Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Voting Preference Voting in Constitutional Law From the Comparative Constitutions Project: A ranked ballot or preferential voting system is a type of voting system in which each voter casts their vote by ranking candidates in order of preference. 'Bandwagon' Voting in Election Law Voting for [...]...
2. Votes Single Non-transferable Vote (sntv) in Election Law Electoral system in which the voter is asked to vote for a single candidate in a multi-member district represented by several seats. The candidates who receive the most votes are declared winners. In this type of system, electors vote for [...]...
3. Ballots Challenged Ballot in Election Law Any type of ballot paper that is contested. These are temporarily excluded from the count and set aside to clarify their validity. Discarded Ballot in Election Law Ballot paper issued to a voter and recorded as such but not placed in the ballot box. For [...]...
4. Electoral Fraud Ballot Tampering in Election Law A method of electoral fraud which consists of manipulating the ballot in any manner which would invalidate the vote or alter the counting results. It may happen at different stages of the polling and counting operations. Resources See Also Election Law [...]...
5. Secret Ballot Secret Ballot in Election Law A fundamental principle in democratic elections, by which the voter is entitled to vote without being seen by others, a potential source of pressure and intimidation which could invalidate the freedom of choice. An election authority is therefore obliged to [...]...
6. Absentee Vote Absentee Vote or Ballot in Election Law Method by which a person may vote without going to the polling station on election day. Depending on national laws, the voter has a certain period of time during which he or she can obtain a ballot before the election. The ballot paper is filled out and [...]...
7. Elections Election and Political Law Genuine Elections in Election Law In the field of elections, this term implies the presence of conditions for a level playing field in the electoral race. This mainly includes the exercise of political rights and freedoms, having parties and candidates competing on [...]...
8. Election Process Election Process in Election Law Set of legal measures and concrete operations needed to hold an election. A starting point may be a writ or decree calling voters to vote in a particular election and may require the adoption of an electoral law. The election process includes voter [...]...
9. Blank Ballot Blank Ballot in Election Law Voting paper on which a voter makes no mark, so as to not indicate a choice. Blank ballots are sometimes treated and counted as invalid, in the same way that a ballot paper marked twice is disqualified. In some countries, a blank vote can be seen as a political [...]...
10. Constituency Ad Hoc Electoral Constituency in Election Law Constituency established specifically for one particular election, which is therefore redefined periodically. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
11. Multi-party Elections Multi-party Elections in Election Law Elections in which a minimum of two parties or candidates runs for office. Plurality is an essential condition of democratic elections. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
12. Electoral System Electoral System in Constitutional Law From the Comparative Constitutions Project: The structures and processes necessary to hold an election including the electoral laws, system of appointment, redistribution and voting. Electoral System in Election Law The part of the electoral regulations [...]...
13. Vote System Block Vote System in Election Law A plurality/majority system used in multi-member districts in which electors have as many votes as there are candidates to be elected. Voting is candidate centred. The candidates with the highest total number of votes win the seats. Resources See Also [...]...
14. General Elections General or National Elections in Election Law Two terms used to indicate democratic selection of representatives or officials at a national level. The term general election is more often used in republican parliamentary systems, while the term national election is more common in republican [...]...
15. Ballot Structure Ballot Structure in Election Law For a single ballot, presentation of the relevant information, including the names of candidates or parties, their numbers as the case may be, their photograph or the symbols and logos used to facilitate their identification, particularly by illiterate voters. [...]...
16. Carousel Voting Carousel Voting in Election Law A method of vote rigging which involves multiple voting, in particular when voters are transported to different polling stations so that they can cast their votes for the same candidate or the same list more than once. Another example is voters using a ballot [...]...
17. Nomination Introduction to Nomination Nomination, in politics, the formal selection and presentation of a candidate for an elective office. Four principal methods of nomination have been used in the U.S.: nomination by political convention, by primary election, by caucus, and by petition. Before 1800 c......
