GATS, general average and others

GATS: General Agreement on Trade in Services.

GATT 1947: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade of 1947.

GATT 1994: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade of 1994.

GEF: Global Environment Facility.

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade of 1947 (GATT 1947): Multilateral agreement that set out the rules under which its contracting states parties were committed to negotiate reductions in customs tariffs and other impediments to international trade in goods. It has been replaced by the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade of 1994.

Text of GATT 1947 (pdf format)
Text of GATT 1947 (WordPerfect format)
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade of 1994 (GATT 1994): One of the agreements that make up Annex 1A of the Multilateral Trade Agreements that are annexed to the Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization. GATT 1994 sets out the rules under which the member states of the World Trade Organization are obliged to negotiate reductions in customs tariffs and other impediments to international trade in goods.

Texts of WTO Agreements
General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS): Annex 1B of the Multilateral Trade Agreements that are annexed to the Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization. The GATS contains rules and procedures governing the way in which members states of the World Trade Organization are required to carry on their international trade in services. It also establishes guidelines for negotiating the future liberalization of such trade.

Texts of WTO Agreements
General Assembly: The principal deliberative body of the United Nations.

general average: A contribution by those jointly involved in a maritime venture to make good the loss by one of them for his voluntary sacrifice of a part of the ship or cargo to save the residue of the property and the lives on board, or for the extraordinary expenses necessarily incurred for the benefit and safety of all.

General Conference: The legislative body of the International Labor Organization, made up of representatives from government, labor, and management from each member state.

general exceptions: Excuses that allow a World Trade Organizatio member state from complying with its General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade obligations in order for the state to protect certain essential public policy objectives.

general law: Law that is derived from the conduct and practices of states in their dealings between themselves and that they expressly or impliedly consent to be bound by.

general organization: An intergovernmental organization that has competence in a wide variety of fields.

general principles of law: Legal doctrine that allows international tribunals to adopt and apply principles common to the various systems of domestic law, so long as they are consistent with the nature of the international community and are not in conflict with the law established by international conventions or international customary law. One of the sources of international law listed in Article 38(1)(c) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice . Their use is controversial and they have rarely influenced the decisions of any international tribunal. mm

General System of Preferences: A General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade scheme that allows a developing state to obtain tariff concessions from a developed state on a nonreciprocal basis.

Geneva Conventions on the Unification of the Law Relating to Bills of Exchange (ULB): League of Nations sponsored conventions signed at Geneva in 1930 that regulate negotiable instruments.

Text of the Conventions
genocide: The intentional annihilation of a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group.

genuine link: A state must have a real and bona fide relationship with a person before it may sponsor that person’s suit in an international tribunal.

German Civil Code: Comprehensive law code promulgated in 1896 by Germany. It is based primarily on the Corpus Juris Civilis and is characterized by its detailed structure and its technical precision.

Global Environment Facility: A World Bank source of grant and concessional funding for protecting and improving the global environment.

global tax model: Imposes uniform (usually progressive) taxes on all types of income.

glossator: One who makes a textual gloss or glossary (i.e., a brief note or explanation in the margins or between lines of a text as to the meaning of a difficult or obscure word or expression).

gold bullion standard: A monetary system that required states to buy and sell gold bullion with paper currency at a fixed price.

gold standard: A monetary system that provided for the free circulation between states of gold coins of standard specification.

good: A moveable tangible object. For the purposes of United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods , goods do not include things bought for personal use or at an auction or foreclosure sale, nor may they be ocean-going vessels or aircraft.

good offices: A third party who provides the means by which two disputing parties may communicate with each other.

Governing Body: The governing body of the International Labor Organization (ILO), responsible for setting the ILO’s agenda. It is made up of representatives from government, labor, and management from 28 member states.

government: A person or body which makes and administers public policy within a state. (From Latin gubernare: “to govern.”)

belligerent government: A government engaged in a war with insurgents.

de facto government: (1) An unrecognized government; especially one that has not been formally recognized. (2) An effective government; one that is in factual control of a territory and people. (3) A government that maintains itself, at least temporarily, by the use of force against the will of a de jure government.

de jure government: (1) A recognized government. (2) A government established according to the constitution of the state and lawfully entitled to recognition.

government-in-exile: A government whose chief executive and other principal officials have fled their state in the face of hostile armed forces but which is recognized as the de jure government by at least one other state. Except for the states recognizing it, it is not considered to be a subject of international law. mm

insurgent government: A government established by rebels with the intent of replacing the existing government.

governmental interest doctrine: Doctrine that courts should apply the law of the state that has the most interest in determining the outcome of the dispute.

grant-back provision: Agreement that a technology licensee will transfer to the licensor any improvements, inventions, or know-how it acquires while using the technology.

gray marketing: The domestic sale of products manufactured under a license that only grants a foreign licensee the right to sell the goods overseas.

green subsidy: A General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade subsidy that is nonactionable.

gross negligence: Flagrant or extreme negligence. According to the Geneva Conventions on the Unification of the Laws Relating to Bills of Exchange, acquiring an instrument in such a careless or reckless manner that one should have known that it was not properly negotiated.

Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises: Norms suggested by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development for the operation of multinational firms both in home and host states.

Conclusion

Notes

See Also

References and Further Reading

About the Author/s and Reviewer/s

Author: international

Mentioned in these Entries

Bills, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, Geneva Conventions, League of Nations, Statute of the International Court of Justice, United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods.


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