Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Carnation Case A suit in which the U.S. Tax Court denied, for income tax purposes, the deduction of sums paid by the Carnation Company to its wholly owned Captive insurance company (read this and related legal terms for further details......
2. Cargo Insurance Certificate Cargo Insurance Certificate in International Trade Meaning of Cargo Insurance Certificate, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A document indicating the type and amount of insurance coverage in force on a particular shipment. Used to assure the consignee [...]...
3. Single Market Summary of Single Market A component feature of the Common Agricultural policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Single Market and Europe There is an entry on single market in the European [...]...
4. Insurance Certificate Insurance Certificate in International Trade Meaning of Insurance Certificate, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A document used so that coverage is provided to cover loss or damage to cargo while in transit when insurance is placed against an open marine [...]...
5. Open Market Operations A principal vehicle of the Federal Reserve system in expanding or contracting bank reserves. The Federal Open Market Committee, consisting of the entire Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve system, plus representatives of five of the twelve regional Federal Reserve banks (the New York Federal R......
6. Bordereau Bordereau in International Trade Meaning of Bordereau, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A method of reporting shipments to an insurance company under an open insurance policy. An insurance form similar to a declaration, which provides for insurance [...]...
7. Special Cargo Policy A marine cargo policy issued to cover a specific shipment. A special policy may be issued when the shipper infrequently transports goods by water, or when the merchandise is so unusual or so valuable as to warrant a special policy. Frequent shippers customarily obtain an Open Policy (...
8. Binder Summary of Binder A temporary, often abbreviated document evidencing that insurance coverage has been effected. A binder is an interim measure until the full policy is prepared.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Binder in International Trade Meaning of Binder, according to the [...]...
9. Filing Company An insurance company that issues a front policy, i.e., issues a policy but retains little or none of the risk exposure, reinsuring it with another carrier.......
10. Reinsurance An arrangement in which an insurance underwriter contractually spreads its policy risks with other underwriters, sharing the premium with them. For example, an underwriter may issue a policy for fifty million dollars to cover the loss of a ship; being unwilling to assume the full risk of loss, [...]...
11. Gray Market Definition In the United States For information about Gray Market Definition in the context of international trade, click here...
12. Internal Market Meaning of Internal market Here is a very short concept of internal market in the European Union framework: Another term for the single market; also known as the common market, although that expression has wider connotations. Resources Notas y References See Also...
13. Disarmament conventions Contents Disarmament conventions Agreement between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the European Atomic Energy Community and ... Read more...
14. Insurance Broker Insurance Broker in International Trade Meaning of Insurance Broker, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An individual or firm who represents buyers of insurance and deals with insurance companies or their agents in arranging for insurance coverage for the [...]...
15. Fronting Arrangement in which an insurance company issues a policy but transfers the risk to another insurer. This arrangement may arise when an insurer wishes to participate in a market where it is not admitted or where its policies may not be commercially acceptable. Under such circumstances, the insurer d......
16. Market Structure Market Structure and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Structure: Refers to the structure of an industry or market, as reflected in the number and size distribution of sellers and buyers, [...]...
17. Carribbean Community And Common Market Commonly known as Caricom, the successor organization to the defunct Caribbean Free Trade Association (Carifta). The object of CARICOM was to stimulate regional development through the adoption of a common external tariff and uniform protectionist measures, harmonization of fiscal affairs, and conce......
18. Master Policy A casualty insurance policy that provides a multinational firm with uniform protection for all, or substantially all, its operations worldwide; it usually supplements insurance purchased locally against common perils, e.g., fire.......
19. Clauses Sue & Labor Clause in International Trade Meaning of Sue & Labor Clause, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A provision in marine insurance obligating the assured to do things necessary after a loss to prevent further loss and to act in the best interests [...]...
20. Commodity Market Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
21. Market Access Negotiations Market Access Negotiations and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Market Access Negotiations: In the context of the Uruguay Round as well as bilateral trade negotiations, [...]...
22. O'Callaghan v. Waller & Beckwith Realty Co. Contents O’Callaghan v. Waller & Beckwith Realty Co. 1958 Illinois Supreme Court • Tenant fell while crossing paved courtyard, sued ... Read more...
23. Insurance Premium Insurance Premium in International Trade Meaning of Insurance Premium, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The amount paid to an insurance company for coverage under an insurance policy....
24. Benefit Of Insurance Clause A provision contained in some ocean bills of lading providing that the ocean carrier is not liable for cargo losses where the merchandise is covered by insurance. This provision has been upheld by the courts (Phoenix Insurance Company vs. Erie & Western Transport Company, 117 U.S. 312, 6 S.Ct. 750 1......
