Discrimination on Foreign Direct Investment in International Economic Law In international economic law, non-discrimination on foreign direct investment includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal encyclopedia: li> Most-Favoured Nation Treatment in Investment Law [...]...
89. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination   PART I Article 1 1. In this Convention, the term "racial discrimination"shall mean any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on race, colour, descent, or national or ethnic [...]...
90. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination 2 Contents International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination ConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and ... Read more...
91. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women Introduction to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) The United Nations CEDAW is one of the core international human rights treaties. It is often referred to as the 'women's bill of rights', because it specifically targets the promotion and [...]...
92. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women 2 Contents Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women ConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and ... Read more...
93. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women 3 Contents Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women ConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and ... Read more...
94. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women ContentsOptional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against WomenOptional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of ... Read more...
95. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women 1979 Signification of Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women 1979 (CEDAW) A multilateral agreement recognising the civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights of women. It was adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 18 December 1979 [...]...
96. Net Price Net Price in International Trade Meaning of Net Price, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The price paid or payable after all discounts and rebates have been applied....
97. Going Price Resources See Also Fair market value...
98. Adjusted Cif Price A factor in determining the variable import levy imposed by the European Economic Community on grain imports. The adjusted C.I.F. (cost, insurance, and freight) price is derived by assigning a quality factor to grain imported from non-EEC countries so as to put the import on a quality basis comparab......
99. Arm's Length Price The price at which a given commodity would sell in a sale between an unrelated buyer and seller. Arm's length pricing is the functional opposite of transfer pricing, in which the buyer and seller are related and the price is influenced by that relationship.......
100. Base Price As used in conjunction with the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Economic Community, a trigger price for specific commodities at which member states will intervene to support the market price of a commodity. Member states may respond to a decline in market prices below the base price by la......
101. Cash Price The same as SPOT price (read this and related legal terms for further details), as used in grain transactions.......
102. Constructed Price A value for customs purposes that ignores the invoice price of the merchandise but is derived by computing the cost inputs of the product (materials plus reasonable manufacturing expenses in the country of origin plus a profit factor), to which are added the normal costs associated with preparing th......
103. Entry Price Under the common agriculture POLICY (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community, the price at which certain imported agricultural products enter EEC commerce. If the entry p......
104. Gate Price The minimum price at which pork, poultry, and eggs werw permitted to enter the European Economic Community under the common AGRICULTURAL POLICY (read this and related legal terms for further details) without imposition o......
105. Indicative Price Also known as the norm price, the Target Price (read this and related legal terms for further details) for producers of olive oil under the common agricultural policy (...
106. Normal Price Within the scope of the Brussels Definition Of Value (read this and related legal terms for further details), the value basis upon which ad valorem duties will be assessed on imports. The normal price is the price the go......
107. Orientation Price As used in conjunction with the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Economic Community it is the target price (read this and related legal terms for further details) for cattle and calves, i.e., the equilibrium pr......
108. Reference Price A mechanism of the Common Agricultural policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community designed to prevent disruptive import competition for certain vegetables, fruits, f......
109. Spot Price The price of a commodity in the Spot Market (read this and related legal terms for further details), i.e., the price quoted for immediate sale and delivery. ......
110. Standard Price The target price (read this and related legal terms for further details) for tobacco under the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Economic Community.......
111. Threshold Price A minimum import price for commodities established under the common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community, set so as not to hamper sales of EEC pro......
112. Withdrawal Price A floor price at which European Economic Community producers of certain food products may withhold their goods from the market. The withdrawal price is generally below the base price (i.e., the target price set for a given commodity) and the purchase price at which EEC governments will intervene in ......
113. Current Price Resources See Also Current market value Fair market value...
114. Administered Price Resources See Also Price Policy Price Control Pricing Strategy Dumping...
115. Retail Price Resources See Also Price Policy Price Control Pricing Strategy Dumping...
116. Wholesale Price Resources See Also Price Policy Price Control Pricing Strategy Dumping...
117. American Selling Price A method formerly employed in the United States to establish the value for duty of a limited number of imported products. Under the ASP scheme, an imported product's value for duty was based upon the selling price of like products manufactured in the United States, irrespective of the price the ......
118. Commodity Price Index An index of prices for a stipulated list of commodities. Prices may be on a spot or futures basis. Customarily, major commodities are traded on exchanges (although there are some exceptions), and price fluctuations can be monitored accordingly. The U.S. Department of Labor maintains an index of twen......
119. Consumer Price Index Summary of Consumer Price Index An index of the retail price of four hundred consumer products and services, computed monthly by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Formerly known as the Cost of Living Index, the compilation includes retail price inputs of given items from many cities across [...]...
120. International Price Index A price index that serves as a standard to measure inflation in industrialized countries. The index consists of the C.I.F. value (in U.S. dollars) of exports of industrial country manufactures to developing countries.......