Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Subpart F A provision of the Internal Revenue Code (Sections 951-64) that imposes U.S. income taxes on the undistributed earnings of "controlled foreign corporations." Subpart F was incorporated into the Code by the Revenue Act of 1962; prior to that time, earnings by foreign subsidiaries of U.S. fi......
2. Less Favourable Treatment This section provides an overview of less favourable treatment within the legal context of National Treatment in international economic law, with coverage of Non-Discrimination in Trade of Goods and Services (Principles). Resources Further Reading Lothar Ehring, "Less Favourable [...]...
3. Comparability in International Economic Law Comparability in International Economic Law (Goods) This section provides an overview of comparability in International Economic Law (Goods) within the legal context of National Treatment in international economic law, with coverage of Non-Discrimination in Trade of Goods and Services [...]...
4. Differential Treatment Special and differential Treatment This section provides an overview of special and differential treatment within the legal context of Most-Favoured Nation Treatment (MFN) in international economic law, with coverage of Non-Discrimination in Trade of Goods and Services (Principles). Resources [...]...
5. Preferential Treatment In the United States For information about Preferential treatment in the context of international trade, click here Embracing mainstream international law, this section on preferential treatment explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further [...]...
6. Fair and Equitable Treatment (FET) Fair and Equitable Treatment (FET) This section provides an overview of fair and equitable treatment (fet) within the legal context of Minimum Standards in Investment Law in international economic law (Principles). Resources Further Reading Martins Paparinskis, "Fair and Equitable [...]...
7. Most Favoured Nation Treatment Most Favoured Nation Treatment (MFN) in International Trade Meaning of Most Favoured Nation Treatment (MFN), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A non discriminatory trade policy commitment on the part of one country to extend to another country the lowest [...]...
8. Government Procurement Government Procurement and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Government Procurement: Government policies and procedures for purchasing goods and services. Procurement [...]...
9. Exempted Company A company exempted from income taxes of the jurisdiction in which it is organized in return for a stipulation by the company that it will not trade in that country.......
10. Royalties In the United States For information about Royalties in the context of international trade, click here Royalties and the Laws of International Trade Royalties Intellectual Property and Competition Law Royalties in International Trade Meaning of Royalties, according to the Dictionary of [...]...
11. Standard of Review This section provides an overview of standard of review within the legal context of National Treatment in international economic law, with coverage of Non-Discrimination in Trade of Goods and Services (Principles). Resources Further Reading Petros C Mavroidis, "Standard of Review," [...]...
12. Graduation Summary of Graduation The act of recognition by the world community that formerly less developed Countries (read this and related legal terms for further details) have undergone sufficient economic development to be regarded as "developed"or industrialized nations. The recognition [...]...
13. International Boycott Factor An element of Section 999 of the Internal Revenue Code dealing with income derived in support of an international boycott. U.S. policy generally opposes international economic boycotts against friendly nations, and income derived by U.S. firms in furtherance of such boycotts receives adverse tax tre......
14. Most-Favoured Nation Treatment in Investment Law This section provides an overview of most-favoured nation treatment in investment law within the legal context of Non-Discrimination on Foreign Direct Investment in international economic law (Principles). Resources Further Reading Piero Bernardini, "Most-Favoured Nation Treatment in [...]...
15. Double Taxation Summary of Double Taxation The condition that arises when a multinational firm is taxed on overseas income in both the source country and the country of the corporation's domicile. This problem arises because nations use varying systems of taxation. Recognizing that double taxation is [...]...
16. Non-Discrimination in Trade of Services Non-Discrimination in Trade of Goods and Services in International Economic Law In international economic law, non-discrimination in trade of goods and services includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal encyclopedia: li>National Treatment Most-Favoured Nation [...]...
17. Propensity To Import The relationship between income and the value of imports, expressed in monetary terms. Generally, the relationship is expressed in terms of the average propensity to import (imports as a percentage of national income) and the marginal propensity to import (changes in the average propensity to import......
18. Nationality of Company Nationality of Company/corporation Embracing mainstream international law, this section on nationality of company/corporation explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "nationality of company/corporation" in the [...]...
19. Different Functions in Goods and Services This section provides an overview of different functions in goods and services within the legal context of National Treatment in international economic law, with coverage of Non-Discrimination in Trade of Goods and Services (Principles). Resources Further Reading Nicolas F Diebold, [...]...
20. Cartel Summary of Cartel An alliance among firms in the same line of business aimed at controlling or dominating their field on an international basis.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Definition of Cartel In accordance with the work A Dictionary of Law, this is a description of Cartel : [...]...
21. Section 931 Corporation It was a corporation operating in various U.S. possessions that, under certain circumstances, might accrue significant tax benefits. So named for Section 931 of the Internal Revenue Code, a firm might be exempt from Federal income tax on U.S. possessions income (so long as the dividends were not dis......
