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1. Primary Election Introduction to Primary Election Primary Election, preliminary election in which voters select a political party's candidates for public office. Primary election winners from each political party compete in a general election to determine who will hold the public office. Because each [...]...
2. Coalition Coalition, temporary combination of groups or individuals formed to pursue specific objectives through joint action. The term coalition is most often used in connection with political parties. Coalition governments, which are frequently found in multiparty countries, such as France......
3. European Political Community European Political Community and Europe There is an entry on european political community in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "European Political Community" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to [...]...
4. Boycott Summary of Boycott A conspiracy or coalition for the purpose of impeding the commerce of another. Boycotts are often attempts to advance political objectives by economic means and fall into two categories; the primary boycott, in which a party to the boycott refrains from trading with the [...]...
5. Court of Auditors Court of Auditors in Election Law Financial authority in charge of monitoring the management of public funds. In some countries, the court of auditors can intervene in the electoral process to monitor the financing of political parties or election campaigns and the use made by recipients of [...]...
6. Gerrymandering Gerrymandering in Election Law North American political term used to describe the deliberate division or redrawing of electoral districts/ constituencies in a way which gives a political party or candidate an advantage on election day. Concept of Gerrymandering Note: explore also the meaning [...]...
7. Subsidiary Subsidiary or Subordinate Election Management Body in Election Law An Election Management Body (EMB) that is not the primary or principal entity responsible for the organisation of elections within a given state. It may be regional or local. Subsidiary in International Trade Meaning of [...]...
8. Freedom of Association Freedom of Association in Constitutional Law From the Comparative Constitutions Project: Freedom of association is the right to meet and interact freely, without the interference of the state or others. This is slightly different than freedom of assembly, because assembly refers to the ability [...]...
9. Constitution The Legal History of Constitution This section provides an overview of Constitution Constitution in Election Law Set of fundamental texts which establish a form of government, regulate the relationship between the governing and the governed and define the public power structure. A constitution [...]...
10. Level Playing Field Level Playing Field and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Level Playing Field: A concept or slogan employed by those calling for efforts to secure both free trade and fair trade. The term alludes [...]...
11. Leaflet Flyer or Leaflet in Election Law A form of paper advertisement intended for wide dissemination and typically distributed in public places or posted through letter boxes. They are used to persuade or send political messages as part of political campaign activities, on behalf of a political [...]...
12. Single-Party Communism: Features of Comunist States Single-Party RuleIn communist states, the communist party held complete and unchallenged political power. All other political parties were banned, except for minor procommunist parties in several Eastern European countries. The name of the governing pa......
13. Deposit The Legal History of DepositThis section provides an overview of Deposit ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Deposit in the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History (Oxford University Press) The Oxford Encyclopedia of [...]...
14. Company Union Company union in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of Company union provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: Can be used to describe either an enterprise union or a yellow union. Resources See Also Trade Unionism Trade Union Chartism Trade Union Legislation Resources Trade Union Topics [...]...
15. European Company European Company and Europe There is an entry on european company in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "European Company" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney Leach (Profile [...]...
16. Public Financing Public Financing in Election Law Sums of money provided by the state to parties or candidates running in an election to cover costs incurred by their participation, in particular during the election campaign. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
17. Intemperance Intemperance Intemperance in 1889 The following information about Intemperance is from the Cyclopaedia of Political Science, Political Economy, and the ... Read more...
18. Funding Spanish Translation of fundingThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to funding and / or a definition of this topic: Provisión de Fondos (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
19. Coalition Government Coalition Government in Election Law Government formed by more than one political party, sometimes (but not always) formed when no party obtains an absolute majority in an election. Two or more parties therefore come to an agreement to govern together. Resources See Also Election Law [...]...
20. Women Women and the United Nations This general section provides an overview of the relationship of Women and the United Nations (UN). See, for example, the entry about the United Nations Development Fund For Women. The Legal History of Women This general section provides an overview of Women in [...]...
21. Candidate Candidate, person who seeks or is nominated for an office, prize, or honor. In politics, candidates aspire to be elected to office by conducting campaigns. (1) Candidate in Election Law Any person who aspires to public office and fulfills the eligibility criteria set by the Election Management [...]...
22. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 5 Contents International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/sMentioned in these Entries ... Read more...
