Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Carousel Voting Carousel Voting in Election Law A method of vote rigging which involves multiple voting, in particular when voters are transported to different polling stations so that they can cast their votes for the same candidate or the same list more than once. Another example is voters using a ballot [...]...
2. Ballots Challenged Ballot in Election Law Any type of ballot paper that is contested. These are temporarily excluded from the count and set aside to clarify their validity. Discarded Ballot in Election Law Ballot paper issued to a voter and recorded as such but not placed in the ballot box. For [...]...
3. Voting Preference Voting in Constitutional Law From the Comparative Constitutions Project: A ranked ballot or preferential voting system is a type of voting system in which each voter casts their vote by ranking candidates in order of preference. 'Bandwagon' Voting in Election Law Voting for [...]...
4. Secret Ballot Secret Ballot in Election Law A fundamental principle in democratic elections, by which the voter is entitled to vote without being seen by others, a potential source of pressure and intimidation which could invalidate the freedom of choice. An election authority is therefore obliged to [...]...
5. Voter Information Voter Information in Election Law A process of giving relevant factual information about an election process on a timely basis. This includes when, where and how voters will vote. When this is done during the preparatory stages of an election, particularly a general election, it aids [...]...
6. Polling Political Campaign How Campaigns are Conducted Polling Introduction to Polling Surveys of voter opinion provide the raw material of modern political campaigns. Political consultants use this information to run campaigns that closely resemble the efforts of businesses to market produc......
7. Votes Single Non-transferable Vote (sntv) in Election Law Electoral system in which the voter is asked to vote for a single candidate in a multi-member district represented by several seats. The candidates who receive the most votes are declared winners. In this type of system, electors vote for [...]...
8. Absentee Vote Absentee Vote or Ballot in Election Law Method by which a person may vote without going to the polling station on election day. Depending on national laws, the voter has a certain period of time during which he or she can obtain a ballot before the election. The ballot paper is filled out and [...]...
9. Election Process Election Process in Election Law Set of legal measures and concrete operations needed to hold an election. A starting point may be a writ or decree calling voters to vote in a particular election and may require the adoption of an electoral law. The election process includes voter [...]...
10. Vote Ordinal Vote in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: A rank ordering of votes for either candidates or parties....
11. Nomination Introduction to Nomination Nomination, in politics, the formal selection and presentation of a candidate for an elective office. Four principal methods of nomination have been used in the U.S.: nomination by political convention, by primary election, by caucus, and by petition. Before 1800 c......
12. Blank Ballot Blank Ballot in Election Law Voting paper on which a voter makes no mark, so as to not indicate a choice. Blank ballots are sometimes treated and counted as invalid, in the same way that a ballot paper marked twice is disqualified. In some countries, a blank vote can be seen as a political [...]...
13. Credibility Credibility in Election Law In the context of elections, voter confidence in the electoral process, including voter registration, the electoral system, procedures, vote count, etc., and also in the main actors: political parties, candidates, the Election Management Body (EMB) and the media, [...]...
14. Voter Registration Election: Voter Registration Introduction to Voter Registration In addition to differences in political party strength, these national differences in voter participation result from variations in registration rules and the organization of elections. In Europe, governments automatical......
15. Alternative Vote Majority (Alternative Vote Method) in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: This majority system is based upon, full, standard, and preferential voting. Accordingly electors are required to number all candidates in order of preference. A candidate requires an absolute [...]...
16. Election Day Election Day in Election Law Day on which voters go to polling stations to vote and elect their leaders or representatives. (See: Voting period). Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
17. Ballot Counting Ballot Counting in Election Law Series of operations performed after voting has closed to count the number of ballots in a ballot box, compare that number to the signatures on the voter register and count the number of votes obtained by each list or candidate. Resources See Also Election Law [...]...
18. Election Campaign Election Campaign in Election Law Series of activities, occurring before a vote, carried out by political parties or individuals, in order to promote their political programme and principles. These activities can include meetings, rallies, interviews, debates, etc., in order to attract the [...]...
