Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Buffer Stocks Buffer Stocks and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Buffer Stocks: Commodity stocks managed by countries or international organizations to moderate market price fluctuations. When prices rise [...]...
2. Variable Levy Variable Levy and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Variable Levy: An import duty that is subject to alteration as world market prices change, designed to ensure that the [...]...
3. Restitutions Export and producer subsidies granted by the European Economic Community to EEC farmers and processors. The subsidies are a feature of the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details......
4. Green Rate A special rate of exchange used in converting agricultural prices fixed in units of account into national currencies, within the framework of the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further deta......
5. Dumping Dumping in International Trade Meaning of Dumping, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The practice of selling a product in a foreign market at an unfairly low price (a price that is lower than the cost in the home market, or which is lower than the cost of [...]...
6. Terms of Trade Summary of Terms of Trade An export-import price ratio derived by dividing indices of export prices by indices of import prices. For example, when export indices are 105 percent of a base period, and import indices are 98 percent of the same base period, then the terms of trade [...]...
7. Montant De Soutien A plan devised by the European Economic Community in 1963 as the basis of agricultural trade negotiations during the Kennedy round. The plan is predicated upon a reference price for a given agricultural commodity; any imports below the reference price would incur a levy equal to the spread between t......
8. Compensatory Tax A special import levy imposed by the European Economic Community upon certain agricultural imports when the entry price of such products falls below a reference, or minimum target, price and the import is priced so as to reflect an export subsidy. Compensatory taxes are institutionalized in the [...]...
9. Distortion Distortion in International Trade Meaning of Distortion, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): When prices and production are higher or lower than levels that would usually exist in a competitive market....
10. Oligopoly Summary of Oligopoly Literally, a market in which there are only a few sellers of a given product or service. Under oligopolistic conditions, no one seller can establish market prices, except in concert with the other suppliers; if such concerted action develops, the suppliers are operating [...]...
11. Market Risk Market Risk in International Trade Meaning of Market Risk, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The possibility that results at the time a product is delivered may differ from expectations held at a time it was ordered. For instance, the market price may have [...]...
12. Supply Supply in International Trade Meaning of Supply, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The quantity of a good or service that sellers will make available at a given price and a certain time in a specific market. Resources See Also Trade International Trade [...]...
13. Devaluation Summary of Devaluation The official reduction of the value of a nation's money in relation to a standard (usually gold), special drawing rights, or the U.S. dollar. Inasmuch as all currencies are ultimately valued in terms of some standard, devaluation results in the conscious increase [...]...
14. Supplementary Levy An additional tax that may be imposed upon imports of pork, poultry, or eggs into the European Economic Community when the purchase price of such items falls below the Gate Price ("https://lawin.org/list-of-international-trade-law-terms/">read this and related legal terms for [...]...
15. Intervention Summary of Intervention A process within the framework of the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community whereby the EEC will purchase certain commodities currently selling below a stipulated target price. The price [...]...
16. Consular Invoice Read Invoice as cross-reference......
17. Single Market Summary of Single Market A component feature of the Common Agricultural policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Single Market and Europe There is an entry on single market in the European [...]...
18. Loading Summary of Loading A risk premium in addition to interest charges and acceptance fees deducted by a bank or discount house from the face value of a bill of exchange (read here for further details) presented for discounting. This additional margin will vary, depending upon the quality of the [...]...
19. Purchasing Power Parity An equal relationship of prices between two countries. Price levels in both countries are substantially the same, considering the rate of exchange.......
20. Spot Market A market for commodities or currency in which the sale results in an immediate or nearly immediate exchange of the goods or instruments for cash, as compared with a futures market, which trades in contracts for the future delivery of the product.......
21. Transaction Value The primary method of valuing goods for customs purposes under the Customs Valuation Agreement (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
22. Restitution Restitution in International Trade Meaning of Restitution, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In law, remedy for a breach of contract by which the parties are restored to their original positions before the contract was made or the breach occurred. Damages [...]...
23. Trade Facilitation Trade Facilitation in International Trade Meaning of Trade Facilitation, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Removing obstacles to the movement of goods across borders (e.g. simplification of customs procedures). The International Law of Customs: Trade [...]...
