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  • Costa Rica

    The Legal History of Costa Rica This section provides an overview of Costa Rica, as follows: Money and Credit There are three important banks, the Anglo-Costa Rican Bank, with a capital of £120,000, the Bank of Costa Rica (£200,000), and the Commercial Bank of Costa Rica […]

  • Big Data Analytics

    The more the automation of machines is proceeding, the higher the legal challenges are rising too. In some sectors, the applicable legal system seems to stand up to these challenges while the need of amendment exists in other areas. If the legislator wants to take action, it has to take the main function of law…

  • Argument

    Clergyman, Discipline, Tribunals, Testimony, Argument From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Clergyman, Discipline, Tribunals, Testimony, Argument (1): What a clergyman says in the administration of the discipline of the church or what is said in tribunals to enforce […]

  • Montreal Protocol

      Article 1: Definitions For the purposes of this Protocol: 1. "Convention"means the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, adopted on 22 March 1985. 2. "Parties"means, unless the text otherwise indicates, Parties to this Protocol. 3. […]

  • Cybercrime

    Cybercrime is one of the fastest-growing criminal activities on the planet. Cybercrime is defined as the use of any computer network for crime and the high-tech criminals of the digital age have not been slow to spot the opportunities. The scope of the definition becomes even larger with […]

  • Bitcoin

    Bitcoin in the E-Commerce Law Bitcoin, launched in 2009, was the first decentralized convertible virtual currency and the first cryptocurrency. Bitcoins are mathematical tokens composed of unique strings of numbers and letters that constitute units of the currency and are oftentimes traded […]

  • Collateral Asset

    Collateral Asset Trends According to the International Swaps and Derivatives Association: As the use of collateral assets for credit enhancement in the derivatives market has grown over the past decade, collateral practitioners have witnessed increasing convergence of market practice in relation to the assets that are commonly given and accepted as eligible collateral. At one…

  • United Nations Symbols

    United Nations Symbols United Nations Documents Symbols System The United Nations publishes many documents. Many documents were originally published in mimeographed form and are still sometimes referred to as ‘mimeo docs.’ This entry will explain the United Nations series symbols system which was designed to provide access to these documents. The series symbols provide access…

  • Freedom of the Seas in the 20th Century

    Freedom of the Seas 20TH-Century DevelopmentsIntroduction to Freedom of the Seas in the 20th CenturyDuring World War I, the use of submarines and aircraft demonstrated the inadequacy of international law with respect to freedom of the seas. Virtually all laws and treaties relating …

  • Natural Law Theories

    Natural Law Theories In General This entry considers natural law theories only as theories of law. That is not to say that legal theory can be adequately identified and pursued independently of moral and political theory. Nor is it to deny that there are worthwhile natural law theories much more concerned with foundational issues in…

  • The Year Books

    The Year Books, precursors of Law Reports The Year Books were the law reports of medieval England. They are the principal source materials for the development of legal doctrines in the English courts from the late 13th century (earliest examples date from about 1268) to 1535 (the last in the printed series). Many (more than…

  • Constitutional Text: Brazil Constitution of 1988

    Constitutional Text: Brazil Constitution of 1988 CONSTITUTION OF THE FEDERATIVE REPUBLIC OF BRAZIL OCTOBER 5, 1988 Preamble We, the representatives of the Brazilian People, convened in the National Constituent Assembly to institute a democratic state for the purpose of ensuring the exercise of social and individual rights, liberty, security, well-being, development, equality and justice as…

  • Constitutional Text: Argentina 1994

    CONSTITUTION OF THE ARGENTINE NATION AUGUST 22ND, 1994 We, the representatives of the people of the Argentine Nation, gathered in General Constituent Assembly by the will and election of the Provinces which compose it, in fulfillment of pre-existing pacts, in order to form a national union, guarantee justice, secure domestic peace, provide for the common…

  • The Right to Privacy 8

    The Right to Privacy   The same reasons exist for distinguishing between oral and written publications of private matters, as is afforded in the law of defamation by the restricted liability for slander as compared with the liability for libel.[47] The injury resulting from such oral communications would ordinarily be so trifling that the law…

  • Treaty on Open Skies 10

    Treaty on Open Skies   Article XIII Designation Of Personnel And Privileges And Immunities Section I. Designation Of Personnel 1. Each State Party shall, at the same time that it deposits its instrument of ratification to either of the Depositaries, provide to all other States Parties, for their review, a list of designated personnel who…