23. Electoral System Electoral System in Constitutional Law From the Comparative Constitutions Project: The structures and processes necessary to hold an election including the electoral laws, system of appointment, redistribution and voting. Electoral System in Election Law The part of the electoral regulations [...]...
24. Transparency In Public Administration and Policy Transparency and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Transparency: Openness, clarity, and predictability of a country's trade laws [...]...
25. Private Financing Private Financing in Election Law Sums of money provided by private organisations or individuals to candidates or political parties to cover costs incurred by their political activities, such as an election campaign, in particular. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral [...]...
26. EU-Andean Community Political Dialogue and Co-operation Agreement EU-Andean Community Political Dialogue and Co-operation Agreement ContentsTitle of TreatyAbaut the Political Dialogue and Cooperation Agreement between the European Community ... Read more...
27. Parliament The Legal History of Parliament This section provides an overview of Parliament Parliament in Election Law National body of representatives having legislative power within the state. House of Representatives in U.S. Constitutional Law A list of entries related to House of Representatives may [...]...
28. Opposition Opposition in E.U. Patent SystemThe time period allowed for an interested party to post oppositions to the grant of a patent. For example, this may be up to nine months from the date of grant of a European patent....
29. Trade Union Meaning of European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC) Here is a very short concept of european trade union confederation (etuc) in the European Union framework: The principal trade union lobby group in Brussels. Resources See Also Civil Liberty Civil Right Legal Right Citizen Freedom Political [...]...
30. Polling Political Campaign How Campaigns are Conducted Polling Introduction to Polling Surveys of voter opinion provide the raw material of modern political campaigns. Political consultants use this information to run campaigns that closely resemble the efforts of businesses to market produc......
31. Power Sharing Power Sharing in Election Law In the context of an election, this often refers to an agreement made by political parties on their participation in the government after the vote. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
32. Seat Seat in Election Law Mandate or office of an assembly or council for which an election is held. Seat of the Eus Institutions and Europe There is an entry on seat of the eus institutions in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Seat of the Eus [...]...
33. Politics Politics Politics From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Politics (1): A minister who had been expelled by his congregation for voting the Democratic ticket, had some of the members of the church arrested under the election laws for intimidating a voter. The court held that [...]...
34. Election Campaign Election Campaign in Election Law Series of activities, occurring before a vote, carried out by political parties or individuals, in order to promote their political programme and principles. These activities can include meetings, rallies, interviews, debates, etc., in order to attract the [...]...
35. Dueling Dueling Dueling in 1889 The following information about Dueling is from the Cyclopaedia of Political Science, Political Economy, and the ... Read more...
36. Public Servant Public servant in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of Public servant provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: See civil servant Resources See Also Public Service Public Administration Administrative Law Public Law Resources Trade Union Topics Trade Union Act Trades Union Congress (TUC) [...]...
37. Party Convention Party Convention in Election Law Periodic meeting of a party's leaders and delegates to discuss and approve the party's platform and position on key questions in an upcoming election, as well as to elect the party leaders for a given period, usually until the next convention. During a [...]...
38. Party System Single Party System in Election Law System found in non-democratic regimes, where elections are not held because one party dominates the political scene, either by law or through practices that eliminate any chance of other parties taking part in an election or obtaining seats if they do. Two [...]...
39. Political Environment Political Environment in Election Law Various conditions and components of a political scene in a given country at a given time, together with its actors: members of the government, political parties, the opposition, those who are represented and those who are not, etc. The term is often used [...]...
40. Political Reform Political Reform in Election Law Set of measures applied to review laws governing the political environment and political action and, by extension, reform the political institutions which are based upon these laws. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
41. Political Rights International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (iccpr) in Election Law The ICCPR builds on the right to political participation by further detailing the requirements associated with elections that are a key part of this right. Article 25 of the ICCPR has been referred to as 'the [...]...
42. Political Action Committee Concept of Political Action Committee Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Concept of Political Action Committee Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Resources See Also Voting Campaigns [...]...
43. Cyclopaedia of Political Science, Political Economy and the Political History of the United States ContentsCyclopaedia of Political Science, Political Economy and the Political History of the United StatesCyclopaedia of Political Science, Political Economy and ... Read more...
44. Political Campaign Introduction to Political CampaignPolitical Campaign, organized effort by a political party or candidate for public office to attract the support of voters in an election. Political campaigns play an important role in the education and mobilization of citizens in most democracies.In......