19. Voter Eligible Voter in Election Law Individual who satisfies the legal requirements to participate in an election. These requirements are usually related to nationality, age, mental health, etc. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
20. Electoral Rights Electoral Rights in Election Law All the civil rights and liberties that a citizen may enjoy in the context of an election, including the right to register as a voter, the right to vote, stand as a candidate, join a political party and campaign. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws [...]...
21. Constituency Ad Hoc Electoral Constituency in Election Law Constituency established specifically for one particular election, which is therefore redefined periodically. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
22. Mark Mark or Tick in Election Law A sign defined by electoral law which the voter writes next to or on the name of the candidate or party of their choice on the ballot. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
23. Postal Vote Postal Vote in Election Law Process by which a voter exercises his or her right to vote from home by sending in his or her ballot by mail. It implies previous identification of the voter. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
24. Ballot Structure Ballot Structure in Election Law For a single ballot, presentation of the relevant information, including the names of candidates or parties, their numbers as the case may be, their photograph or the symbols and logos used to facilitate their identification, particularly by illiterate voters. [...]...
25. Vote System Block Vote System in Election Law A plurality/majority system used in multi-member districts in which electors have as many votes as there are candidates to be elected. Voting is candidate centred. The candidates with the highest total number of votes win the seats. Resources See Also [...]...
26. Card Voter Card in Election Law Document issued after voter registration, entitling a person to vote. The card usually mentions the name, date of birth, address and sometimes the polling station where the cardholder must vote. Some legislations require the person to show their voter card as well as [...]...
27. Reader Optical Reader in Election Law Machine to scan and identify prerecorded data. In an election, this technology can be used to read the ticks or other signs marked on a ballot paper by voters to indicate their choice of candidate(s). An optical reader can also be used to process voter [...]...
28. Military Voting Military Voting in Election Law In some countries, members of the military are allowed to vote. Given that they are often based far from their electoral constituencies, polling centres are sometimes set up inside military bases. In other cases, military personnel vote by mail or proxy. This [...]...
29. Valid Valid Ballot or Valid Vote in Election Law Ballot which clearly indicates the voter's intention and fulfils the requirements of electoral law and can be included in the vote count. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
30. Primary Election Introduction to Primary Election Primary Election, preliminary election in which voters select a political party's candidates for public office. Primary election winners from each political party compete in a general election to determine who will hold the public office. Because each [...]...
31. Ballot Box Ballot Box in Election Law Container in which voters insert their ballot after indicating their choice or, in multiple ballot systems, after choosing their preferred ballot. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
32. Spoilt Spoilt Ballot in Election Law A ballot which is invalid due to printing irregularities, tearing or ink stains or that is damaged in any other way, for example if the voter makes a mistake. Spoilt ballots are set aside and cannot be used in the vote. (See: Discarded ballot). Resources See Also [...]...
33. Targeting Targeting and International Trade Economy Resources See Also industrial targeting...
34. Participation Spanish Translation of participationThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to participation and / or a definition of this topic: Participación (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
35. Electronic Voting Introduction to Electronic Voting Electronic Voting, a balloting system that allows votes to be entered and recorded in an electronic form. These balloting systems are also referred to as e-voting or direct-recording electronic systems (DREs). The voter uses a direct entry device to register......
36. Block Party Block Vote (pbv) in Election Law A plurality/majority system using multi-member districts in which voters cast a single party-centred vote for a party of choice and do not choose between candidates. The party with the most votes will win every seat in the electoral district. Resources [...]...
37. List The measure of a vessel's tilt from the vertical plane, in degrees.......
38. Proxy Voting Proxy Voting or Vote by Proxy in Election Law Vote cast by a person on behalf of another, as stipulated by law, when he or she cannot exercise his or her right to vote in person. To vote by proxy, the voter must nominate a trusted person whom he or she delegates to vote on his or her behalf. [...]...
39. Constituents Direct Contact With Voters or Constituents in Election Law Any means by which a candidate or list of candidates conveys an electoral message directly to voters rather than using media, such as in face-to-face meetings. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
40. Election Types Election: Types of Election:sIntroduction to Election TypesIn most nations, political party leaders select candidates for office in a general election. The United States is one of the few nations to hold primary elections prior to the general election campaign. In these elections, ......