24. Ever-Normal Granary An agricultural price stabilization scheme predicated upon the principle that excess output in years of plenty should be taken off the market, to keep farm prices high and to avoid scarcities during periods of agricultural shortfalls.......
25. Delay Clause Delay Clause in International Trade Meaning of Delay Clause, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An insurance policy clause that excludes claims for loss of market and for loss, damage or deterioration arising from delay. This exclusion appears in almost [...]...
26. Offer Summary of Offer In vessel charter transactions, synonymous with Firm Offer (read this and related legal terms for further details).(Main Author: William J. Miller) Best and Final Offer (BFO) in International Trade Meaning of Best and Final Offer (bfo), according to the [...]...
27. Special Cargo Policy A marine cargo policy issued to cover a specific shipment. A special policy may be issued when the shipper infrequently transports goods by water, or when the merchandise is so unusual or so valuable as to warrant a special policy. Frequent shippers customarily obtain an Open Policy (...
28. Economic Union Summary of Economic Union Also known as an economic community, an advanced form of economic integration on the part of several states. The economic union incorporates the features of a Common market (read this and related legal terms for further details)—unrestricted free trade among [...]...
29. Parallel Imports Parallel Imports and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Parallel Imports: Goods, which are authorized by the owner of intellectual properly rights for sale in one country, but [...]...
30. Commercial Value Commercial Value in International Trade Meaning of Commercial Value, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The actual price at which a product is sold either to unrelated parties or to related parties at arm's length. This is the opposite of no commercial [...]...
31. Free of Capture and Seizure A clause in an ocean marine policy that deletes from the list of covered perils the WAR RISKS (read this and related legal terms for further details) of capture and seizure, and losses attributable thereto. All such war-......
32. Variable Import Levy A duty applicable to imports of certain significant agricultural commodities into the European Economic Community. The Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details). of the EEC specif......
33. Freight Rate LCL/fcl in International Trade Meaning of LCL/fcl, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A way of quoting container freight rates in which the carrier agrees to pack the container at the outset (LCL) but unpacking at destination must be carried out by the [...]...
34. Grey Market Grey Market in International Trade Meaning of Grey Market, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A situation that consists of unauthorized traders buying and selling a company's product in different countries. Companies confronted with a grey situation can [...]...
35. Normal Valu Normal Valu in International Trade Meaning of Normal Valu, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A customs term meaning the price at which merchandise is sold or offered for sale in principal markets of the country from which it is exported. In some countries [...]...
36. Caricom Caricom Caricom in International Trade Meaning of Caricom, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The Caribbean Community Market (CARICOM) is an organization of 15 Caribbean nations established in 1973 whose main purposes are to promote economic integration and [...]...
37. Terms of Sale Terms of Sale in International Trade Meaning of Terms of Sale, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): This expression refers to the price quotation for a specific product. It states the price for the product as a specified delivery location, sets the time of [...]...
38. Administered Pricing A condition in which the prices of certain goods and/or services are determined by governmental authority, supplier cartels (legal or illegal), or trade associations, and not by market forces. The purpose of administered pricing is to eliminate price competition or to maintain price stability [...]...
39. Monetary Compensatory Amounts Settlements between member states of the European Economic Community to reflect the market rate of currencies used in agricultural transactions and the periodically revised Green Rate (read this and related legal terms for f......
40. Berth A stipulation in a vessel charter party (read this and related legal terms for further details) that laytime ("https://lawin.org/list-of-international-trade-law-terms/">read this and related legal terms ......
41. Common Market Summary of Common Market A supranational organization of trading nations, created to promote economic collaboration and minimize constraints on the free movement of goods among the member states. Features of a common market include elimination of tariffs on goods moving between member [...]...
42. Key Currency The currency of a major trading nation widely accepted in settlement of international accounts. At present, eight currencies are regarded as key currencies and are known as the Big Eight ("https://lawin.org/list-of-international-trade-law-terms/">read this and related legal [...]...
