Search results for: “clear and present danger test”
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Counterterrorism Operations
Policy and Procedures for Use of Force in Counterterrorism Operations in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to Policy and Procedures for Use of Force in Counterterrorism Operations: As mentioned in President Obama's speech discussed in section A.1.a., in this […]
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Counterterrorism Operations
Policy and Procedures for Use of Force in Counterterrorism Operations in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to Policy and Procedures for Use of Force in Counterterrorism Operations: As mentioned in President Obama's speech discussed in section A.1.a., in this […]
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Blockade
Summary of Blockade An interdiction of maritime traffic to and/or from a given port or nation by the naval forces of another nation. Blockades usually arise out of declared war or other belligerent condition between the country whose area is blockaded and the country whose forces have […]
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Blockade
Summary of Blockade An interdiction of maritime traffic to and/or from a given port or nation by the naval forces of another nation. Blockades usually arise out of declared war or other belligerent condition between the country whose area is blockaded and the country whose forces have […]
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Hague Apostille Convention
The 1961 Hague Apostille Convention Summary The Convention of 5 October 1961 Abolishing the Requirement of Legalisation for Foreign Public Documents brought about a basic simplification of the series of formalities which complicated the utilisation of public documents outside of the countries from which they emanated. The traditional rule acta probant sese ipsa does not…
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Transnational Organized Crime
Transnational Organized Crime Transnational organized crime (TOC) poses a significant and growing threat to national and international security, with dire implications for public safety, public health, democratic institutions, and economic stability across the globe. Not only are criminal networks expanding, but they also are diversifying their activities, resulting in the convergence of threats that were…
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International Alliances
International Alliances ALLIANCES AND SUPERPOWER DOMINANCE, 1964-1968 The second half of the 1960s was a time of parallel crises for the two military alliances, NATO and the Warsaw Pact, in both of which superpower dominance was at issue. For the first time since the onset of the Cold War, the loosening of the Kremlin leadership…
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Geographic Information Systems
Profound technological advances are transforming the basic nature of information management. As governments implement new information technology, conventional paper records are fast giving way to powerful electronic databases. One type of information management system increasingly being […]
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League of Nations History
League of Nations History The founding of the League of Nations in 1919 marked a radical departure from previous methods of diplomacy. Prior to August 1914, traditional diplomacy, or, as it was often called after the First World War, “Old Diplomacy,” was a system of intercourse between the governments of sovereign states. This system relied…
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Community Corrections
Community Corrections Probation is a court-ordered period of correctional supervision in the community and is generally used as an alternative to incarceration. Parole is a period of conditional supervised release in the community following a prison term. In Europe, probation is often used as the default term for community corrections. Community sanctions and measures These…
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Incarceration Effects
Incarceration Effects Lawmakers across the political spectrum, in some countries such as the United States, have begun to re-examine the policies that led to the massive growth in incarceration over the last generation. Incarceration is costly, the evidence for its deterrence value is mixed, and it has disproportionately affected people who are poor and (in…
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BUNGE CORPORATION, NEW YORK v. TRADAX EXPORT S.A., PANAMA
BUNGE CORPORATION, NEW YORK v. TRADAX EXPORT S.A., PANAMA HOUSE OF LORDS [1981] 2 All ER 513, [1981] 1 WLR 711, [1981] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 1 HEARING-DATES: 23, 24, 25, 26 February, 7 May 1981 7 May 1981 Overview By a contract made on January 30, 1974, the buyers agreed to buy from the sellers…
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BUNGE CORPORATION, NEW YORK v. TRADAX EXPORT S.A., PANAMA
BUNGE CORPORATION, NEW YORK v. TRADAX EXPORT S.A., PANAMA HOUSE OF LORDS [1981] 2 All ER 513, [1981] 1 WLR 711, [1981] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 1 HEARING-DATES: 23, 24, 25, 26 February, 7 May 1981 7 May 1981 Overview By a contract made on January 30, 1974, the buyers agreed to buy from the sellers…
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Bitcoin
Bitcoin in the E-Commerce Law Bitcoin, launched in 2009, was the first decentralized convertible virtual currency and the first cryptocurrency. Bitcoins are mathematical tokens composed of unique strings of numbers and letters that constitute units of the currency and are oftentimes traded […]