Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Religious Tests From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Religious Tests (1): The constitution of the United States provides that "no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States."61 Resources Notes and References [...]...
2. Religious Society Church, Religious Society From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Church, Religious Society (1): Bouvier's definition of "Church" is: "A society of persons who profess the Christian religion." Chief Justice Shaw's definition is: "The church [...]...
3. Ecclesiastical Corporations Ecclesiastical Corporations, Religious, Quasi-public Corporations From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Ecclesiastical Corporations, Religious, Quasi-public Corporations (1): Ecclesiastical corporations, in the sense in which the word is used in England, Germany, and [...]...
4. Excommunication Major Excommunication From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Major Excommunication (1): As excommunication non tolerati affects the rights of citizenship, it is not lawful in England nor the United States. To say that A. has been excommunicated in any form, if untrue, is [...]...
5. Religious Tenets Conditions, Religious Tenets From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Conditions, Religious Tenets (1): In order to determine the conditions of a trust the religious tenets of the donor may be shown to aid in construction of ambiguous provisions.572 Resources Notes and [...]...
6. Religious Membership Business, Religious Membership From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Business, Religious Membership (1): Unless there is some other law or rule to the contrary, the male members of the congregation over twenty-one years of age constitute the business membership of a [...]...
7. Religious Tolerance Religious Tolerance, Established Church From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Religious Tolerance, Established Church (1): The English law and English ideals prevailing in the original thirteen colonies,21 there was a strong effort made by many of the delegates to the [...]...
8. Church The Legal History of Church and State in United States Law This section provides an overview of Church and State in United States Law Church, Religious Society From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Church, Religious Society (1): A church in one sense is more limited than a [...]...
9. Religious Service Business, Religious Service From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Business, Religious Service (1): A church organization has the legal right to make any contract concerning its own affairs that is not prohibited by its by-laws or its charter, subject to all laws of legal [...]...
10. Disturbances Injunction, Closing Church, Paying Money, Disturbances From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Injunction, Closing Church, Paying Money, Disturbances (1): A court of equity will issue an injunction against the trustees of a church from wrongfully closing it or keeping it [...]...
11. Doctrines Trust, Purposes, Doctrines From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Trust, Purposes, Doctrines (1): When a conveyance of a lot is made to certain persons of a religious society and their successors in trust for religious purposes, all the members become beneficiaries in equal [...]...
12. Removing Church, Building, Removing From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Church, Building, Removing (1): Where subscriptions were secured to build a church at a particular place as a memorial to a certain person, a congregation may be enjoined from tearing down the building and [...]...
13. Misuse Perversion, Misuse, Suit From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Perversion, Misuse, Suit (1): Unless there is substantial departure from the purpose of the trust which amounts to a perversion of it, a court of equity will not interfere to prevent the misuse or abuse of a [...]...
14. Court of Equity Trust, Court of Equity From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Trust, Court of Equity (1): A conveyance in trust for the use of a church vests the use in the church and it will be protected by a court of equity.381 Resources See Also Court of Chancery Resources Notes and [...]...
15. Curate Curate, Services From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Curate, Services (1): In an action by a curate against a religious corporation for personal services, the court will not inquire into the spiritual relations existing between the parties, but will examine their legal [...]...
16. School Sunday-School, Church From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Sunday-School, Church (1): An ordinary Sunday-school where the Bible and religious precepts are taught, is a church within the law.707 Resources See Also Credit Union Cooperative Collective Resources Notes and [...]...
17. Mail Mail, Obscene Language From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Mail, Obscene Language (1): Under the United States postal laws against sending "obscene, lewd or lascivious" books or papers through the mail, a person can not be convicted without proof that the [...]...
18. Religious Liberty Religious Liberty, Bible, Religious Garb, Wages From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Religious Liberty, Bible, Religious Garb, Wages (1): The authorities are not uniform as to what constitutes a violation of religious liberty. The question of whether the reading of the [...]...
19. Pew Members Members, Pew From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Members, Pew (1): Members of the congregation may be required to pay for a pew or sitting in the church, and where a priest ejected a member from the church because he would not rent a pew, he was sustained by the [...]...
