Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Trade Agreement See information on the case Grand River Enterprises Six Nations, Ltd v United States of America. Resources See Also Trade Commercial Relations Investment Transportation North American Free Trade Agreement Investment Dispute Settlements Resources See Also International Organization [...]...
2. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Part 1 Contents General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Part 1   1 The Consistency of the European Union Renewable Energy Directive ... Read more...
3. World Trade Organization Functions World Trade Organization In relation to the international law practice and world trade organization in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: Trade, Commercial Relations, Investment, and Transportation About this subject:WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement [...]...
4. Free Trade Agreement Free Trade Agreement and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Free Trade Agreement: An agreement between two or more countries establishing a free trade area (FTA)....
5. Central America Free Trade Agreements Dominican Republic-central America-united States Free Trade Agreement ("cafta-dr") in 2013 (Continuation) United States views on international law [1] in relation to Dominican Republic-central America-united States Free Trade Agreement ("cafta-dr"): TRANSPARENCY AND [...]...
6. Free Trade Commission Meeting of the CAFTA-DR Free Trade Commission In relation to the international law practice and Meeting of the Cafta-dr Free Trade Commission in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: Trade, Commercial Relations, Investment, Transportation About this subject: [...]...
7. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Part 3 Contents General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Part 3   15 The Asbestos Case at the World Trade Organization: The ... Read more...
8. Trade law Part 58 Contents Trade law Part 58   610 International Implications: The Elephant in the Living Room in Public Citizen v. Department ... Read more...
9. Central European Free Trade Agreement Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA): A regional cooperation organization and prospective free trade [...]...
10. Aircraft Agreement A product of the Tokyo Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations, the Aircraft Agreement (known officially as the Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft) provides that sales of civil aircraft will be free of duty, effective January 1, 1980. The agreement also provides duty-free treatment for flight sim......
11. International Trade Organization International Trade Organization (ITO) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of International Trade Organization (ITO): (Not to be confused with Multilateral Trade "Organization, Sec. I). An [...]...
12. Dominican Republic-central America-united States Free Trade Agreement Dominican Republic-central America-united States Free Trade Agreement ("cafta-dr") in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): The text of the CAFTA-DR is available at (internet link) [...]...
13. Wto Trade Facilitation Agreement WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to World Trade Organization Trade Facilitation Agreement: On December 7, 2013, the Ministerial Conference of the WTO in Bali concluded a Trade Facilitation Agreement. The text of the agreement [...]...
14. Trade law Part 63 Contents Trade law Part 63   663 THE PROPERTY WARS OF LAW FIRMS: OF CLIENT LISTS, TRADE SECRETS AND THE ... Read more...
15. International trade law Part 19 Contents International trade law Part 19   209 Reflections on U.S. International trade law and Practice – Compatibility with the ... Read more...
16. History of Foreign Trade until the 20th Century Contents History of Foreign Trade until the 20th Century Although foreign trade was an important part of ancient and medieval ... Read more...
17. List of United Nations Cross References List of United Nations Cross References Economic and Social Council General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade International Bank for Reconstruction ... Read more...
18. Company Union Company union in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of Company union provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: Can be used to describe either an enterprise union or a yellow union. Resources See Also Trade Unionism Trade Union Chartism Trade Union Legislation Resources Trade Union Topics [...]...
19. Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade and International Trade Resources See Also Standards Code...
20. Agreement on Government Procurement A multilateral agreement, arising out of the Tokyo Round of trade discussions, which significantly opens government procurement bids to foreign suppliers. Signatory nations are obliged to publish openly invitations to bid, and to apply the same criteria in selecting contractors to national [...]...
21. Trade law Part 46 Contents Trade law Part 46   494 The Law and Policy of the World Trade Organization: Text, Cases and Materials. ... Read more...
22. Wto Agreement on Trade-related Investment Measures The Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures and the World Trade Organization The Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures in relation to the World Trade Organization (WTO) covers several issues....
23. Definition of Trade Union Definition of trade union in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of Definition of trade union provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: Resources Trade Union Topics Trade Union Act Trades Union Congress (TUC) Trade Union Density Definition of Trade Union Socialist Coalition Socialist Party [...]...
24. Baltic Free Trade Area Baltic Free Trade Area in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Baltic Free Trade Area: A prospective free trade area linking Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Objectives include elimination of [...]...
25. List of international trade topics Contents List of international trade topics . Absolute advantage Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Asia-Pacific Economic ... Read more...