18. Lottery Lottery in Election Law System used for a single ballot that features a number of candidates or political parties. If alphabetic order is not chosen as the system for sorting candidates, a lottery is organised to decide in which order candidates or political parties will appear on the ballot [...]...
19. Opposition Opposition in E.U. Patent SystemThe time period allowed for an interested party to post oppositions to the grant of a patent. For example, this may be up to nine months from the date of grant of a European patent....
20. Ballot Box Ballot Box in Election Law Container in which voters insert their ballot after indicating their choice or, in multiple ballot systems, after choosing their preferred ballot. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
21. Credibility Credibility in Election Law In the context of elections, voter confidence in the electoral process, including voter registration, the electoral system, procedures, vote count, etc., and also in the main actors: political parties, candidates, the Election Management Body (EMB) and the media, [...]...
22. Military Voting Military Voting in Election Law In some countries, members of the military are allowed to vote. Given that they are often based far from their electoral constituencies, polling centres are sometimes set up inside military bases. In other cases, military personnel vote by mail or proxy. This [...]...
23. Open Voting Open Voting in Election Law Situation whereby a voter casts his or her vote in front of everybody in the polling station, meaning the vote is no longer secret. This may happen due to a voter's own carelessness (does not fold his or her ballot paper when leaving the polling booth or simply [...]...
24. Candidate Candidate, person who seeks or is nominated for an office, prize, or honor. In politics, candidates aspire to be elected to office by conducting campaigns. (1) Candidate in Election Law Any person who aspires to public office and fulfills the eligibility criteria set by the Election Management [...]...
25. Advance Voting Advance Voting in Election Law Method by which a registered voter who cannot vote on election day may do so earlier. This can be done in several ways, including by postal vote or at a specific location. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
26. Valid Valid Ballot or Valid Vote in Election Law Ballot which clearly indicates the voter's intention and fulfils the requirements of electoral law and can be included in the vote count. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
27. Ballot Counting Ballot Counting in Election Law Series of operations performed after voting has closed to count the number of ballots in a ballot box, compare that number to the signatures on the voter register and count the number of votes obtained by each list or candidate. Resources See Also Election Law [...]...
28. Election Campaign Election Campaign in Election Law Series of activities, occurring before a vote, carried out by political parties or individuals, in order to promote their political programme and principles. These activities can include meetings, rallies, interviews, debates, etc., in order to attract the [...]...
29. Spoilt Spoilt Ballot in Election Law A ballot which is invalid due to printing irregularities, tearing or ink stains or that is damaged in any other way, for example if the voter makes a mistake. Spoilt ballots are set aside and cannot be used in the vote. (See: Discarded ballot). Resources See Also [...]...
30. Tactical Tactical Voting in Election Law A vote based on political calculation, often implying that the elector votes for a party or candidate that he or she does not really support, but does so to keep out a party or candidate that he or she does not want to see elected. Resources See Also Election [...]...
31. General Election General Election in Constitutional Law From the Comparative Constitutions Project: An election involving most or all constituencies in a state (or nation) in choosing candidates for office and voting on ballot measures. Concept of General Election Note: explore also the meaning of this legal [...]...
32. Postal Vote Postal Vote in Election Law Process by which a voter exercises his or her right to vote from home by sending in his or her ballot by mail. It implies previous identification of the voter. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
33. Rally An increase in stock or commodity prices following a decline.......
34. Election Day Election Day in Election Law Day on which voters go to polling stations to vote and elect their leaders or representatives. (See: Voting period). Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
35. Voting Age Voting Age in Election Law Minimum legal age that a person must reach in order to be eligible to vote. The age is usually 18 but may vary from one country to another. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
36. Vote Ordinal Vote in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: A rank ordering of votes for either candidates or parties....
37. Manifesto Election Platform or Manifesto or Programme in Election Law The principles, values and projects that one or more candidates or political party present during their campaign and commit to uphold and implement in order to secure as many votes as possible on election day. Resources See Also [...]...
38. Voter Information Voter Information in Election Law A process of giving relevant factual information about an election process on a timely basis. This includes when, where and how voters will vote. When this is done during the preparatory stages of an election, particularly a general election, it aids [...]...