20. Revenues Control, Revenues From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Control, Revenues (1): The trustees of a corporation of a church or of a religious society have entire control over the revenues of such body.501 Resources Notes and References Charles M. Scanlan, The [...]...
21. Seceders "Church," Seceders, Debt From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about "Church," Seceders, Debt (1): Where a religious society amended its constitution as provided therein, those who adhered to the amended constitution constituted the"church," and [...]...
22. Unincorporation Unincorporated, Trustee From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Unincorporated, Trustee (1): The question whether an unincorporated religious society may take a gift or devise, is determined by the law of domicile.458 Generally an unincorporated religious association can not [...]...
23. Process Introduction to Process Process, in law, the acts of a court from the beginning to the end of its proceedings. The term also refers to the act of a court in acquiring or excercising jurisdiction over a person or property." (1) Resources Notes and References Informatio......
24. Disturbing Disturbing a Religious Meeting From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Disturbing a Religious Meeting (1): Under a statute against disturbing a religious meeting, it has been held that it should define what disturbance is punishable.709Also, mere want of attention or [...]...
25. Corporators Corporators, Change From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Corporators, Change (1): In isolated cases here and there it has been held that a majority of the corporators of a religious society has the right to change the form of church government, as from the Congregational [...]...
26. Juror Procedure, Judge, Juror, Witness From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Procedure, Judge, Juror, Witness (1): If there are no rules of procedure prescribed by the church tribunal, the proper practice is to follow the State courts; as, for example, where the State law [...]...
27. Restrictions In the United States For information about Restrictions in the context of international trade, click here...
28. Public Institutions Public Institutions, Support From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Public Institutions, Support (1): Benevolent and charitable institutions under a church are not public institutions, and moneys can not be appropriated for their support.608 Resources Notes and References [...]...
29. Parish From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Parish (1): A parish has two meanings. In some States it is a minor division of public territory; but in States where there is no such division of territory, the State using instead "county" or "town," a parish [...]...
30. Withdrawal Bible, Constitution, Withdrawal From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Bible, Constitution, Withdrawal (1): A religious organization that takes the Bible as its constitution can not declare a member a seceder who interprets it contrary to the Augsburg Confession of the [...]...
31. Collateral Attack From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Collateral Attack (1): A devise of land to a religious society which will increase the title beyond the amount that is allowed by statute, can not be attacked collaterally by a private individual.548 It is for the State and not for the [...]...
32. Personalty Church, Personalty From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Church, Personalty (1): A church removed from its foundation and put on rollers was severed from the realty and became personal property.531 Resources Notes and References Charles M. Scanlan, The Clergyman's [...]...
33. Presumptions Presumptions, Usage From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Presumptions, Usage (1): The usage of a church or the laws of its organization as a religious society, if they are to be considered in deciding legal controversies, must be proved as facts.407 In the absence of [...]...
34. Regular Church, Regular From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Church, Regular (1): In church organizations those who adhere to the regular order of the church, legal and general, though a minority, are the true congregation and constitute the corporation if incorporated.128 [...]...
35. Burial Faith, Burial From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Faith, Burial (1): Whether a person died in the faith of the Roman Catholic Church so as to be entitled to burial in its cemetery, is not a question within the jurisdiction of civil courts, but must be decided by the [...]...
36. Assessments Cemetery, Assessments From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Cemetery, Assessments (1): Where a lot was bought for the purpose of building a church but was used for a cemetery, and a church was built at another place and the deed to the lot was taken in the name of the [...]...
37. Fund Dissolution Dissolution, Fund From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Dissolution, Fund (1): The corporation of a congregation can not by seceding and a majority vote dissolve the corporation where it is a part of a superior body.148 But the courts have plenary powers over corporations [...]...
38. Lease Lease, Purposes From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Lease, Purposes (1): A religious literary society and scientific corporation has power to lease part of a building owned by it for theatrical and operatic purposes.532 Resources Notes and References Charles M. [...]...
39. Merits Expelled, Merits From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Expelled, Merits (1): Mandamus can not be resorted to to restore a member regularly expelled from his church, as a court will not inquire into the merits of the case.219 Resources Notes and References Charles M. [...]...