26. Trade Union Density Trade union density in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of Trade union density provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: Resources Trade Union Topics Trade Union Act Trades Union Congress (TUC) Trade Union Density Definition of Trade Union Socialist Coalition Socialist Party Legislative [...]...
27. International trade law Part 26 Contents International Trade law Part 26   267 International environmental law attempts to be “mutually supportive” with International trade law ... Read more...
28. Trade Organizations World Trade Organization (WTO) Notion of of World Trade Organization (WTO): An international organization founded in 1995 to provide conciliation mechanisms to resolve trade conflicts between members and, if necessary, adjudicate disputes. The WTO provides a forum for ongoing negotiations in [...]...
29. Trade law Part 29 Contents Trade law Part 29   293 Trade Mark Law International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law Volume 39, ... Read more...
30. Havana Charter Detais can be found in General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade).......
31. Intergovernmental Organizations A list of some Intergovernmental Organizations is the following: Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization ( CTBTO ) Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) Global Environment Facility ( GEF ) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) International Atomic [...]...
32. Agreement on Agriculture Agreement on Agriculture and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Agreement on Agriculture provided by the European Union Commission: The Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture (URAA) concluded in 1994 brought agricultural trade more fully under international trade rules and [...]...
33. Trade Institutions General, Trade and Investment Related Institutions in International Economic Law In international economic law, general, trade and investment related institutions includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal encyclopedia: li> World Trade Organization (WTO) United [...]...
34. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 6 Contents General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade   Article XXI Security Exceptions Nothing in this Agreement shall be construed (a) ... Read more...
35. Trade law Part 64 Contents Trade law Part 64   674 DOES FEDERALISM CONSTRAIN THE TREATY POWER? Edward T. Swaine Columbia Law Review Volume ... Read more...
36. Trade Marks Law Trade Marks Law Contents of Trade Marks Law Contents of this subject matter include:Introduction to Trade Marks Law Passing Off and Misleading & Deceptive Conduct Statutory Definition of Trade Marks Registrability of Trade Marks Restrictions on Registration Opposition Infringement Defenses to [...]...
37. Nafta Nafta Nafta in International Trade Meaning of Nafta, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A free trade agreement comprising Canada, Mexico and the United States. The objectives of the agreement are to eliminate barriers to trade, promote conditions of fair [...]...
38. Wto Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade The Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade and the World Trade Organization The Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade in relation to the World Trade Organization (WTO) covers several issues....
39. Trade law Part 10 Contents Trade law Part 10   101 Cartel class actions: Recent developments in Australia Kate Watts and Tova Gordon Trade ... Read more...
40. Universal Postal Union Universal Postal Union Outline The union was established under the International Postal Convention of 1874. It was then named the General Postal Union. In 1878 it was renamed the Universal Postal Union. It became a specialised, but independent, agency of the UN after 1945. The UPU is a [...]...
41. Trade Bloc Trade Bloc and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Trade Bloc: A general term referring to regional arrangements among countries that have established formal mechanisms for [...]...
42. Trade law Part 5 Contents Trade law Part 5   42 Trade Secret Law and the Changing Role of Judge and Jury Bradley Lipton ... Read more...
43. Trade law Part 38 Contents Trade law Part 38   407 Trans-national Competition Law and the WTO Keith R. Fisher Journal of International trade ... Read more...
44. International trade law Part 2 Contents International Trade law Part 2   16 INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND COMPETITION LAW International Business Law Journal Number 3, 2010 ... Read more...
45. Trade Unions in Europe Trade unions in europe in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of Trade unions in europe provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: Resources Trade Union Topics Trade Union Act Trades Union Congress (TUC) Trade Union Density Definition of Trade Union Socialist Coalition Socialist Party [...]...
46. Multilateral Trade Organization Multilateral Trade Organization (MTO) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Multilateral Trade Organization (MTO): A proposed organization that would subsume the GAIT,the General Agreement on [...]...
47. Trade in Civil Aircraft The Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft and other Issues Relating to Civil Aircraft in the GATT/WTO System and the World Trade Organization The Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft and other Issues Relating to Civil Aircraft in the GATT/WTO System in relation to the World Trade Organization [...]...
48. WTO WTO in International Trade Meaning of Wto, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The World Trade Organization was established by the Uruguay Round in 1995 as successor to the GATT (General Agreement o Tariffs and Trade), the WTO is the only global organization [...]...