41. How Voters Decide Election: How Voters DecideIntroduction to How Voters DecideMany Americans identify personally with and maintain a sense of loyalty to either the Democratic or Republican Party. Voters often acquire partisan identification in childhood as a result of parental influence. Issues and ......
42. Multi-party Elections Multi-party Elections in Election Law Elections in which a minimum of two parties or candidates runs for office. Plurality is an essential condition of democratic elections. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
43. Voting System Mixed Voting System in Election Law A system which combines elements of majoritarian and proportional representation systems. There are two kinds of mixed systems: parallel systems and Mixed Member Proportional Systems. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
44. Electoral System Electoral System in Constitutional Law From the Comparative Constitutions Project: The structures and processes necessary to hold an election including the electoral laws, system of appointment, redistribution and voting. Electoral System in Election Law The part of the electoral regulations [...]...
45. Handbook Voter Handbook or Guide in Election Law Document usually issued to voters by the election authority to explain the steps they must follow and voting procedures in layman's terms. The handbook may also include recommendations to explain to voters what rules must be obeyed, and how they can [...]...
46. Stakeholder Stakeholder in Election Law Actor involved in and concerned with the electoral process: voters, election administration, candidates, political parties, voters, media, civil society, international and domestic observers and donors. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral [...]...
47. Plurality Plurality in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: A term related to the "first past the post" system of voting. The candidate who attains the highest number of votes in an election or ballot attains a plurality or "simple majority" of votes and is elected....
48. Rally An increase in stock or commodity prices following a decline.......
49. Registration Introduction to Registration Registration, in electoral systems, method usually used to identify voters who are qualified to participate in an election. The act of registration is not, in a strict legal sense, a qualification for voting in the way that age, residence, race, literacy, and rel......
50. Disenfranchisement Disenfranchisement in Election Law The revocation of the right of suffrage (the right to vote) of a person or group of people, or through practices that prevent a person from exercising his or her right to vote. Disfranchisement can be explicit, for example as a result of legal provisions, or [...]...
51. Escort Voter Escort in Election Law Person whose role is defined by electoral law and who is authorised to accompany disabled, elderly or illiterate voters and assist them in exercising their right to vote. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
52. Electoral Advertising Electoral Advertising in Election Law Used by candidates of public or private, free or paid media or advertising to promote their political programme and mobilise voters before an election starts, according to electoral law and the election calendar. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral [...]...
53. Electoral Quotient Electoral Quotient in Election Law Method used to calculate the number of votes necessary to obtain a seat in a proportional representation system. It can be determined at constituency level by dividing the number of valid votes cast (V) by the number of seats (S) in the constituency, or at [...]...
54. Election Introduction to Election Election, procedure that allows members of an organization or community to choose representatives who will hold positions of authority within it. The most important elections select the leaders of local, state, and national governments. The chance to decide who will [...]...
55. Counting Centralised Counting in Election Law Situation in which the counting of votes is not processed at the polling station level but at a higher level in the electoral administration's structure. Ballot boxes can be sent to the polling centre or to the district where the ballot papers will be [...]...
56. Universal Suffrage Universal Suffrage in Election Law A fundamental principle in democratic elections, by which every citizen has the right to vote in periodic and regular elections and referenda. This right must be established by law. Restrictions may apply (minimum age, mental capacity), but the right to vote [...]...
57. Buying Vote Buying in Election Law Illegal act involving the payment of money or the promise of benefits by a candidate to voters who, in exchange, promise to vote for him or her. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
58. Pre-election Election Silence or Pre-election Silence in Election Law Term used to describe the end of an election campaign, at which point all participants in the election process – candidates and the media in particular – are banned from making statements and taking action to promote a [...]...
59. Eligibility In the United States For information about Eligibility in the context of international trade, click here Eligibility (to be Elected) in Election Law The legal capacity to be a candidate. Eligibility (to Vote) in Election Law The legal capacity to be a voter. Resources See Also Disability [...]...