39. Alternative Vote Majority (Alternative Vote Method) in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: This majority system is based upon, full, standard, and preferential voting. Accordingly electors are required to number all candidates in order of preference. A candidate requires an absolute [...]...
40. Electoral Advertising Electoral Advertising in Election Law Used by candidates of public or private, free or paid media or advertising to promote their political programme and mobilise voters before an election starts, according to electoral law and the election calendar. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral [...]...
41. Single Ballot Single Ballot in Election Law Unlike the multiple ballot, this is a ballot paper on which all possible choices open to the voter are printed. The voter selects one or more options, depending on the electoral system. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
42. Universal Suffrage Universal Suffrage in Election Law A fundamental principle in democratic elections, by which every citizen has the right to vote in periodic and regular elections and referenda. This right must be established by law. Restrictions may apply (minimum age, mental capacity), but the right to vote [...]...
43. Media Monitoring Media Coverage in Election Law Role played by the media in informing the public about an event such as an election. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
44. Election Management Body Election Management Body (emb) as an Electoral Commission in Election Law A collective body that is independent from the executive branch of government and which is tasked, by law, to prepare and implement elections. It is administratively and financially independent and is made up of [...]...
45. Ballot Reconciliation Ballot Reconciliation in Election Law Verification technique aiming to ensure that the number of ballots contained in the ballot box matches the number of signatures on the voter list. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
46. Voting System Mixed Voting System in Election Law A system which combines elements of majoritarian and proportional representation systems. There are two kinds of mixed systems: parallel systems and Mixed Member Proportional Systems. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
47. Banner Banner in Election Law Long strip of fabric or other material secured at both ends by poles, used to promote election candidates. Usually this features the name of a candidate or party, along with a clear, short slogan that sums up the political programme and promises to voters. Resources See [...]...
48. Compulsory Compulsory Voting in Election Law Legal measure by which citizens are obliged to vote. In certain countries, individuals who abstain from voting without good and sufficient reason can be subject to a fine. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
49. Seats Allocation of Seats in Election Law Distribution of seats obtained by a party or list of independent candidates, based on the number of votes obtained by each party or individual candidate. Depending on the electoral system in place, the allocation of seats can be subject to complex [...]...
50. Election Types Election: Types of Election:sIntroduction to Election TypesIn most nations, political party leaders select candidates for office in a general election. The United States is one of the few nations to hold primary elections prior to the general election campaign. In these elections, ......
51. Debate Debate in Election Law Face-to-face exchange between candidates, usually televised, during which they speak about election issues, promote their political programmes and highlight their qualifications and ability to lead. These exchanges can take place at various levels of political [...]...
52. Electoral Rights Electoral Rights in Election Law All the civil rights and liberties that a citizen may enjoy in the context of an election, including the right to register as a voter, the right to vote, stand as a candidate, join a political party and campaign. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws [...]...
53. Gerrymandering Gerrymandering in Election Law North American political term used to describe the deliberate division or redrawing of electoral districts/ constituencies in a way which gives a political party or candidate an advantage on election day. Concept of Gerrymandering Note: explore also the meaning [...]...
54. International Election International Election Assistance in Election Law Financial and/or technical support provided by international organisations or specialised NGOs to a country in order to help it organise elections. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
55. Voters Unbalanced Distribution of Voters in Election Law Situation in which certain constituencies/ districts are overpopulated while others are underpopulated. This happens when electoral boundaries are not updated to reflect demographic trends or are deliberately manipulated so as to influence [...]...
56. Mobilisation Mobilisation in Election Law Action taken to encourage citizens to participate in the electoral process, or support an individual or party in an election to secure their vote. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
57. Disclosure Introduction to DisclosureDisclosure, act of revealing information that is secret or would normally be confidential." (1)ResourcesNotes and ReferencesInformation about "https://lawin.org/encarta-encyclopedia/" title="Microsoft Encarta Online ......