49. Trade law Part 25 Contents Trade law Part 25   258 BILATERAL WTO-PLUS FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST: A CASE STUDY OF ... Read more...
50. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Part 2 Contents General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Part 2   11 The United States/European Communities Biotech Products Case: Opportunity for ... Read more...
51. Reciprocal Trade Agreements Program An act of Congress which authorized the president to reduce tariffs in exchange for like concessions by trading partners. The Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934, enacted as an amendment to the Smoot-Hawley Act (read thi......
52. United States Trade Representative An office, with ambassadorial rank, created by Congress to direct U.S. trade negotiations during the Kennedy and Tokyo Rounds. Known previously as the special trade representative and the special representative for trade negotiations, the office was reorganized with expanded powers by Executive [...]...
53. Trade law Part 44 Contents Trade law Part 44   470 Trade Mark and Unfair Competition Law International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition ... Read more...
54. Trade law Part 65 Contents Trade law Part 65   688 The Political Economy of International trade law : Essays in Honor of Robert ... Read more...
55. International trade law Part 6 Contents International Trade law Part 6   71 Reciprocity Clause and International trade law Caroline Van den Bergh Journal of ... Read more...
56. Organization For European Economic Cooperation Organization For European Economic Cooperation Summary of Organization For European Economic Cooperation A post-World War II organization established to coordinate the reconstruction of Europe. The OEEC arose in response to an Anglo-French declaration in 1947 calling for European [...]...
57. Trade in Services Agreement The Trade in Services Agreement (TiSA) This section provides an overview of the trade in services agreement (tisa) within the legal context of Preferential Trade in Services Agreements in international economic law, with coverage of Trades in Services and Specific Sectors (Main Regulatory [...]...
58. International Trade Center International Trade Center (ITC) This section provides an overview of international trade center (itc) within the legal context of Development Institutions in international economic law, with coverage of Architecture. Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations [...]...
59. Trade Union Federation Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental Organization Regional Organization Regional Integration...
60. List of international public law topics Contents List of international public law topics This is a comprehensive list of entries dealing with public international law, including ... Read more...
61. Trade law Part 71 Contents Trade law Part 71   746 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TRADEMARK LAW: DISROBING TRADE DRESS, CONFOUNDING DILUTION, AND CONDEMNING CYBERSQUATTING ... Read more...
62. International trade law Part 13 Contents International trade law Part 13   158 National Regulation and Trade Liberalization in Services: The Legal Impact of the ... Read more...
63. International trade law Part 21 Contents International Trade law Part 21   229 THE BYRD AMENDMENT BATTLE: AMERICAN TRADE POLITICS AT THE WTO Claire Hervey ... Read more...
64. European Trade Union Confederation Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental Organization Regional Organization Regional Integration...
65. Trade law Part 24 Contents Trade law Part 24   249 Does the U.S. SAFE WEB Act Strike the Proper Balance Between Law Enforcement ... Read more...
66. Trade law Part 35 Contents Trade law Part 35   370 USA Ct. App. 7th Cir. 9 Nov. 2006 – Distribution of software under ... Read more...
67. International Trade Union Associations Contents International Trade Union Associations International Trade Union Associations between 2011 and 2022 The chief international trade union body is ... Read more...
68. Gats Gats in International Trade Meaning of Gats, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The General Agreement on Trade Services is a World Trade Organization agreement that is the first multilateral agreement provide legally enforceable rules covering all [...]...
69. Trade Marks Intellectual Property (Trade Marks and Patents) Contents of Intellectual Property (Trade Marks and Patents) Contents of this subject matter include: Trade marks: History, Background, Registration; What is a sign? Trade marks: Substantive requirements/grounds of opposition and rejection [...]...
70. Ordinary Resources See Also Care Resources See Also Negligence, and Ordinary care Resources See Also Necessary and Ordinary expenses. Resources See Also Necessary and Ordinary and necessary expenses. Resources See Also Court of Ordinary Resources See Also Care Diligence Negligence...
71. Ordinary Court Highest Ordinary Court in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: The highest ordinary court refers to the ordinary court [see ordinary court below] which has final say in the judicial process....
72. Ordinary Courts Ordinary Courts in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: By ordinary courts, we mean courts of general jurisdiction. For example, the Supreme Court, Appellate Courts, and District Courts in the United States. By contrast, specialized courts include the constitutional [...]...