45. Political Science Introduction to Political Science Political Science, the systematic study of and reflection upon politics. Politics usually describes the processes by which people and institutions exercise and resist power. Political processes are used to formulate policies, influence individuals and [...]...
46. Political Theory Political Science: Fields in Political Science: Political Theory Introduction to Political Theory Political theory involves the study of philosophical thought about politics from ancient Greece to the present; the interpretation and development of concepts such as freedom, democracy, human [...]...
47. Political Party Political Broadcast in Election Law A message recorded by the parties and/or transmitted live on TV, radio or online. The duration and frequency of the broadcasts are usually regulated by law. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
48. Political Ideology Concept of Political Ideology Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Resources See Also Ideology Public Opinion Media Resources See Also Parliamentary Law Political Law Political Constitution Political Science Politics...
49. Political Aspect Resources See Also Parliamentary Law Political Law Political Constitution Political Science Politics...
50. Political Leadership Resources See Also Parliamentary Law Political Law Political Constitution Political Science Politics...
51. Political Opposition Resources See Also Parliamentary Law Political Law Political Constitution Political Science Politics...
52. Party List Party List in Election Law List of candidates submitted by a political party. Party List and Europe There is an entry on party list in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Party List" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European [...]...
53. Party Identification Concept of Party Identification Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Resources See Also Political Parties...
54. Party Platform Concept of Party Platform Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Resources See Also Political Parties...
55. Multi-party Elections Multi-party Elections in Election Law Elections in which a minimum of two parties or candidates runs for office. Plurality is an essential condition of democratic elections. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
56. Political Parties Organization and Structure of Political Parties Political Parties: Organization and Structure of Political Parties:Introduction to Political Parties Organization and Structure of Political PartiesPolitical parties mediate the relationship between citizens and their government. In democracies with competitive party systems, polit......
57. Political Machines ContentsPolitical MachinesPolitical Machines DefinitionHistorical IntroductionMachine OrganizationThe County CommitteeWards and PrecinctsParty LoyalistDecline of the Machine Political Machines Political Machines Definition Political ... Read more...
58. Political Risk An economic risk assumed by foreign creditors that political or military conditions in a debtor's country may preclude settlement of the obligation when due.......
59. Political Constitution Political Constitution Constitution, in politics, fundamental system of law, written or unwritten, of a sovereign state, established or accepted as a guide for governing the state. A constitution fixes the limits and defines the relations of the legislative, judicial, and executive powers o......
60. Political Economy International Political Economy The Study of International Political Economy Liberalism and Mercantilism Introduction to International Political Economy: The Study of International Political Economy Liberalism and Mercantilism Advocates of liberal policies in international economics support [...]...
61. Political Behavior Political Science: Fields in Political Science: Political BehaviorIntroduction to Political BehaviorPolitical behavior involves the study of how people involve themselves in political processes and respond to political activity. The field emphasizes the study of voting behavior, wh......
62. Political Offense Introduction to Political OffensePolitical Offense, in criminal law, act declared by a state to involve a threat to its safety or existence, as treason or sedition, or declared to constitute an interference with the organization and processes of government, as bribery of public officials. S......
63. Political Parties Introduction to Political PartiesPolitical Parties, organizations that mobilize voters on behalf of a common set of interests, concerns, and goals. In many nations, parties play a crucial role in the democratic process. They formulate political and policy agendas, select candidates, conduct......
64. Political Propaganda Propaganda Political PropagandaIntroduction to Political PropagandaPropaganda for distinctly political ends is as old as history. The Bible, for example, relates that the Assyrian king Sennacherib attempted to terrify the Kingdom of Judah into surrendering by the use of threatening......
65. Political Subdivision Introduction to Political SubdivisionPolitical Subdivision, unit of government designed to carry out public functions within a specific territory." (1)ResourcesNotes and ReferencesInformation about ...
66. Political Crimes The Legal History of Political CrimesThis section provides an overview of Political Crimes ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Political Crimes in the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History (Oxford University Press) The [...]...
67. Political Strike Political strike in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of Political strike provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: A process halfway between conciliation and arbitration , in mediation a neutral third party assists the disputing parties in reaching a settlement to an industrial dispute by [...]...
68. Political Culture Concept of Political Culture Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Resources See Also Ideology Public Opinion Media...