58. Voter Eligible Voter in Election Law Individual who satisfies the legal requirements to participate in an election. These requirements are usually related to nationality, age, mental health, etc. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
59. List The measure of a vessel's tilt from the vertical plane, in degrees.......
60. By-elections By-elections in Election Law Elections conducted to re-allocate one or several seats in a representative assembly following the death, resignation or dismissal of the incumbent(s). Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
61. Election Management Executive Director of The Election Management Body (emb) in Election Law Person responsible for managing the election authority to ensure it works effectively. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
62. Mark Mark or Tick in Election Law A sign defined by electoral law which the voter writes next to or on the name of the candidate or party of their choice on the ballot. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
63. Targeting Targeting and International Trade Economy Resources See Also industrial targeting...
64. Equal Opportunity Equal Opportunity in Election Law Provision to all citizens of the conditions necessary so that they may exercise their civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights regardless of gender, race, religion, language, wealth or other factors. In terms of elections, equal opportunity is [...]...
65. Transfer Spanish Translation of transferThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to transfer and / or a definition of this topic: Cesión (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
66. Optical Mark Recognition Optical Mark Recognition (omr) Device in Election Law A scanner that can read specific marks in a defined set of locations on a page. The computer software used by an OMR scanner is programmed to recognise the meaning of the various marks and to convert scanned images into computer-readable [...]...
67. Campaign Financing Campaign Financing or Finance in Election Law Financial resources needed to cover the costs of an election campaign, so that candidates may publicise their political programme. In democratic countries, campaign financing is regulated by law to ensure political independence and to provide equal [...]...
68. Electoral Quotient Electoral Quotient in Election Law Method used to calculate the number of votes necessary to obtain a seat in a proportional representation system. It can be determined at constituency level by dividing the number of valid votes cast (V) by the number of seats (S) in the constituency, or at [...]...
69. Foreigner Foreigner in Election Law A person in a state of which he or she is not a citizen. In some countries, foreign residents are legally allowed to vote under certain conditions, mainly in local elections, such as municipal council elections. Resources See Also Migration Internal Migration [...]...
70. Electoral Reform Introduction Electoral Reform, elimination of undemocratic, dishonest, and corrupt practices in the conduct of public elections. Reform is usually effected by statutory enactments that contain provisions for accomplishing one or more of the following ends: a change in the qualification [...]...
71. Voter Registration Election: Voter Registration Introduction to Voter Registration In addition to differences in political party strength, these national differences in voter participation result from variations in registration rules and the organization of elections. In Europe, governments automatical......
72. Family Vote Family Vote in Election Law Type of vote where one family member instructs others how to vote, or even in some cases votes in place of family members (e.g. by collecting all their voters' cards). This practice is considered a type of electoral fraud. Resources See Also Election Law [...]...
73. Multi-party System Multi-party System in Election Law A system in which more than two political parties participate in the political life of a country, in debates and in elections. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
74. Activities Busing Activities in Election Law Transportation by bus (or other means) of voters, organised by candidates or political parties so that people can go and cast their votes. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
75. Ordinary Vote Ordinary Vote in Election Law Vote cast by a voter on election day in the appropriate polling station. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
76. Majority Majority (By an unspecified method) in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: In any majority electoral system, there is necessariliy a method of deciding the winner when no single option has a majority of the votes cast. However, the method is not always specified in the [...]...
77. Seal Seal in Election Law A device provided to polling officials for use in securely closing the ballot box and packets containing election materials. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
78. Remote Remote Voting in Election Law See: Absentee vote Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
79. Stakeholder Stakeholder in Election Law Actor involved in and concerned with the electoral process: voters, election administration, candidates, political parties, voters, media, civil society, international and domestic observers and donors. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral [...]...
80. Electronic Voting Introduction to Electronic Voting Electronic Voting, a balloting system that allows votes to be entered and recorded in an electronic form. These balloting systems are also referred to as e-voting or direct-recording electronic systems (DREs). The voter uses a direct entry device to register......