73. Ordinary Vote Ordinary Vote in Election Law Vote cast by a voter on election day in the appropriate polling station. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
74. Ordinary Assembly Description of Ordinary Assembly In this reference work, ordinary assembly is a sort of the Parliamentary law category. Resources See Also Parliamentary law...
75. Ordinary Service Ordinary Service in Canadian Procedural Law Find materials in the Canadian legal Encyclopedia that anlyze Ordinary Service....
76. Ordinary Meaning Embracing mainstream international law, this section on ordinary meaning explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "ordinary meaning" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law [...]...
77. Ordinary Annuity Description of Ordinary Annuity Resources See Also Annuity Due...
78. Adjusted Ordinary Gross Income Resources See Also Personal holding company income...
79. Free Trade Area Summary of Free Trade Area An association of states that seeks to overcome impediments to trade among members by reducing or eliminating tariffs among the participants. The members of a free trade area do not maintain a common external tariff nor do they (usually) provide for the free flow [...]...
80. Geneva Trade Conference Detais can be found in General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade).......
81. International Trade Commission For more details on United States International Trade Commission, click here.......
82. Technical Barriers To Trade A specialized form of nontariff barrier that arises when a nation adopts or retains peculiar product standards. Often, these standards reflect genuine local usages not designed to impede imports; other standards are devised for precisely such purposes. An example of such technical barriers in U.S. e......
83. Trade Acceptance Summary of Trade Acceptance Cross-reference: Acceptance.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Trade Acceptance in International Trade Meaning of Trade Acceptance, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A bill of exchange drawn by the exporter/seller on [...]...
84. Trade Agreements Act Of 1979 An act of Congress implementing certain agreements negotiated under the Tokyo Round (read this and related legal terms for further details). The act replaced the Countervailing Duty Law and Antidumping Act of 1921 and ab......
85. Trade Barrier Summary of Trade Barrier Constraints upon the exchange of goods among nations imposed by governments; such constraints are manifested in the form of tariffs, quotas, exchange controls, and a variety of so-called nontariff barriers. Barriers usually arise to protect domestic industries, [...]...
86. Trade Creation The substitution of lower- cost foreign goods for higher-cost domestic manufactures.......
87. Trade Deficit An excess of imports over exports during a given period of time (usually a year) as measured in units of currency.......
88. Trade Diversion The shift in purchases from sources outside a free-trade area (within which tariffs have been eliminated) to a union member, even though the cost of purchasing outside the union (before duty) is less than procuring from within. The absence of duty among members of the free- trade area more than [...]...
89. Trade Impacted Area As provided in the Trade Act of 1974, a geographic area defined by the secretary of commerce in which significant numbers of workers have been laid off or in which the sales and/or production of firms has fallen, and where these conditions are directly attributable to increased imports of products s......
90. Trade Opportunities Program An export promotion service of the U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration. U.S. firms interested in marketing abroad may list their products with the International Trade Administration; this data will be retained in IT A computers and matched with inquiries received by [...]...
91. Visible Item Of Trade A transaction in international trade that arises from the physical exchange of merchandise. See invisible exports and imports.......
92. International Trade Law Scope Legal IssuesBurnett's The Law of International Business Transactions (The Federation Press, Sydney, 1994) covers the areas of sale of goods, carriage of goods, financing of international transactions, GATT, export and import control, and international services trade. Day's The Law o......
93. International Trade Centre International Trade Centre Outline The ITC is a governmental body operating under the joint auspices of GATT and UNCTAD. It initially came into existence in 1964 as an organization supported by GATT and came under the joint auspices of GATT and UNCTAD in 1968. Its main function is to promote......
94. World Trade Contents World Trade World Trade Law Resources The World Trade Organization (WTO) first entered into force as the General Agreement ... Read more...
95. International Trade Organizations Contents International Trade Organizations Introduction This entry concentrates on the structure, role and competence of the World Trade Organization (WTO) ... Read more...
96. Regional Trade Institutions Contents Regional Trade Institutions Outline This entry examines regional trading arrangements, the laws and agreements that govern such arrangements, and ... Read more...
97. European Free Trade Association Summary of European Free Trade Association A free trade area consisting of seven European countries among which tariffs and quantitative restrictions on industrial imports have been eliminated. Established in 1960 by the Stockholm Convention, EFTA originally included Austria, Denmark, [...]...
98. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development United Nations Conference On Trade And Development (UNCTAD) Introduction to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, permanent arm of the United Nations General Assembly. The conference, established in December 1964, followed [...]...