40. Uses Uses and Trusts From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Uses and Trusts (1): The chapter of the Wisconsin statutes on religious societies, although not included in the same title as the chapter abolishing all uses and trusts excepting as therein created, was not intended to [...]...
41. Deed Introduction to Deed Deed, in law, written instrument that transfers an interest in real estate. The term deed was formerly applied also to other solemn written instruments, including trust indentures, contracts, and bills of sale. A modern deed usually consists of several distinct parts. It......
42. Factions Factions, Authority From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Factions, Authority (1): Where two factions of a church, each claiming to be the church, try members of the other faction, a court may determine which of the factions is the authorized authority or that the action [...]...
43. Non-Residence Non-Residence, Burial From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Non-Residence, Burial (1): Non-residence does not divest a person of the right to burial with his relatives.806 Resources Notes and References Charles M. Scanlan, The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law. The Law [...]...
44. Subordinate Subordinate, Incorporated From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Subordinate, Incorporated (1): A religious society subordinate to church judicatures, which declares itself independent and becomes incorporated under the general law of the state and subsequently purchases [...]...
45. Meetings Meeting, Consent From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Meeting, Consent (1): A valid meeting can not be held by a corporation, unless notice has been given in conformity with the laws and rules and regulations of the corporation or the consent of every person who is [...]...
46. Proof of the Notice From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Proof of the Notice (1): The proper proof of the notice would be the return of the officer serving the notice, in some States; and in others an affidavit of the person who served the notice. The proof of the services of a summons would [...]...
47. Subsequent Constitution, Subsequent Laws From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Constitution, Subsequent Laws (1): An ecclesiastical society formed before the adoption of the state constitution is not by that constitution and subsequent laws concerning religious societies divested of [...]...
48. Trust Funds Trust Funds, Account From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Trust Funds, Account (1): Where a member of the church received funds to invest in his own name for the benefit of the church, he will be obliged in a court of equity to give full account for the money and its [...]...
49. Force Force, Assistance From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Force, Assistance (1): And where a scholar in school hours places himself in the desk of the instructor and refuses to leave it on the request of the master, the master may immediately use such force and call to his [...]...
50. Hand Vote Ballot, Hand Vote From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Ballot, Hand Vote (1): The vote of a religious society at an annual meeting for the election of officers that the officers shall always be chosen by ballot, does not vitiate an election of officers by hand vote at a [...]...
51. Lands Limitation, Lands From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Limitation, Lands (1): A statute of the State prohibiting a religious society from holding more than twenty acres, applies to a single parish or congregation and not to the entire denomination when it consists of more [...]...
52. Name Change Name, Change From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Name, Change (1): The name of an ecclesiastical corporation is arbitrary and a change or alteration in its name does not affect its identity.126 A charter will not be granted to a church with a name so like another church [...]...
53. Societies Societies, Secular Work From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Societies, Secular Work (1): Business meetings of benevolent and church societies for benevolent or church work may be held on Sunday. Even the constitution of such societies may be amended on Sunday. However, [...]...
54. Treasurer Treasurer, Accepting a Draft From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Treasurer, Accepting a Draft (1): A parish treasurer has no authority under any condition to bind the corporation by accepting a draft in favor of a third person. A treasurer elected for the purpose of [...]...
55. Unincorporated Church Unincorporated Church, Incorporated From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Unincorporated Church, Incorporated (1): The officers of an unincorporated church can only be elected by the members of the church, unless there is some law of the State or rule of the church that [...]...
56. Vacancy Vacancy in Election Law Situation in which a specific position or office is held by no one due to the previous incumbent's death, incapacitation, resignation or dismissal. When this happens, an early election may be held to fill the post. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws [...]...
57. Ambiguous Provision Donor, Ambiguous Provision From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Donor, Ambiguous Provision (1): The religious convictions of the donor may be shown for the purpose of construing an ambiguous provision of a deed or will.488 Resources Notes and References Charles M. [...]...
58. Incorporated Body From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Incorporated Body (1): The only way a religious society that is incorporated can make a contract is by a vote of the aggregate body or of the board of trustees, or through an agent authorized by a vote of one body or the other.411 [...]...