60. Electronic Voting Origins Electronic Voting Origins of Electronic VotingIntroduction to Electronic Voting OriginsElectronic voting has been used in United States elections since the mid-1970s. The first electronic voting system is believed to be the Video Voter, an electromechanical device. The incentive fo......
61. Voice Vote Introduction to Voice VoteVoice Vote, vote that is tallied by the vocal responses of its participants. Voice voting is accomplished either by a general count of "ayes" versus "nays" or by asking each participant one by one to announce his or her vote, a procedure that is......
62. Gerrymandering Gerrymandering in Election Law North American political term used to describe the deliberate division or redrawing of electoral districts/ constituencies in a way which gives a political party or candidate an advantage on election day. Concept of Gerrymandering Note: explore also the meaning [...]...
63. Seats Allocation of Seats in Election Law Distribution of seats obtained by a party or list of independent candidates, based on the number of votes obtained by each party or individual candidate. Depending on the electoral system in place, the allocation of seats can be subject to complex [...]...
64. Badge Badge in Election Law A label bearing information worn by a person to identify him or her and the organisation which he or she represents or works for. Badges must be worn in a way which allows its owner to be easily identified. In many countries, the electoral law stipulates that badges must [...]...
65. Presidential Elections Presidential Elections in Election Law Elections in which voters are called on to elect the president of the republic. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
66. Teller Teller in Election Law Party representative who waits outside polling stations and asks people for their number on the voter register. This is to help parties ensure that all their supporters have voted. A teller has no official status and no one is obliged to give them any information. [...]...
67. Political Parties Introduction to Political PartiesPolitical Parties, organizations that mobilize voters on behalf of a common set of interests, concerns, and goals. In many nations, parties play a crucial role in the democratic process. They formulate political and policy agendas, select candidates, conduct......
68. Poll Opinion Poll (for an Election) in Election Law Scientific, quantitative sociological research, based on a representative sample of voters. It is used to determine the opinion of voters on parties and candidates, as well as to ascertain their most likely choice. Resources See Also Election Law [...]...
69. Judicial Action Judicial Action in Election Law A judicial process initiated to address a specific legal problem. With respect to an election, legal action can be taken regarding any phase of the process, including voter registration, candidate nomination, voting operations, a dispute over results or any [...]...
70. Party Convention Party Convention in Election Law Periodic meeting of a party's leaders and delegates to discuss and approve the party's platform and position on key questions in an upcoming election, as well as to elect the party leaders for a given period, usually until the next convention. During a [...]...
71. Student’s Guide to Elections Contents Student’s Guide to Elections Editor: Bruce J. Schulman Since the 1980s, Dr. Bruce J. Schulman has been teaching and ... Read more...
72. Activities Busing Activities in Election Law Transportation by bus (or other means) of voters, organised by candidates or political parties so that people can go and cast their votes. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
73. Independent Candidate Independent Candidate in Election Law Candidate who belongs to no political party. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
74. Disqualification Spanish Translation of disqualificationThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to disqualification and / or a definition of this topic: Inhabilitación (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
75. Cost Core Cost (elections) in Election Law Direct expenses incurred by a country for the preparation and conduct of an election, largely for the compilation of voter registers, candidate registration, voting and counting of election results. This does not include other costs covered by the [...]...
76. Electorate Introduction to ElectorateElectorate, term applied to all of the eligible voters in a political democracy. If a substantial majority of the mature citizens of a community are allowed to participate in elections, and if no compulsion or restraint is involved in voting, that community is cons......
77. Family Vote Family Vote in Election Law Type of vote where one family member instructs others how to vote, or even in some cases votes in place of family members (e.g. by collecting all their voters' cards). This practice is considered a type of electoral fraud. Resources See Also Election Law [...]...
78. Intimidation Intimidation (in an Electoral Context) in Election Law Any action that creates physical or moral pressure on voters, candidates or any other player in the electoral process to alter, modify or change his or her intention or behaviour under duress. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral [...]...
79. Exit Poll Exit Poll in Election Law Unofficial estimate of election results obtained by questioning voters as they leave the polling centre. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
80. Incumbent Candidate Incumbent Candidate in Election Law Candidate whose term in office has ended and who decides to run in the election. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
81. Indirect Suffrage Indirect Suffrage in Election Law Process in which voters in an election do not choose between candidates for an office but rather elect persons who will then make the choice. An example of this is when voters elect their representatives in parliament who, in turn, elect the president. [...]...