99. United States International Trade Commission An independent agency within the Federal government charged with the ongoing investigation of the levels of U.S. import activity. It was established as the United States Tariff Commission in 1916; the current name was adopted in 1974. The commission inquires into the impact of laws and regulations o......
100. United Nations Commission on International Trade Law United Nations Commission On International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) United Nations Commission on International Trade Law Outline The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law was set up in 1966 by the General Assembly of the United Nations to deal with conflicts of national laws [...]...
101. North American Free Trade Agreement North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) On January 1, 1994 the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) established a single trade zone. North American Free Trade Agreement Resources There is a great deal of research material available on this subject. The difficulty is not in [...]...
102. General Agreement on Trade in Services General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) History Geza Feketekuty argued that one "of the major achievements of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations was the negotiation of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), the first comprehensive framework for the [...]...
103. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Flora and Fauna Known commonly by the acronym CITES, a multilateral agreement to suppress international trade in endangered species of wildlife and plants. The convention was signed at Washington in 1973; in 1984, sixty-nine nations were signatories. Adherents to the convention pledge to interdict the [...]...
104. World Trade Organization Unlike GATT, the WTO is a permanent body but not a specialized agency of the United Nations. Introduction to World Trade Organization World Trade Organization (WTO), international body that promotes and enforces the provisions of trade laws and regulations. The World Trade Organization has [...]...
105. Free Trade Introduction Free Trade, interchange of commodities across political frontiers without restrictions such as tariffs, quotas, or foreign exchange controls. This economic policy contrasts with protectionist policies that use such restrictions to protect or stimulate domestic industries. See [...]...
106. Automotive Products Trade Act An act of Congress (of 1965) that implemented the U. S.-Canadian Auto Agreement, creating a free trade area permitting duty-free movement between the two countries for automobiles and parts used as original equipment. The agreement does not cover replacement parts.......
107. Balance of Trade Balance Of Trade Summary of Balance Of Trade The sum total, in monetary terms, of a nation's merchandise (i.e., "visible") exports less the value of merchandise imports during a given time period, usually one year. Merchandise imports and exports are contrasted with trade in [...]...
108. China Trade Act Corporation A corporation formed under the China Trade Act of 1922, which provided special tax incentives to firms engaged in trade with China. Following the collapse of the Nationalist government on mainland China in 1949, the act was amended to cover only Taiwan and Hong Kong. In its final form, the act provi......
109. East- West Trade A general reference to trade between the industrial nations of the West, particularly those nations that are members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ("https://lawin.org/list-of-international-trade-law-terms/">read this and related legal terms for [...]...
110. Items Of Trade Goods or services that a nation buys or sells in the world markets. The items fall into three categories: commodities (goods, agricultural produce, or other tangibles), services (shipping insurance, etcetera), and credit (loans and other interest-earning transactions). Commodity transactions are reg......
111. Multilateral Trade Negotiations Negotiations among many nations acting in concert for the purpose of reducing trade barriers. Since the inception of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (read about the GATT for further details). in 1947, the mos......
112. Parallel Trade See Countertrade.......
113. Terms of Trade Summary of Terms of Trade An export-import price ratio derived by dividing indices of export prices by indices of import prices. For example, when export indices are 105 percent of a base period, and import indices are 98 percent of the same base period, then the terms of trade [...]...
114. Trade Act Of 1974 An act that provided the president the negotiating authority essential to participate in the Tokyo Round (read this and related legal terms for further details) of tariff reductions. The act empowered the president to re......
115. Trade Agreements Act Of 1962 An act that authorized the president, during the period of July 1, 1962, through June 30, 1967, to reduce or eliminate certain tariffs in return for similar concessions on the part of other trading nations. The act was largely in response to the elimination of internal duties by members of the Europ......
116. Trade Credit Credit granted by nonfinancial firms, usually in the form of short-term deferral of payment of invoices by customers, e.g., account open sales. Also, trade credit represents the purchase of a firm's accounts receivable or trade acceptances.......
117. Trade Cycle The British equivalent term for the U.S. term business cycle (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
118. Trade Gap The spread between the value of a nation's merchandise imports and a lesser value of merchandise exports during a fixed time period.......
119. Trade Preferences Certain trade concessions, usually preferential tariff treatment, granted by a nation to some countries but not others.......
120. Trade Surplus An excess of exports over imports during a given period of time (usually a year) as measured in units of currency.......