43. Leverage Leverage in International Trade Meaning of Leverage, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In foreign exchange (options), this term expresses the disproportionately large change in the premium in terms of the relative price movement of the underlying instrument....
44. Markup Pricing Markup Pricing in International Trade Meaning of Markup Pricing, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Markup pricing refers to the difference between the cost to produce and market an item for sale, and the retail price that is charged for that item. [...]...
45. Bill of Parcels Bill of Parcels in International Trade Meaning of Bill of Parcels, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A statement that lists the descriptions and prices of goods in a parcel and that is sent to the buyer with the goods. Also called packing list....
46. Distributor Distributor in International Trade Meaning of Distributor, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An independent person or legal entity that sell goods locally on behalf of a principal. Distributors can be distinguished from agents as distributors buy the goods [...]...
47. Consignment Summary of Consignment Goods in transit under a bill of lading (read this and related legal terms for further details)(Main Author: William J. Miller) Consignment in International Trade Meaning of Consignment, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global [...]...
48. Consignor The person or firm shown as shipper on the BILL OF LADING (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
49. Two-Tier Gold Mart A system under which gold is traded at two distinct prices. A fixed price is set for transactions among governments, while a market price (subject to the supply and demand mechanism) is established for public-sector transactions. This system was reestablished in the United States in 1968. In those c......
50. Request for Information Request For Information in International Trade Meaning of Request For Information (RFI), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A market research tool. A formal request from a potential buyer (public or private) to the market asking for information to get an [...]...
51. War Risk Insurance War Risk Insurance in International Trade Meaning of War Risk Insurance, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Insurance coverage against war risks as outlined in detail in some dozen rather than specific paragraphs of an insurance policy. The policy [...]...
52. Buyer's Premium A subsidy offered by a member state of the European Economic Community to domestic tobacco processors to encourage the use of EEC, rather than imported, tobaccos. The program, which is a feature of the common AGRICULTURAL POLICY (...
53. Border Tax Adjustment Border Tax Adjustment (BTA) in International Trade Meaning of Border Tax Adjustment (BTA), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A tax to which domestically produced goods and imports are subject but from which exports are exempt. Border tax adjustments are [...]...
54. Floating Exchange Rate Floating Exchange Rate in International Trade Meaning of Floating Exchange Rate, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A rate of exchange that is determined by market forces. See also clean float and dirty float. Concept of Floating Exchange Rate An [...]...
55. Globaltrade Globaltrade in International Trade Meaning of Globaltrade, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Online business directory of export services providers and market analysis. It is a private website, sponsored by different agencies of foreign trade promotion. [...]...
56. Monopoly Summary of Monopoly The condition in which a given product or service can be obtained only from a single supplier that is free to use its market position to exact excessive prices for the product or service it controls. The Sherman Act of 1890 makes monopolies and attempts to monopolize [...]...
57. Hidden Costs Hidden Costs in International Trade Meaning of Hidden Costs, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Expenses that are not normally included in the purchase price for a piece of equipment or machine e.g. maintenance, supplies, training, support and upgrades....
58. Non-tariff Barriers Non-tariff Barriers (NTBS) in International Trade Meaning of Non-tariff Barriers (NTBS), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Market access barriers that result from prohibitions, restrictions, conditions or specific requirements and make importing products [...]...
59. Tender Tender in International Trade Meaning of Tender, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A offer or proposal to purchase a specified quantity of a commodity for a specified price. See tender proposal....
60. Trade Terms Trade Terms in International Trade Meaning of Trade Terms, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The terms of a sale. The setting of responsibilities of the buyer and the seller in a sale, including: sale price, responsibility for shipping, insurance and [...]...
61. Differentiation Differentiation and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Differentiation: A key element in firms' competitive advantage. Refers to market conditions in which a product can vary in some [...]...
62. Price Undertaking Price Undertaking and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Price Undertaking: An agreement by an exporting firm with the government of an " importing country to raise the [...]...
63. Price Standardization Price Standardization in International Trade Meaning of Price Standardization, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Price strategy for international markets based on setting a price for the product as it leaves de factory. At its simplest it involves setting [...]...