25. Industry Captive See Captive Insurance Company......
26. Limited Captive See Captive Insurance Company.......
27. Market Risk Market Risk in International Trade Meaning of Market Risk, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The possibility that results at the time a product is delivered may differ from expectations held at a time it was ordered. For instance, the market price may have [...]...
28. Financial Market Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
29. Open Policy Marine insurance policy issued to cover various unspecified voyages over the life of the policy. An open policy is issued to a firm engaged in extensive shipping transactions, the details of which are probably unknown at the time the policy is issued; usually, the policyholder declares his [...]...
30. Association Captive See Captive Insurance Company.......
31. Broad Captive See Captive Insurance Company.......
32. Pure Captive See Captive Insurance Company.......
33. Senior Captive See Captive Insurance Company.......
34. Captive Insurance Company A subsidiary formed to insure the risks of its noninsurance parent or affiliated companies. The captive may also reinsure risks that have been placed with third- party insurers, all or a portion of which have been transferred subsequently to the captive; in this arrangement, the unrelated insurer is......
35. Rent-A-Captive The use of an offshore Captive Insurance company (read this and related legal terms for further details) owned or controlled by another firm to provide coverage not readily available commercially or to shelter income fro......
36. Open Charter A charter party that specifies neither the port(s) of destination nor the cargo to be carried.......
37. Open Position The economic exposure created when a bank buys or sells a quantity of foreign currency. Until the bank reserves, or covers, the transaction by an equivalent purchase or sale, it is considered open.......
38. Open Account Open Account in International Trade Meaning of Open Account, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A payment term under which the buyer promises to pay the seller within a predetermined number of days, and the seller does not restrict the availability of [...]...
39. Open Top Container Open Top Container in International Trade Meaning of Open Top Container, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A container fitted with a solid removable roof, or with a tarpaulin roof so the container can be loaded or unloaded from the top....
40. Open Communication Open Communication in Community Policing In this area, a meaning of Open Communication is available: Allowing ideas and information to be shared freely between police officers and the community....
41. Open Meetings References See Also Administrative Law Resources See Also Administrative Law...
42. Open Sky Agreement Bilateral Open Skies and Air Transport Agreements in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): Information on recent U.S. Open Skies and other air transport agreements, by country, is available at (internet [...]...
43. Open Access Integrating Open Source Technology and Open Access Literature Into Technology Based Degrees, the Law and other Social Sciences Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) are a new phenomenon of course delivery for students, faculty, and administrators to use. As this technology continues to grow in [...]...
44. Open Diplomacy Embracing mainstream international law, this section on open diplomacy explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "open diplomacy" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (currently, [...]...
45. Open Sea Embracing mainstream international law, this section on open sea explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "open sea" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (currently, the [...]...
46. Open Adoption Description of Open Adoption In this reference work, open adoption is a sort of the Family law category. Resources See Also Closed Adoption; Cooperative Adoption Adoption Family law...
47. Open Resources See Also Opening statement of counsel Resources See Also Open and notorious As to open Corporation Entry Insolvency Lewdness Policy Possession Verdict...
48. Open Listing Resources See Also Listing...
49. Open Union Resources See Also Open shop...
50. Open Court Resources See Also Public trial...
51. Open University Resources See Also Legal Education Education Education Law Higher Education Vocational Training Training...
52. Open Account Sales A form of trade credit in which the seller allows the buyer to postpone payment for a stipulated period, usually thirty to ninety days, without payment of interest. Payment of the account ahead of schedule may earn the buyer a cash discount.......
53. Open Registry Shipping An arrangement under which a nation permits vessels owned by foreigners to be registered under its flag. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) estimates that one-third of the world's fleet is operated under open registries. UNCTAD has criticized open registry and urges ......
54. Open-Source Code Open-Source Code Software Clauses and the Electronic Commerce Open-Source Code Software Clauses in the Online Business Law Resources See Also PPC Advertising Social Networking Online Business Law Internet Law Spam Startups Internet Tax Crossborder Commerce Technology Law Terms of Use ...
55. Open Government Partnership Open Government Partnership in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): On July 12, 2011, the United States hosted the first high-level meeting of the Open Government Partnership ("OGP") at the [...]...
56. Open Skies Agreements Bilateral Open Skies and Air Transport Agreements in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to Bilateral Open Skies and Air Transport Agreements: Information on recent U.S. Open Skies and other air transport agreements, by country, is available at (Secretary of State [...]...