82. Election Observation Declaration of Global Principles For Non-partisan Election Observation and Monitoring by Citizen Organisations in Election Law This declaration provides an important set of values and rules for accountability of non-partisan electoral monitoring organisations, in a similar way to those [...]...
83. Observers Observers Further ReadingA concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including Observers , H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including Observers , Boczek, Boleslaw Adam -2005) ...
84. Observer Observer and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Observer: An observer to the GATT is a country or international organization that has been authorized by the GATT Council (Sec. [...]...
85. Opposition Opposition in E.U. Patent SystemThe time period allowed for an interested party to post oppositions to the grant of a patent. For example, this may be up to nine months from the date of grant of a European patent....
86. Officer Returning or District Electoral Officer in Election Law Electoral official responsible for organising the election in a constituency. Resources See Also United States officer Resources See Also the titles Commissioned office Constitutional Corporate Executive Fiscal Judicial Legislative [...]...
87. Omission Omission in Election Law Situation in which the name of a potential voter does not appear on the voter list although the person has registered. In general this is the result of a mistake, either on the part of the electoral administration, such as a data entry error, or on the part of the [...]...
88. Open List Open List in Election Law In the proportional pepresentation system, this is a form of list in which voters can express a preference both for a party or grouping and for one, or sometimes more, candidates within that party or grouping. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral [...]...
89. Open Voting Open Voting in Election Law Situation whereby a voter casts his or her vote in front of everybody in the polling station, meaning the vote is no longer secret. This may happen due to a voter's own carelessness (does not fold his or her ballot paper when leaving the polling booth or simply [...]...
90. Optical Character Recognition Optical Character Recognition (ocr) Device in Election Law Scanning system that takes images and uses computer software to recognise the shapes of printed or handwritten characters, such as numbers and letters, and stores them as computer-readable data. OCR is typically used to convert printed [...]...
91. Optical Mark Recognition Optical Mark Recognition (omr) Device in Election Law A scanner that can read specific marks in a defined set of locations on a page. The computer software used by an OMR scanner is programmed to recognise the meaning of the various marks and to convert scanned images into computer-readable [...]...
92. Ordinary Vote Ordinary Vote in Election Law Vote cast by a voter on election day in the appropriate polling station. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
93. Outreach Public Outreach in Election Law Provision of information to populations who might not otherwise have access to it. In many cases, groups providing information are not stationary but mobile. Outreach has an educational role, raising voters' awareness of their rights and responsibilities and [...]...
94. Education "The illiterate of the 21st century will not be those who cannot read and write, but those who cannot learn, unlearn, and relearn." -- Alvin Toffler See Education links History of Education In the following treatment of this subject, the theory and early history of education is [...]...
95. Obligations: Classification Contents Classification of Obligations: Natural obligation – A Natural obligation arises from circumstances in which the law implies a particular ... Read more...
96. Human Rights Introduction to Human Rights "Since World War II international law has become increasingly concerned with the protection of human rights. It has provided improved procedures for that purpose within the UN. This new emphasis has also been manifested in the adoption by the UN of the [...]...
97. Electoral Reform Introduction Electoral Reform, elimination of undemocratic, dishonest, and corrupt practices in the conduct of public elections. Reform is usually effected by statutory enactments that contain provisions for accomplishing one or more of the following ends: a change in the qualification [...]...
98. Ballot Ballot Definition Ballot, in modern usage, a sheet of paper used in voting, usually in an electoral system that allows the voter to make choices secretly. The term may also designate the method and act of voting secretly by means of a mechanical device. Used in elections in all democratic [...]...
99. Boycott Summary of Boycott A conspiracy or coalition for the purpose of impeding the commerce of another. Boycotts are often attempts to advance political objectives by economic means and fall into two categories; the primary boycott, in which a party to the boycott refrains from trading with the [...]...