59. Private School From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Private School (1): A person may be punished under the statute for wilfully disturbing a private school kept in a district schoolhouse for instruction in the art of writing.708 Resources Notes and References Charles M. Scanlan, The [...]...
60. Removal Removal, Suspension, Trial From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Removal, Suspension, Trial (1): In the United States under the laws and discipline of the Catholic Church a priest may be removed from the charge of a congregation at the pleasure of the bishop, without [...]...
61. Standard Doctrine, Standard From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Doctrine, Standard (1): To ascertain the tenets and doctrines of a church, resort must be had to history and to prior and contemporary standard writings of its members on theology.31 Resources Notes and References [...]...
62. State Authority From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about State Authority (1): The State Legislature has authority to control cemeteries or delegate that authority to some one else, and afterward to transfer it to a different person.758 Resources Notes and References Charles M. Scanlan, [...]...
63. Temporal Affairs Temporal Affairs, Management From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Temporal Affairs, Management (1): A majority of a religious corporation at a regularly called meeting may, by a vote taken, bind the minority in all temporal affairs.120 The character of membership in the [...]...
64. Execution Introduction to Execution Execution, putting an individual to death as a legal penalty for a crime or for political or religious reasons. Sometimes, executions have been carried out by self-appointed commissions or mobs, without due process of law." (1) Resources Notes and Re......
65. Forfeiture Introduction to Forfeiture Forfeiture, loss of a right or privilege as a penalty for breaking a law or contract. Forfeiture can be a penalty for committing a crime, such as forfeiture of a car used to smuggle drugs, or a remedy for breaking a legal obligation, such as foreclosure on a house ......
66. Arrears Voting, Pew-Rent, Arrears From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Voting, Pew-Rent, Arrears (1): Where a church is incorporated and by its charter or the laws of the State it has authority to make reasonable by-laws, a by-law which prohibits any person from voting whose [...]...
67. Sins Sins, Crimes, Discipline From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Sins, Crimes, Discipline (1): Crimes are offenses against the civil law. The fact that the church organization may try and punish a member for sinning, or acquit him, has nothing whatever to do with the [...]...
68. Supporting Church Supporting Church, Mississippi From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Supporting Church, Mississippi (1): In the early ages of the States several of them had laws for taxing all the property in parishes laid out by the State for the support of Protestant churches. Gradually [...]...
69. Trust Dissolution Dissolution, Resulting Trust From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Dissolution, Resulting Trust (1): On dissolution of a religious society, the money collected or derived from the sale of property goes back as a resulting trust to the contributors.585 Resources Notes and [...]...
70. Attendance Voting, Communicants, Attendance From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Voting, Communicants, Attendance (1): A by-law of a church that prohibited any person whose pew rent was in arrears more than two years from voting at a church meeting, is valid and reasonable.256 Where [...]...
71. Bishop Protestant, Ministers, Bishop From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Protestant, Ministers, Bishop (1): In most church organizations the authority is divided into superior and inferior. In countries where there is an established Protestant church, the superior authority is [...]...
72. Place Time, Place, Void From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Time, Place, Void (1): Where a religious society that is incorporated holds an election for trustees, which is held at the wrong time or place, the election is void.255 Resources Notes and References Charles M. [...]...
73. Proper Record From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Proper Record (1): A book kept by a minister, which contained a regular statement in proper form of the admission of members, choice of officers, and transaction of business of the church, which was the only book kept by the parish, is [...]...
74. Sale Restrictions Sale, Restrictions From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Sale, Restrictions (1): In some States when not restricted by the laws of the organization the parish corporation may sell the premises in order to pay the church debts. However, it is not a common law right.467 [...]...
75. Seceder Seceders, Funds From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Seceders, Funds (1): Nor can seceders from a religious denomination retain the funds in their hands as trustees on the ground that they were members of the society when the funds accrued.222 The title to church property [...]...
76. Canons of the Church Leave to Purchase, Title, Canons of the Church From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Leave to Purchase, Title, Canons of the Church (1): A congregation wanted to buy a church and priest's house, but the archbishop refused leave to purchase, but granted permission to [...]...
