Negotiations

Item-by-Item Negotiations and the GATT Policy Negotiations

In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Item-by-Item Negotiations: A method of tariff negotiations in which the expected trade effects of each proposed tariff cut are evaluated separately. At the end of the negotiations, participants are expected to have achieved approximate balance in the total effect of tariff cuts offered and received. The first five GATT Rounds used the item-by-item approach, but by the rnid-1960s it had become too cumbersome for multilateral negotiations with increasing numbers of participating countries. Seeformula approach.

Group on Negotiations of Goods (GNG) and Group on Negotiations of Services (GNS) and the GATT Policy Negotiations

In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Group on Negotiations of Goods (GNG) and Group on Negotiations of Services (GNS): The establishment of separate GNG and GNS groups was agreed at the outset of the Uruguay Round to maintain the formal appearance — insisted upon by developing countries –that negotiations in the areas of goods and services were not linked.

Negotiations in International Trade

Meaning of Negotiations, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The activities (including discussions, transfer of information, compromise, etc.) leading to a settlement or agreement concerning a business transaction. Each party to the negotiation must gain enough from the process to make it worthwhile to themselves and concede a sufficient amount to keep counterparts interested. See agenda; win-lose strategy; win-win strategy; zero-sum game.

Negotiations

Embracing mainstream international law, this section on negotiations explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here.

Resources

Further Reading

• The entry “negotiation(s)” in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (currently, the Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law, 2009), Oxford University Press