69. Political Participation Concept of Political Participation Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Resources See Also Political Participation Interest Groups Lobbying Resources See Also Electoral System Electoral College Voting...
70. Political Expenditures Citizens United v Federal Election Commission Case (US) In relation to the citizens united v federal election commission case (United States) and constitutional law, Robert A Sedler[1] made the following observation: In Citizens United v Federal Election Commission (558 US 310, 2010), the [...]...
71. Political Movements Related Fields Related topics include: Political Movement Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Social Movement Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Grassroots Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Socialism Find this subject in this World legal [...]...
72. Political Systems Related Fields Related topics include: Political System Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Politics Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Government Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Political System Politics Government...
73. Political Question Act of State and Political Question Doctrines In relation to the international law practice and act of state and political question doctrines in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: Foreign Relations About this subject:Bernstein v. Kerry Note: there is [...]...
74. Political Union Embracing mainstream international law, this section on political union explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Embracing mainstream international law, this section on political union explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered [...]...
75. Political Committee Political Committee and Europe There is an entry on political committee in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Political Committee" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney Leach [...]...
76. Political Groups Political Groups and Europe There is an entry on political groups in the European legal encyclopedia. Political groups and the European Union Resources See Also Transnational parties European political parties Party groups Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Political [...]...
77. Political Assessment Description of Political Assessment In this reference work, political assessment is a sort of the Legal History category. Resources See Also Legal History...
78. Political Geography Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to political geography in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
79. Political Cooperation Meaning of European Political Co-operation (EPC) Here is a very short concept of european political co-operation (epc) in the European Union framework: The predecessor to the Common Foreign and Security Policy, EPC never progressed beyond rhetoric. Resources Notas y References See Also...
80. Political Philosophy Related Work and Conclusions Resources See Also References (Papers) Shareholder Wealth Maximization As Means To An End, Robert P. Bartlett, Iii, Aug 2016 The Death Penalty In Traditional China, Chin Kim, Theodore R. Leblang, Jul 2016 The Cultural Limits Of Legal Tolerance, Benjamin Berger, [...]...
81. Political Doctrine Resources See Also Political Doctrine Economic Doctrine Fundamental Right Doctrine...
82. Political Power Resources See Also Government Government Contract Local Government Public Administration Administrative Law Public Law...
83. Political Scientist Resources See Also Parliamentary Law Political Law Political Constitution Political Science Politics...
84. Political Behaviour Resources See Also Social Problem Crime Delinquency Juvenile Delinquency Delinquent Social Issues Crime Prevention...
85. Political Movement Resources See Also Social Problem Crime Delinquency Juvenile Delinquency Delinquent Social Issues Crime Prevention...
86. Political Problem Resources See Also Social Problem Crime Delinquency Juvenile Delinquency Delinquent Social Issues Crime Prevention...
87. Party Autonomy Outline of Choice of forum and law In order to figure out what law will be applicable, need to know what the forum is à forum will determine what choice of law rules will be applied Basic Framework for Determining Applicable law - Determine the forum o Is there a forum [...]...
88. Party Systems Political Parties: Party SystemsIntroduction to Party SystemsA political party system consists of all the parties in a particular nation and the laws and customs that govern their behavior. There are three types of party systems: (1) multiparty systems, (2) two-party systems, and (......
89. Political Parties Future Political Parties: The Future of Political Parties:Introduction to Political Parties FutureThough most pronounced in the United States, the decline of traditional parties is an international phenomenon. Some analysts believe political parties will one day cease to exist, and that t......
90. Political Science Challenges Political Science: Recent Trends Challenges to the DisciplineIntroduction to Political Science ChallengesMarxists challenged conventional political science through most of the 20th century, charging that the discipline overlooked oppressive political relationships in the capitalist......
91. Political Science Fields Political Science: Fields in Political Science:Introduction to Political Science FieldsPolitical science is organized into several fields, each representing a major subject area of teaching and research in colleges and universities. These fields include comparative politics, Americ......
92. Political Science History Political Science: History of the Discipline Origins and DevelopmentIntroduction to Political Science HistoryThe systematic study of politics dates to ancient times. The oldest legal and administrative code that survives in its entirety is the Code of Hammurabi, inscribed on a pill......
93. Political and Security Committee Political and Security Committee (PSC) and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Political and Security Committee (PSC) provided by the European Union Commission: Replacing the Political Committee, the Political and Security Committee (PSC) follows international developments in the [...]...