77. Minister From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Minister (1): A minister is one who acts as, or performs some of the functions of, a clergyman.55 Resources Notes and References Charles M. Scanlan, The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law. The Law of Church and Grave (1909), Benziger [...]...
78. Direct Payment Contract, Direct Payment, Lease From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Contract, Direct Payment, Lease (1): No school of any denomination or sect is entitled to public moneys for its support, either by contract for the education of students therein or by direct payment from [...]...
79. Disturbance Profane Language, Smoking, Disturbance From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Profane Language, Smoking, Disturbance (1): Rude behavior or profane language if audible,700 smoking in the church or during services,701 cracking and eating nuts in church,702 and fighting near [...]...
80. Fair Trial Charges, Fair Trial, Hearsay Evidence From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Charges, Fair Trial, Hearsay Evidence (1): When a clergyman or officer is to be removed or a member of the congregation is to be excommunicated, it is necessary to fully state the charges against [...]...
81. Monks Monks, Missions, Title From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Monks, Missions, Title (1): The fact that the monks or priests were at the head of the missions in California when it was acquired by the United States, does not prove that the Catholic Church had universal [...]...
82. Vest Burned, Revert, Vested From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Burned, Revert, Vested (1): The fact that a church on lands donated to the parish, on condition of sustaining the church, burned down, the title did not revert to the grantor's heirs.524 Also land granted a [...]...
83. Aid Aid, Contracts From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Aid, Contracts (1): Under the constitution of the United States, Congress cannot make appropriations for nor give aid to any denomination. Also, similar provisions are in many of the constitutions of the States. However, [...]...
84. Exercise Teacher, Lord's Prayer, Exercise From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Teacher, Lord's Prayer, Exercise (1): "A public school teacher, who, for the purpose of quieting the pupils and preparing them for their regular studies, repeats the Lord's Prayer and [...]...
85. Funeral Expenses From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Funeral Expenses (1): Witnesses' opinions as to the reasonable amount for burial or as to the cost of a funeral being reasonable, are not binding on a court or jury. The station of a man, the property that he leaves, the life that [...]...
86. Management Management Management, Disability From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Management, Disability (1): An unincorporated society is managed by those who are competent to transact their own business. Therefore, it would seem that members must be men over twenty-one years of [...]...
87. Purposes Purposes, Exempt From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Purposes, Exempt (1): Only church property that is actually used for church or charitable purposes, is exempt from taxation. Property held for its increase or profit is not exempt.587 Land bought for a church on which [...]...
88. Right to Occupy Pew, Right to Occupy, Conditions From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Pew, Right to Occupy, Conditions (1): A grant of a church pew in perpetuity does not give the owner an absolute right of property as a grant of land in fee; but gives only a right to sit therein, [...]...
89. Suits Suits, Parties From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Suits, Parties (1): When a church is incorporated, it should be sued in its corporate name; but when the bishop of the Catholic church holds the legal title to the land in litigation, he should be made a party.144 And if [...]...
90. Christian Scientist From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Christian Scientist (1): A law requiring a person to be a physician to treat the sick, is constitutional; and the defense of a person who has no license to practise, that he is a Christian Scientist, is not good. Also, a parent must [...]...
91. Facilities Facilities, the Constitution From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Facilities, the Constitution (1): So long as abundant facilities are given for the education of all the children of a district, it is not a violation of the constitution of the United States to keep negro [...]...
92. Right of Property Right of Property, Civil Rights From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Right of Property, Civil Rights (1): Where there are several church tribunals one above another, when the highest tribunal having jurisdiction of the case has decided a question as to the right of [...]...
93. Sewing Sewing Circle, Money From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Sewing Circle, Money (1): A church may maintain an action against a sewing circle to require it to pay over money collected for the benefit of the church.317 Resources Notes and References Charles M. Scanlan, [...]...
94. Official Acts Official Acts, Subscriptions From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Official Acts, Subscriptions (1): The official acts of a minister coming in question incidentally, unless contrary to the statute, are as valid as the official acts of any other officer.190 A clergyman who [...]...
95. Official Value A value for duty purposes officially assigned by a nation to certain imported goods. Usually the official value is compared with the invoice value, and ad valorem duties are levied upon the higher value.......