81. Power Sharing Power Sharing in Election Law In the context of an election, this often refers to an agreement made by political parties on their participation in the government after the vote. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
82. Observer Observer and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Observer: An observer to the GATT is a country or international organization that has been authorized by the GATT Council (Sec. [...]...
83. Parliamentary Elections Legislative (or Parliamentary) Elections in Election Law Elections in which an electorate is called upon to choose the members of the representative body which exercises legislative authority in that country. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
84. Parliamentary Session Parliamentary Session in Election Law Period during which parliament operates. During a parliamentary recess, a permanent committee is usually in place to respond to pressing issues. A parliamentary session differs from a legislative session, which is the duration for which representatives [...]...
85. Seat Seat in Election Law Mandate or office of an assembly or council for which an election is held. Seat of the Eus Institutions and Europe There is an entry on seat of the eus institutions in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Seat of the Eus [...]...
86. Parliamentary law PARLIAMENTARY LAW. Parliamentary Law refers originally to the customs and rules for conducting business in the English and other nations ... Read more...
87. Parliamentary Committee Parliamentary Law Committee WorkIntroduction to Parliamentary CommitteeThe work of deliberative bodies is usually prepared by means of committees. These may be standing committees appointed for a definite time; select committees appointed for a special purpose; or committees of the......
88. Parliamentary Officers Parliamentary Law OfficersIntroduction to Parliamentary OfficersThe officers of a deliberative assembly include a presiding officer, who may be called the chairperson, speaker, president, or moderator; and a secretary or clerk. The presiding officer, whose office at a meeting is ca......
89. Parliamentary Procedure Parliamentary Law ProcedureIntroduction to Parliamentary ProcedureBusiness is brought before an assembly by a motion, or proposal, of a member or by the presentation of a resolution. When the motion has been stated, the question of its adoption is considered pending. While this que......
90. Parliamentary Regulation Congressional Regulation of Commerce as Traffic in U.S. Constitutional Law A list of entries related to Congressional Regulation of Commerce as Traffic may be found, under the Congressional Regulation of Commerce as Traffic subject group, in the United States constitutional law platform of the [...]...
91. Parliamentary Committees In relation to the parliamentary committees and constitutional law, Helle Krunke[1] made the following observation: In order to apply a global comparative perspective on 'parliamentary committees', a broad definition of the term is needed. From the outset, inspiration can be found [...]...
92. Parliamentary Monarchy In relation to the parliamentary monarchy and constitutional law, Rainer Grote[1] made the following observation: A parliamentary monarchy is a political system where the function of head of state (heads of state and government) is vested in a hereditary or elected monarch while a [...]...
93. Parliamentary Privilege In relation to the parliamentary privilege and constitutional law, David Clark[1] made the following observation: 'Parliamentary privilege', an English legal term, covers the sum of the powers and immunities of both the legislative bodies and legislative body members (Erskine May [...]...
94. Parliamentary Systems In relation to the parliamentary systems and constitutional law, Rainer Grote[1] made the following observation: The term 'parliamentary system' forms part of a dichotomy widely used in political science in order to categorize the main forms of democratic government. From this [...]...
95. Parliamentary Diplomacy Embracing mainstream international law, this section on parliamentary diplomacy explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "parliamentary diplomacy" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of [...]...
96. Parliamentary Practice Resources See Also Government Government Contract Local Government Public Administration Administrative Law Public Law...
97. Seat of Diplomatic Mission Seat (of Diplomatic Mission) Embracing mainstream international law, this section on seat (of diplomatic mission) explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "seat (of diplomatic mission)" in the Parry and Grant [...]...
98. Parliamentary Rules Parliamentary Law Choice of RulesIntroduction to Parliamentary RulesAn organization may adopt as its rules of procedure those of the U.S. House of Representatives, if applicable, or of a standard reference work on parliamentary law. A permanent organization may incorporate certain ......
99. Parliamentary Sovereignty Mizrahi Bank Case (Israel) In relation to the mizrahi bank case (Israel) and constitutional law, Suzie Navot[1] made the following observation: Israel has no single official document known as 'the Constitution', and for nearly half a century, its legal structure was based on the [...]...