22. Gross Domestic Product Summary of Gross Domestic Product The aggregate value, expressed in monetary terms, of all goods and services produced within a national economy during a given time period, usually one year.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Gross Domestic Product (gdp) (in the Human Development [...]...
23. Mercantilism Mercantilism and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Mercantilism: A once-prominent economic philosophy that equated national wealth and prowess with the accumulation of gold and other [...]...
24. Economic Union Summary of Economic Union Also known as an economic community, an advanced form of economic integration on the part of several states. The economic union incorporates the features of a Common market (read this and related legal terms for further details)—unrestricted free trade among [...]...
25. United Dredging Company (united States) V. United Mexican States United Dredging Company (united States) v. United Mexican States Embracing mainstream international law, this section on united dredging company (united states) v. united mexican states explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The [...]...
26. Regional Integration Regional Integration and Preferential Trade This section provides an overview of regional integration and preferential trade within the legal context of Most-Favoured Nation Treatment (MFN) in international economic law, with coverage of Non-Discrimination in Trade of Goods and Services [...]...
27. National Exports Exports consisting of goods domestically produced or goods produced within customs-bonded facilities.......
28. International Taxation Jurisdiction and Impact of National Treatment This section provides an overview of jurisdiction and impact of national treatment within the legal context of Tax Law as an Issue of International Economic Law in international economic law (Main Regulatory Areas). International Taxation in [...]...
29. National Flag Carrier A common car RIER (read this and related legal terms for further details)-usually a steamship line or an airline- that bears its country's flag and is viewed in the trading community as representing the commercial in......
30. Belt Line A short-line railway operating in and around a city; its function is to transfer cargo between long-haul railroads, and to and from piers to railroads for import/export movements.......
31. Member Line A steamship line that is a member of a Conference (read this legal term for further details).......
32. Product Line Cycle The concept that a product undergoes three stages of development: (1) new product (a firm introduces a new product or significant differentiated product and for a period of time enjoys a virtual monopoly), (2) growth product (the product is imitated and produced by several firms; nonprice competitio......
33. Net National Product Summary of Net National Product The sum total, expressed in monetary terms, of all goods and services produced in a country during a given period (usually one year), less the value of capital consumed (depreciation).(Main Author: William J. Miller) Resources See Also Gross [...]...
34. National Airspace Description of National Airspace In this reference work, national airspace is a sort of the International Law category. Resources See Also International Law...
35. VISHIPCO LINE AND OTHERS v. THE CHASE MANHATTAN BANK 2 DISCUSSION Chase here first contends that plaintiffs’ claims were dismissible for failure to prove that under Vietnamese law they were ... Read more...
36. National Treatment Principle A view of international economic transactions that asserts that a nation should accord the same treatment to foreign merchandise, investments, shipping, and entrepreneurs as it does to domestic counterparts under like commercial conditions. Apart from international practice on the part of the Europe......
37. Net Line The face value of all insurance policies that an insurer has in force, less any amounts reinsured.......
38. Line Breadth The number of products or variations carried in a manufacturer's or marketer's product line.......
39. National Treatment History of Commercial Treaties National Treatment The attainment of national treatment through treaty was strengthened in the 13th century. Venice, an Italian city-state that traded chiefly with Central and East Asia, exacted by treaty from the sultan of _alab (Aleppo) the right to have its [...]...
40. National Anthems Introduction to National AnthemsNational Anthems, official national songs honoring the spirit of the native land. Some anthems specifically celebrate a historical personage or event; others exalt the beauty of the country. A number of anthems are simply melodies without words, often no more......
41. National Socialism Introduction to National SocialismNational Socialism, commonly called Nazism, German political movement initiated in 1920 with the organization of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, or NSDAP), also called the Nazi Party. The mov......
42. National Symbols Introduction to National SymbolsNational Symbols, artistic, natural, or human representations of a nation's identity." (1)ResourcesNotes and ReferencesInformation about ...
43. National Constitutions National Constitutions......
44. National Socialist Law The Legal History of National Socialist LawThis section provides an overview of National Socialist Law ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading National Socialist Law in the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History (Oxford [...]...
45. National Champions National Champions and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of National Champions: Firms that are the focus of government efforts to consolidate a national industry through industrial targeting. Such [...]...
46. National Accounts National Accounts (in the Human Development Area) In this context, National Accounts means: is a system table in the form of accounts, which characterize the process of production, distribution and end use of the gross domestic product (GDP), as a rule, for the year. System of National [...]...
47. National Security The National Security Provision—GATT Article XXI and the World Trade Organization The National Security Provision—GATT Article XXI in relation to the World Trade Organization (WTO) covers several issues. This section provides an overview of national security within the legal context [...]...