94. Political Question Doctrine In the United States For information about Political question doctrine in the context of international trade, click here Alaska v. Kerry: Act of State and Political Question Doctrines in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to Alaska v. Kerry: Act of State and [...]...
95. Governing Party Governing or Ruling Party in Election Law The party of a prime mister or a president governing by majority vote. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
96. Party at Risk Party at Risk in International Trade Meaning of Party at Risk, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Between the seller and the buyer, that party who has the most to lose in the event of damage or loss to a shipment, such as: Unpaid sellers, especially if the [...]...
97. Political Rights of Prisoners Suspension of the Political Rights of Prisoners In relation to the suspension of the political rights of prisoners and constitutional law, Pablo Marshall[1] made the following observation: The suspension of political rights refers to the temporary loss of rights to political participation [...]...
98. Party Groups Party groups and the European Union Resources See Also Political groups...
99. Multi-party System Multi-party System in Election Law A system in which more than two political parties participate in the political life of a country, in debates and in elections. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
100. Party Unity Score Concept of Party Unity Score Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Resources See Also Congress...
101. Party Introduction to PartyParty (law), a person or group involved in a legal proceeding as a litigant." (1)ResourcesNotes and ReferencesInformation about ......
102. Political Decentralization Decentralization (government) Political DecentralizationIntroduction to Political DecentralizationGovernment is decentralized in the political sense when the power to determine policies is shared between central and local agencies, and local powers are substantial in both number an......
103. Political Scientists Political Science: What Political Scientists DoIntroduction to Political ScientistsMost professional political scientists work in colleges and universities where they teach, conduct research, and write articles and books related to their specific research interests. Political scien......
104. Political Powers Powers of Congress in U.S. Constitutional Law A list of entries related to Powers of Congress may be found, under the Powers of Congress subject group, in the United States constitutional law platform of the American legal encyclopedia....
105. Political Socialization Concept of Political Socialization Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Resources See Also Ideology Public Opinion Media...
106. Political Markets Literature Review on (Contracting) Political Markets In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Rizalino B. Cruz offers the following summary about the topic of (Contracting) Political Markets: This entry provides an overview of political markets as a framework for [...]...
107. Political Independence Embracing mainstream international law, this section on political independence explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "political independence" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International [...]...
108. Political Offence Embracing mainstream international law, this section on political offence explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "political offence" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law [...]...
109. Political Law Finalité(s) Politique(s) and Europe There is an entry on finalité(s) politique(s) in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Finalité(s) Politique(s)" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", [...]...
110. Act of the Party Description of Act of the Party Description of Act of the Party Resources See Also Act In The Law Under Act Resources See Also Act In The Law...
111. Political System Resources See Also Government Government Contract Local Government Public Administration Administrative Law Public Law...
112. Political Development Resources See Also Nation Province Sovereignty Rule of Law Public International Law State Territory...
113. Political Integration Resources See Also Nation Province Sovereignty Rule of Law Public International Law State Territory...
114. Political Conflict Resources See Also Political Movement Social Movement Grassroots Socialism...
115. Political Education Resources See Also Political Movement Social Movement Grassroots Socialism...
116. Worldwide Political Science Abstracts Worldwide Political Science Abstracts. Index details: Ann Arbor, MI: ProQuest, 1975-. Monthly. Coverage: 1975 to present Provides over 436,000 citations ... Read more...
117. Accommodation Party Summary of Accommodation Party One who provides an ACCOMMODATION ENDORSEMENT (read this and related legal terms for further details) on a negotiable instrument.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Description of Accommodation Party Resources See Also SURETY Accommodated Party [...]...
118. Charter Party A maritime contract for the lease of all or part of a ship for a period of time or for a voyage or voyages. The expression is derived from the Latin carta partida, meaning "divided document," because the charter agreement was written twice on one sheet of paper, which was then cut or [...]...
119. New Democratic Party Introduction to New Democratic PartyNew Democratic Party (NDP), Canadian political party that espouses a philosophy of social democracy. The NDP began as the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) in 1933. Initially socialist, the CCF was popular during World War II (1939-1945),......
120. Political Parties History Political Parties: History of Political Parties: Origins and DevelopmentIntroduction to Political Parties HistoryThe origins of political parties are closely associated with the development of the modern state and representative democracy in Western Europe and the United States. Pa......