64. Income Differentiation Decile Ratios of Income Differentiation (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Decile Ratios of Income Differentiation means: ratio between the minimum income 10% of the wealthiest and highest-income families the most low income or people....
65. Price Base Price or Basic Price and International Trade Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to price in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom Resources See Also Common Agricultural Policy Gate Price and International Trade Resources [...]...
66. Price Supports A program of governmental action designed to stabilize or lift the price that producers receive for their products. These actions may include direct cash payments, government purchase of output to force up market prices, or special financing. Such supports are most commonly applied to agriculture.......
67. Price Discrimination Price Discrimination and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Price Discrimination: The practice of charging unequal prices to different buyers of products that are essentially identical, when such [...]...
68. Price Competitiveness Price Competitiveness and International Trade Economy Resources See Also competitiveness...
69. Price Bands Price Bands and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Price Bands: A form of variable levy linked to a system of domestic price controls. Countries such as Chile and Colombia [...]...
70. Price Restrictions In the United States For information about Price restrictions in the context of international trade, click here...
71. Price Policy Related Fields Related topics include: Economic Development Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Social development Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Price Policy Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Price Control Find this subject in this World [...]...
72. Price Control Resources See Also Price Policy Price Control Pricing Strategy Dumping...
73. Price Stabilization Resources See Also Price Policy Price Control Pricing Strategy Dumping...
74. Price Support Resources See Also Price Policy Price Control Pricing Strategy Dumping...
75. Net Price Net Price in International Trade Meaning of Net Price, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The price paid or payable after all discounts and rebates have been applied....
76. Price Cartel An agreement among business entities to fix prices, to establish ranges within which prices may move, or to establish methods by which prices may be determined.......
77. Purchase Price Defined in 19 U.S.C. 162 as the price at which imported merchandise has been purchased, or will be purchased, prior to exportation. It is usually based on the ex factory price excluding any export duties levied in the country of manufacture. Within the framework of the European Economic Community......
78. Spot Price The price of a commodity in the Spot Market (read this and related legal terms for further details), i.e., the price quoted for immediate sale and delivery. ......
79. Strike Price Strike Price in International Trade Meaning of Strike Price, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Price at which the option buyer obtains the right to purchase (call option) or sell (put option) the underlying security or currency....
80. Trigger Price Mechanism A program of import surveillance instituted by the U.S. government in 1977. Under this scheme, a floor price is established for designated import items; this floor is predicated upon the production cost of the most efficient foreign producer, with adjustments for freight and currency [...]...
81. Price-Fixing Agreement Price-Fixing Agreement and International Trade Economy Resources See Also cartel...
82. Going Price Resources See Also Fair market value...
83. Adjusted Cif Price A factor in determining the variable import levy imposed by the European Economic Community on grain imports. The adjusted C.I.F. (cost, insurance, and freight) price is derived by assigning a quality factor to grain imported from non-EEC countries so as to put the import on a quality basis comparab......
84. Arm's Length Price The price at which a given commodity would sell in a sale between an unrelated buyer and seller. Arm's length pricing is the functional opposite of transfer pricing, in which the buyer and seller are related and the price is influenced by that relationship.......
85. Base Price As used in conjunction with the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Economic Community, a trigger price for specific commodities at which member states will intervene to support the market price of a commodity. Member states may respond to a decline in market prices below the base price by la......
86. Cash Price The same as SPOT price (read this and related legal terms for further details), as used in grain transactions.......
87. Constructed Price A value for customs purposes that ignores the invoice price of the merchandise but is derived by computing the cost inputs of the product (materials plus reasonable manufacturing expenses in the country of origin plus a profit factor), to which are added the normal costs associated with preparing th......
88. Entry Price Under the common agriculture POLICY (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community, the price at which certain imported agricultural products enter EEC commerce. If the entry p......
89. Gate Price The minimum price at which pork, poultry, and eggs werw permitted to enter the European Economic Community under the common AGRICULTURAL POLICY (read this and related legal terms for further details) without imposition o......
90. Guide Price As used in conjunction with the European Economic Community's Common Agricultural Policy on cattle and calves, it is synonymous with Orientation Price (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
91. Indicative Price Also known as the norm price, the Target Price (read this and related legal terms for further details) for producers of olive oil under the common agricultural policy (...