96. Official Aid Official Aid (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Official Aid means: grants or loans that meet the same standards as for official development assistance (ODA) except that recipient countries do not qualify as recipients of ODA. These countries are identified in part II of the [...]...
97. Official Resources See Also Officer Resources See Also As to official Bond liquidator Log Book Newspaper Oath Use Resources See Also Malfeasance Misfeasance...
98. Official Reports Citation NotesThe official report series of both the International Court of Justice and Permanent Court of International Justice are organised by year. The year therefore appears in square brackets......
99. Official Gazettes Official Gazettes (Law Materials) In this section, find out some resources in relation to Official Gazettes legal materials. Resources See Also Law Materials...
100. Official Journal Official Journal (oj) and Europe There is an entry on official journal (oj) in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Official Journal (oj)" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney [...]...
101. Official Publication Resources See Also Document Information Science Research Investigation Legal Research Study...
102. Official Gazette Resources See Also Law Rule of Law Law System Legislation...
103. Official Development Assistance Summary of Official Development Assistance Financial and technical assistance provided by the governments of industrial nations to less developed nations. This assistance may be provided on a bilateral or multilateral basis, but always emanates from the governmental (i.e., official) sector, [...]...
104. Official Settlements Balance An element of national balance of payments accounting that represents the transfer of reserve assets to, or borrowing from, foreign governments in order to offset a balance of payments deficit.......
105. Official Immunity Doctrine Official Immunity Doctrine Resources See Also Sovereign immunity...
106. Open Communication Open Communication in Community Policing In this area, a meaning of Open Communication is available: Allowing ideas and information to be shared freely between police officers and the community....
107. Communication Related Fields Related topics include: Communication Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Information Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Related Fields Related topics include: Communication Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Information Find [...]...
108. Confidential Communication Confidential Communication, in law, a statement intended only for the person addressed. Certain types of confidential communications are privileged from use as evidence depending on the nature of the relationship between the parties and whether the speaker clearly intended a statement to be [...]...
109. Diligence and Communication References See Also Legal Profession Duties Lawyers...
110. Effectively Communication Effectively Communicating Using Group Decision Support Systems: an Information Theory Approach, the Law and other Social Sciences This entry describes the results from a case study using information theory to examine the effectiveness of communicating using group decision support system (GDSS) [...]...
111. Communication Industry Indicators of Information and Communication Technology, the Law and other Social Sciences Information and communication technology (ICT) has become a major driver of changes in economic, social, public and private life, leading to emergence of the Information Society and Digital Economy. [...]...
112. Communication Services This section provides an overview of communication services within the legal context of Specific Sectors in international economic law, with coverage of Trades in Services and Specific Sectors (Main Regulatory Areas). Resources Further Reading Mira Burri, "Communication Services," [...]...
113. Communication Skills Resources See Also Communication Information...
114. Workplace Communication Resources See Also Communication Information...
115. Communication Technology Policy World Telecommunication/information and Communication Technology Policy Forum in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to World Telecommunication/information and Communication Technology Policy Forum: In May 2013, the United States sent a delegation to the World [...]...
116. Communication Privacy Management Communication Privacy Management and Mediated Communication, the Law and other Social Sciences Communication privacy management theory (CPM) (Petronio, 1991) was originally developed to explain how individuals control and reveal private information in traditional social interactions. It has [...]...
117. Count Official Count Official in Election Law Person legally responsible for the ballot count. This can be the president of the polling station, other officers or both. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
118. Customs Official A Masterful Customs Official: International Incident In the book "International Incidents for Discussion in Conversation Classes", in relation to terminox, L. Oppenheim wrote in 1909: On Dec. 24th, 1907, the following appeared in the morning papers, dated Winnipeg, Dec. 23rd: [...]...
119. Foreign Official United States Brief as Amicus in the us Court of Appeals For the Fourth Circuit in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): In addition, Samantar's contention that courts are free to override the State [...]...
120. Foreign Official Immunity Samantar v. Yousuf in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to Samantar v. Yousuf: After the Supreme Court decided the issue of applicability of the FSIA to foreign official immunity in Samantar in 2010, the case was remanded to the district court. The United States [...]...