57. Open Systems Theory Literature Review on Organization Theory: Open Systems Theory In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Rupert F. Chisholm offers the following summary about the topic of Organization Theory: Open Systems Theory: Because all living systems are open (versus closed [...]...
58. Open Registry States Embracing mainstream international law, this section on open registry states explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "open registry states" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law [...]...
59. Open Skies Agreement Bilateral Open Skies and Air Transport Agreements In relation to the international law practice and Bilateral Open Skies and Air Transport Agreements in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: Trade, Commercial Relations, Investment, Transportation About this [...]...
60. Open Letter of Credit Resources See Also Letter of credit...
61. Open Mortgage Clause Resources See Also Union mortgage clause...
62. Open Systems Interconnection Resources See Also Publishing Publishing Contract Legal Publisher Academic Publishing...
63. Captive Contents Captive In International Law Captive (from Lat. capere, to take), one who is captured in warfare. As a term ... Read more...
64. Open Marine Cargo Insurance Policy Open Marine Cargo Insurance Policy in International Trade Meaning of Open Marine Cargo Insurance Policy, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A type of insurance policy intended to cover an indefinite number of future individual shipments. The insurance [...]...
65. Open-ended Working Groups Embracing mainstream international law, this section on open-ended working groups explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "open-ended working groups" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of [...]...
66. Open Rate A freight rate that is not set by a Conference (read this legal term for further details) and is therefore negotiable. An open rate may result from the absence of a conference rate agreement, or similar rate-setting scheme over a given trade route......
67. Open List Open List in Election Law In the proportional pepresentation system, this is a form of list in which voters can express a preference both for a party or grouping and for one, or sometimes more, candidates within that party or grouping. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral [...]...
68. Open Voting Open Voting in Election Law Situation whereby a voter casts his or her vote in front of everybody in the polling station, meaning the vote is no longer secret. This may happen due to a voter's own carelessness (does not fold his or her ballot paper when leaving the polling booth or simply [...]...
69. Open-end Contract Open-end Contract in International Trade Meaning of Open-end Contract, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A contract by which the buyer may purchase the seller's goods at any time within a specified period without changes in the price or other contract terms....
70. Open System Literature Review on (Decision Making) Open System and Non-Equilibrium In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Keith Carrington offers the following summary about the topic of (Decision Making) Open System and Non-Equilibrium: Making decisions is a normal part [...]...
71. Open-source Architecture of an Open-source Real-time Distributed Cyber Physical System, the Law and other Social Sciences Cyber Physical Systems are based on a number of nodes connected through a communication network, which can interact with the environment. In this chapter, a completely open-source [...]...
72. Open Door Embracing mainstream international law, this section on open door explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "open door" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (currently, the [...]...
73. Open Credit Resources See Also Open account Open-end credit plan...
74. Open Shop Resources See Also Right to work laws Contrast Closed shop...
75. Open Trial Resources See Also Public trial...
76. Open And Closed Adoptions Open and Closed AdoptionsAdoptions may be open or closed. An open adoption involves some exchange of personal information. At the very least, one party will furnish information relevant to the child's future well-being, such as medical history or financial status. In some cases, the bio......
77. Open Source Software Many companies use open source software in their products and services. And some companies "regularly contribute software source code to open source projects under open source licenses or release internal software projects under open source licenses .... The terms of many open source [...]...
78. Open-end Investment Company Resources See Also Mutual fund...
79. Bonds Market Bonds in this SectionBondHow Bonds WorkTypes of BondsIssu......
80. Over-the-counter Market Resources See Also NASD NASDAQ...
81. Market Definition and Scope References See Also Business Law Antitrust Laws...
82. Treaty on Open Skies   Article I GENERAL PROVISIONS 1. This Treaty establishes the regime, to be known as the Open Skies regime, for the conduct of observation flights by States Parties over the territories of other States Parties, and sets forth the rights and obligations of the States Parties relating [...]...
83. Treaty on Open Skies 3 Contents Treaty on Open Skies   Article III QUOTAS SECTION I. GENERAL PROVISIONS 1. Each State Party shall have the ... Read more...
84. Treaty on Open Skies 5 Contents Treaty on Open Skies   Article VI Choice Of Observation Aircraft, General Provisions For The Conduct Of Observation Flights, ... Read more...
85. Treaty on Open Skies 6 Contents Treaty on Open Skies   SECTION II. REQUIREMENTS FOR MISSION PLANNING 1. Unless otherwise agreed, the observing Party shall, ... Read more...