100. Parity In arbitrage usage, an equivalent value for two currencies; for example, the Bermuda dollar enjoys parity with the U.S. dollar (B$l = U.S.SI).......
101. Parliament The Legal History of Parliament This section provides an overview of Parliament Parliament in Election Law National body of representatives having legislative power within the state. House of Representatives in U.S. Constitutional Law A list of entries related to House of Representatives may [...]...
102. Participation Spanish Translation of participationThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to participation and / or a definition of this topic: Participación (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
103. Parallel System Parallel System in Election Law A mixed system in which the choices expressed by voters are used to elect representatives through two different systems, usually a plurality/ majority system and a proportional representation system. No account is taken of the seats allocated under the first [...]...
104. Partiality Partiality in Election Law Bias for or against something or someone that may result in favouritism or prejudice. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
105. Party Convention Party Convention in Election Law Periodic meeting of a party's leaders and delegates to discuss and approve the party's platform and position on key questions in an upcoming election, as well as to elect the party leaders for a given period, usually until the next convention. During a [...]...
106. Party System Single Party System in Election Law System found in non-democratic regimes, where elections are not held because one party dominates the political scene, either by law or through practices that eliminate any chance of other parties taking part in an election or obtaining seats if they do. Two [...]...
107. Polling Political Campaign How Campaigns are Conducted Polling Introduction to Polling Surveys of voter opinion provide the raw material of modern political campaigns. Political consultants use this information to run campaigns that closely resemble the efforts of businesses to market produc......
108. Primary Election Introduction to Primary Election Primary Election, preliminary election in which voters select a political party's candidates for public office. Primary election winners from each political party compete in a general election to determine who will hold the public office. Because each [...]...
109. Proportional Representation Introduction to Proportional Representation Proportional Representation, electoral system designed to produce legislative bodies in which the number of seats held by any group or party is proportional to the number of votes cast for members of that group during the most recent election. The [...]...
110. Plurality Plurality in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: A term related to the "first past the post" system of voting. The candidate who attains the highest number of votes in an election or ballot attains a plurality or "simple majority" of votes and is elected....
111. Party List Party List in Election Law List of candidates submitted by a political party. Party List and Europe There is an entry on party list in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Party List" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European [...]...
112. Pluralism Political Pluralism in Election Law The degree to which a political system, as a result of freedom of association, allows the formation of different types of political bodies, including organised groups and political parties. Political Perspective Democy and Nationalism Most political [...]...
113. Political Environment Political Environment in Election Law Various conditions and components of a political scene in a given country at a given time, together with its actors: members of the government, political parties, the opposition, those who are represented and those who are not, etc. The term is often used [...]...
114. Political Party Political Party in Election Law Organisation of people who share the same opinions, principles and aspirations regarding how society should be managed and who wish to implement these by obtaining power. Concept of Political Party Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the [...]...
115. Political Reform Political Reform in Election Law Set of measures applied to review laws governing the political environment and political action and, by extension, reform the political institutions which are based upon these laws. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
116. Political Rights International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (iccpr) in Election Law The ICCPR builds on the right to political participation by further detailing the requirements associated with elections that are a key part of this right. Article 25 of the ICCPR has been referred to as 'the [...]...
117. Pre-election Election Silence or Pre-election Silence in Election Law Term used to describe the end of an election campaign, at which point all participants in the election process – candidates and the media in particular – are banned from making statements and taking action to promote a [...]...
118. Preferential Vote Preferential Vote in Election Law System used in list-based voting which gives a greater choice to the voter, who is not obliged to keep candidates in the order in which they are presented by their parties. Voters may mark a preference for one or more candidates or may themselves rank all [...]...
119. Preliminary Preliminary Results in Election Law Total or partial results released by the electoral administration. They cannot be considered final or official until all complaints and appeals have been resolved. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
120. Presidential Elections Presidential Elections in Election Law Elections in which voters are called on to elect the president of the republic. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...