100. Discrimination Summary of Discrimination Unequal treatment in the duties, quotas, or administrative controls accorded to the products of one or more nations. Generally speaking, any nation which does not enjoy most FAVORED NATION (read this and related legal terms for further details) status is the subject [...]...
101. Parity In arbitrage usage, an equivalent value for two currencies; for example, the Bermuda dollar enjoys parity with the U.S. dollar (B$l = U.S.SI).......
102. Stuffing The act of loading a container.......
103. Boundaries Boundaries as an U.S. State Statute Topic This term is one of the topics in some U.S. State Statutes. Other topics of the World Encyclopedia of Law which are topics of some State Statures are: Licensed Public Accountants (State statute topic) Guardians Ad Litem (State statute topic) [...]...
104. Candidate Candidate, person who seeks or is nominated for an office, prize, or honor. In politics, candidates aspire to be elected to office by conducting campaigns. (1) Candidate in Election Law Any person who aspires to public office and fulfills the eligibility criteria set by the Election Management [...]...
105. Complaint Complaint, in law, formal pleading, made under oath, charging a person with a crime. (1) Complaint in Election Law Presentation by a plaintiff before the competent electoral or judicial authority, setting forth the claim for which redress is sought. (See: Claim) A Complaint against the Police: [...]...
106. Democracy Introduction to Democracy Democracy (Greek demos,"the people"; kratein, "to rule"), political system in which the people of a country rule through any form of government they choose to establish. In modern democracies, supreme authority is exercised for the most part by [...]...
107. Refugee Who Becomes a Refugee? Introduction to Refugee People leave their home countries for many reasons. Sometimes they are fleeing poverty, or they hope to find a better life in another place. People who migrate for economic reasons, however, are not considered refugees. Yet economic migrants [...]...
108. Elections Election and Political Law Genuine Elections in Election Law In the field of elections, this term implies the presence of conditions for a level playing field in the electoral race. This mainly includes the exercise of political rights and freedoms, having parties and candidates competing on [...]...
109. Parliament The Legal History of Parliament This section provides an overview of Parliament Parliament in Election Law National body of representatives having legislative power within the state. House of Representatives in U.S. Constitutional Law A list of entries related to House of Representatives may [...]...
110. Claim Spanish Translation of claim This is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to claim and / or a definition of this topic: Reclamación (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry). Spanish Translation of claim This is the legal translation of English to [...]...
111. Transfer Spanish Translation of transferThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to transfer and / or a definition of this topic: Cesión (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
112. Cumulative Voting Cumulative Voting in Constitutional Law From the Comparative Constitutions Project: A semiproportional system of voting in which each voter has as many votes as there are seats to fill, but each voter may give all of his/her votes to one candidates, or split them up as s/he desires. Cumulative [...]...
113. General Election General Election in Constitutional Law From the Comparative Constitutions Project: An election involving most or all constituencies in a state (or nation) in choosing candidates for office and voting on ballot measures. Concept of General Election Note: explore also the meaning of this legal [...]...
114. Term Limit Term Limit in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: This is the limit on the number of terms granted to a government official....
115. Database Database in Legal Information RetrievalThe following is a basic concept of Database in relation to information retrieval. In addition to this, Database may be applied to legal texts, including case law, legislation and scholarly works. Database is a relatively new word for a collection of data [...]...
116. Threshold In Collateralization The underlying commercial reason for Thresholds is that often parties will be willing to take a certain amount of credit risk to each other (equal to the Threshold) before requiring collateral to cover any additional risk. Banks, in particular, are in the business of [...]...
117. Level Playing Field Level Playing Field and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Level Playing Field: A concept or slogan employed by those calling for efforts to secure both free trade and fair trade. The term alludes [...]...
118. Code of Conduct Code of Conduct and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Code of Conduct: An international agreement establishing standards of behavior --by countries, corporations, or [...]...
119. Coverage Coverage and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Coverage: The extent of applicability of a trade action, agreement, or policy....
120. Abuse Abuse of State Resources in Election Law Situation where a candidate, political party (often from the ruling party) or a given authority involved in elections furthers their campaign by making use of state resources in an abusive manner and beyond what the law authorises. For example, the use [...]...