48. National Defense U.S. Presidential Statements on 2013 and 2014 National Defense Authorization Acts in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to U.S. Presidential Statements on 2013 and 2014 National Defense Authorization Acts: On January 2, 2013, President Obama signed into law the [...]...
49. National Law of the Sea Vietnam's National Law of the Sea in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to Vietnam's National Law of the Sea: On June 21, 2012, the Socialist Republic of Vietnam adopted the Law of the Sea of Vietnam, which took effect in January 2013. The United States [...]...
50. National Income Related Fields Related topics include: National Income Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. National Accounts Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Expenditure Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Gross National Income Find this subject in this World [...]...
51. National Embracing mainstream international law, this section on national explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources See Also Federal Resources Further Reading The entry "national" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International [...]...
52. National Courts National Court (or Tribunal) Embracing mainstream international law, this section on national court (or tribunal) explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "national court (or tribunal)" in the Parry and Grant [...]...
53. National Waters Embracing mainstream international law, this section on national waters explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "national waters" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law [...]...
54. National River Embracing mainstream international law, this section on national river explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "river, national" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (currently, [...]...
55. National Park Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to national park in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
56. National Representations National representations and the European Union Resources See Also Permanent representatives...
57. National Domain Resources See Also Domain...
58. National Domicile Resources See Also Domicile...
59. National Bibliography Resources See Also Document Information Science Research Investigation Legal Research Study...
60. National Plan Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
61. National Level Resources See Also Government Government Contract Local Government Public Administration Administrative Law Public Law...
62. National Accounting Resources See Also National Income National Accounts Expenditure Gross National Income Net National Income...
63. National Budget Resources See Also National Income National Accounts Expenditure Gross National Income Net National Income...
64. National Reporter System Contents The National Reporter System, by West the West’s National Reporter System is a group of regional Court Reports or ... Read more...
65. Gross National Product Summary of Gross National Product The aggregate value, expressed in monetary terms, of all goods and services attributable to a national economy during a given period, usually one year. The final sum includes all goods and services produced within the economy, plus income earned overseas [...]...
66. National Cargo Bureau A nonprofit, membership corporation concerned with the safe loading, stowage, transport, and unloading of cargoes aboard vessels. The NCB provides on-site inspection services to ensure that cargoes are stowed correctly and that incompatible materials are not stowed together. In the case of shipments......
67. National Health Insurance Introduction to National Health InsuranceNational Health Insurance, government-operated system of insurance that provides financial benefits and medical services to persons disabled by sickness or accident. National health insurance systems are found in many countries, particularly in Europ......
68. National Health Insurance History Introduction to National Health Insurance HistoryThe first country to provide health insurance on a national scale was Germany. The German chancellor Prince Otto von Bismarck obtained passage of a compulsory sickness-insurance law in 1883, which was financed by a state subsidy. Various type......
69. National Socialism Origins National Socialism Origins and Rise of NazismIntroduction to National Socialism OriginsNational Socialism was similar in many respects to Italian fascism (see Fascism). The roots of National Socialism, however, were peculiarly German, grounded, for example, in the Prussian traditio......
70. National Socialist Party National Socialism The National Socialist PartyIntroduction to National Socialist PartyThe National Socialist Party originated in the German Workers' Party, formed in Munich in 1919. At the time that Hitler joined it in 1919, the German Workers' Party had a nominal membersh......
71. National Foreign Trade Council National Foreign Trade Council in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of National Foreign Trade Council: An organization of US companies engaged in international trade and investment, based in [...]...
72. National Association of Manufacturers National Association of Manufacturers (NAM) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of National Association of Manufacturers (NAM): An organization representing US industry views on national and [...]...
73. National Planning Association National Planning Association in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of National Planning Association: A private, nonprofit organization specializing in research and economic policy formulation [...]...
74. National Export Initiative In the United States For information about National Export Initiative in the context of international trade, click here...
75. National Action Plans Implementation of the National Action Plan on Women, Peace, and Security in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to Implementation of the National Action Plan on Women, Peace, and Security: On September 23, 2013, Secretary Kerry announced a new initiative to [...]...
76. National Defense Authorization Legislation U.S. Presidential Statements on 2013 and 2014 National Defense Authorization Acts in 2013 (Continuation) United States views on international law [1] in relation to U.S. Presidential Statements on 2013 and 2014 National Defense Authorization Acts: In contrast, sections 1033 and 1034 [...]...
77. National Security Threat Literature Review on Climate Change: National Security Threat In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Ashok Swain offers the following summary about the topic of Climate Change: National Security Threat: Global climatic change is an environmental problem of [...]...
78. National Liberation Army National Liberation Army in 2016 aka ELN; Ejercito de Liberacion Nacional Activities In 2016, the ELN continued to target Colombia's infrastructure, particularly oil pipelines. The ELN also launched mortars at police stations and the military, placed explosive devices near roads, and [...]...