92. Intervention Price The price at which the European Economic Community, in accordance with the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details), will intervene in the market to buy excess agricultural produ......
93. Normal Price Within the scope of the Brussels Definition Of Value (read this and related legal terms for further details), the value basis upon which ad valorem duties will be assessed on imports. The normal price is the price the go......
94. Orientation Price As used in conjunction with the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Economic Community it is the target price (read this and related legal terms for further details) for cattle and calves, i.e., the equilibrium pr......
95. Standard Price The target price (read this and related legal terms for further details) for tobacco under the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Economic Community.......
96. Target Price An important concept within the common agricultural policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community. It represents an optimum wholesale price within the community for a g......
97. Withdrawal Price A floor price at which European Economic Community producers of certain food products may withhold their goods from the market. The withdrawal price is generally below the base price (i.e., the target price set for a given commodity) and the purchase price at which EEC governments will intervene in ......
98. Norm Price Norm Price and International Trade Resources See Also Common Agricultural Policy...
99. Current Price Resources See Also Current market value Fair market value...
100. Administered Price Resources See Also Price Policy Price Control Pricing Strategy Dumping...
101. Retail Price Resources See Also Price Policy Price Control Pricing Strategy Dumping...
102. Wholesale Price Resources See Also Price Policy Price Control Pricing Strategy Dumping...
103. American Selling Price A method formerly employed in the United States to establish the value for duty of a limited number of imported products. Under the ASP scheme, an imported product's value for duty was based upon the selling price of like products manufactured in the United States, irrespective of the price the ......
104. Commodity Price Index An index of prices for a stipulated list of commodities. Prices may be on a spot or futures basis. Customarily, major commodities are traded on exchanges (although there are some exceptions), and price fluctuations can be monitored accordingly. The U.S. Department of Labor maintains an index of twen......
105. Consumer Price Index Summary of Consumer Price Index An index of the retail price of four hundred consumer products and services, computed monthly by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Formerly known as the Cost of Living Index, the compilation includes retail price inputs of given items from many cities across [...]...
106. International Price Index A price index that serves as a standard to measure inflation in industrialized countries. The index consists of the C.I.F. value (in U.S. dollars) of exports of industrial country manufactures to developing countries.......
107. Minimum Import Price As used in conjunction with the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Economic Community, Gate price (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
108. Allowance for Differences of Price Spanish Translation of allowance for differences of priceThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to allowance for differences of price and / or a definition of this topic: Prelevement (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
109. Resale Price Maintenance Resale Price Maintenance and International Trade Economy Resources See Also vertical restraints...
110. Check Price System Check Price System and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Check Price System: A device used by a government agency to avoid charges of dumping in foreign markets by [...]...
111. Sluice-Gate Price Sluice-Gate Price and International Trade Resources See Also Common Agricultural Policy...
112. Clear Market Price Resources See Also Fair market value...
113. Chile – Price Band System and Safeguard Measures Relating to Certain Agricultural Products Contents Chile Price Band System and Safeguard Measures Relating to Certain Agricultural Products   World Trade Organization – scope of ... Read more...
114. Exercise Price The price at which the holder of an option contract may buy or sell a specified quantity of a given commodity, security, or currency.......
115. Reference Price A mechanism of the Common Agricultural policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community designed to prevent disruptive import competition for certain vegetables, fruits, f......
116. Threshold Price A minimum import price for commodities established under the common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community, set so as not to hamper sales of EEC pro......
117. World Price The price at which a given commodity is selling internationally under market conditions in effect at the time of sale. To provide a valid comparison between prices, the world price quoted must normally include quality, location, and perhaps other factors, depending upon the commodity.......
118. Call Price Resources See Also Redemption...
119. Agricultural Price Resources See Also Farming Farm Bill Agricultural Law Agriculture Reform Agriculture...
120. Equilibrium Relative Price Of Currencies Synonymous with rate of exchange, i.e., the price, in terms of one national currency, at which another currency can be purchased under market conditions.......