86. Treaty on Open Skies 7 Contents Treaty on Open Skies   Article VIII Prohibitions, Deviations From Flight Plans And Emergency Situations Section I. Prohibition Of ... Read more...
87. Treaty on Open Skies 8 Contents Treaty on Open Skies   Article IX SENSOR OUTPUT FROM OBSERVATION FLIGHTS SECTION I. GENERAL PROVISIONS 1. For the ... Read more...
88. Treaty on Open Skies 10 Contents Treaty on Open Skies   Article XIII Designation Of Personnel And Privileges And Immunities Section I. Designation Of Personnel ... Read more...
89. Legal Open Data Contents Legal Open Data Related Issues Legislation Legislation is law which has been promulgated by a legislature or other governing ... Read more...
90. Market Value Embracing mainstream international law, this section on market value explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "market value" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (currently, the [...]...
91. At the Market Resources See Also Market order...
92. Market-Inalienability Contents Market-Inalienability   Margaret Jane Radin   Things that may be given away but not sold are market-inalienable. In this ... Read more...
93. Black Market Black Market Definition Black Market is the term designating the illicit sale of commodities in violation of government rationing and price-fixing. The term originated in Europe during World War I, when the introduction of rationing in belligerent countries tempted some persons with access [...]...
94. Common Market Summary of Common Market A supranational organization of trading nations, created to promote economic collaboration and minimize constraints on the free movement of goods among the member states. Features of a common market include elimination of tariffs on goods moving between member [...]...
95. Fair Market Value The value an imported product would fetch, under similar circumstances of sale, were the goods sold in the country of origin. Customs authorities are usually interested in the fair market value of imported merchandise inasmuch as sales below such value may serve as the basis of a Dumping (...
96. Free Market The economic system of a nation in which market forces determine which goods and services are produced, and at what price they are offered. Free market economies do not contain substantial government controls on resource availability, price levels, or central planning of economic objectives.......
97. Market Access Summary of Market Access The degree of participation in the domestic market that a nation allows to foreign suppliers. Tariffs, quotas, and similar protective devices are devices imposed to limit market access. (Main Author: William J. Miller) Market Access and National Treatment in the [...]...
98. Market Disruption A condition in which foreign imports of a given product increase in quantity so rapidly as to cause, or threaten to cause, material injury to a competing domestic industry. A finding of market disruption before the International Trade Commission may result in retaliatory actions against the [...]...
99. Spot Market A market for commodities or currency in which the sale results in an immediate or nearly immediate exchange of the goods or instruments for cash, as compared with a futures market, which trades in contracts for the future delivery of the product.......
100. Market Failure Market Imperfections or Market Failure and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Imperfections or Market Failure: Often refers to two sources of departure from perfect competition, i.e., [...]...
101. Market Power Market Power and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Power: The ability of an individual firm to exert control over prices prevailing in the markets for its products or services. The highest [...]...
102. Market Performance Market Performance and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Performance: The principal focus of competition policy, market performance refers to the degree to which a particular industry or [...]...
103. Grey Market Grey Market in International Trade Meaning of Grey Market, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A situation that consists of unauthorized traders buying and selling a company's product in different countries. Companies confronted with a grey situation can [...]...
104. Actual Market Value Resources See Also Market volume...
105. Clear Market Value Resources See Also Fair market value...
106. Current Market Value Resources See Also Fair market value...
107. Agricultural Market Resources See Also Farming Farm Bill Agricultural Law Agriculture Reform Agriculture...
108. Market Economy Resources See Also Economy Economic System Legal System Capitalism...
109. Capital Market Resources See Also Finance Consumer Credit Negotiable Instrument Securities Financial Regulation Corporate Finance...
110. Labor Market Resources See Also Labor Employment Law International Labor Law Industrial Safety Labour Labor Right Labor Policy...
111. Market Research Resources See Also Price Policy Price Control Pricing Strategy Dumping...
112. Domestic Market Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
113. International Market Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
114. Market Planning Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
115. Market Stabilization Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
116. Market Study Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
117. Market Definition Resources See Also Business Law Antitrust Laws...
118. Andean Common Market Considered in Andean Group.......
119. Central American Common Market Summary of Central American Common Market A free trade area among the nations of Central America, established in 1960 by a treaty between El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. The common market began operations in 1961, and Costa Rica joined the group in 1962. Honduras dropped [...]...
120. European Common Market European Common MarketCross-reference: European Economic Community and European Union.......