79. National Arms and Flags Embracing mainstream international law, this section on national arms and flags explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "arms and flags, national" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of [...]...
80. National Human Rights Institutions National Human Rights Institution(s) Embracing mainstream international law, this section on national human rights institution(s) explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "national human rights institution(s)" [...]...
81. National Liberation Movements Embracing mainstream international law, this section on national liberation movements explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "national liberation movements" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of [...]...
82. National Treatment Standard National Treatment (standard) Embracing mainstream international law, this section on national treatment (standard) explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "national treatment (standard)" in the Parry and [...]...
83. National Treatment in Investment Law This section provides an overview of national treatment in investment law within the legal context of Non-Discrimination on Foreign Direct Investment in international economic law (Principles). Resources Further Reading Andrea K Bjorklund, "National Treatment in Investment Law," [...]...
84. National Environmental Policy Act Resources See Also Environmental impact statements...
85. National Liberation Movement Resources See Also Nation Province Sovereignty Rule of Law Public International Law State Territory...
86. National Institute of Economic and Social Research National Institute of Economic and Social Research in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of National Institute of Economic and Social Research: A privately funded British ..research institute [...]...
87. Above-the-line Description of Above-the-line Resources See Also Below-The-Line Internal Revenue...
88. Accommodation Line Summary of Accommodation Line The acceptance by an insurance company of substandard risks as an accommodation to a particular broker who has previously provided, and is expected to continue to provide, attractive underwriting business.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Description [...]...
89. Gross Line The face value of all insurance policies that an insurer has in force at any point in time, irrespective of any reinsurance.......
90. Load-Line A marking painted on the bow of merchant vessels, denoting how much cargo may be loaded aboard, as determined by how low in the water the ship may ride. The object of the mark is to prevent the overloading of a ship, with attendant risk to its safety. The load-line marks are sometimes known as the P......
91. Line of Ascent Spanish Translation of line of ascentThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to line of ascent and / or a definition of this topic: Línea Ascendente (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
92. Line of Descent Spanish Translation of line of descentThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to line of descent and / or a definition of this topic: Línea Descendente (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
93. Hindenburg Line History of the Hindenburg Line The following commentary about Hindenburg Line in the Churchill Era is produced by the Churchill College (Cambridge): German defences completed in April 1917, running from Arras to the River Aisne. The Hindenburg Line consisted of an outer network covered by [...]...
94. Bottom Line Bottom Line in International Trade Meaning of Bottom Line, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The last line in a financial statement indicating the profit of a company. In a contract, the line upon which a party signs....
95. Steamship Line Steamship Line in International Trade Meaning of Steamship Line, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A company usually having the following departments: vessel operations, container operations, tariff department, bookings, outbound rates, inward rates, and [...]...
96. Envelope Line Embracing mainstream international law, this section on envelope line explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "envelope line" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (currently, [...]...
97. Collateral Line Resources See Also Descent...
98. Credit Line Resources See Also Line (Line of credit)...
99. Line Islands Resources See Also Legal System Country Jurisdiction Immigration Consulate...
100. National Law International Law and National LawIntroduction to National LawEvery nation is expected to obey international law. Some nations make international law automatically part of the law of their land. The U.S. Constitution designates ratified treaties, along with the Constitution itself ......
101. National Government History of the National Government The following commentary about National Government in the Churchill Era is produced by the Churchill College (Cambridge): A Government with Ministers drawn from all the major political parties, normally formed in time of war or national emergency....
102. National Currency National Currency in the E-Commerce Law Fiat Currency (a.k.a. “real currency,” “real money,” or “national currency”), is the coin and paper money of a country that is designated as its legal tender; circulates; and is customarily used and accepted as a medium of exchange in the issuing [...]...
103. Income Poverty Line, Population Below Population Below Income Poverty Line (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Population Below Income Poverty Line means: percentage of the population living below the specified poverty line (PPP $1.25 a day and the national poverty line). The national poverty line is the poverty [...]...
104. National Supremacy National Supremacy in U.S. Constitutional Law A list of entries related to National Supremacy may be found, under the National Supremacy subject group, in the United States constitutional law platform of the American legal encyclopedia....
105. Non-national Embracing mainstream international law, this section on non-national explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "non-national" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (currently, the [...]...
106. National Bank Resources See Also Member Bank...
107. National Planning Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
108. National Bureau of Economic Research National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER): A private, nonprofit organization engaged in quantitative analysis [...]...
109. National Economic Council National Economic Council (NEC) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of National Economic Council (NEC): The NEC was established at the outset of the Clinton Administration to coordinate US [...]...
110. National Trade Estimate National Trade Estimate (NTE) Report and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of National Trade Estimate (NTE) Report: A report on significant foreign trade barriers published in [...]...
111. National Unity Government National Unity Government in Election Law Government formed by the overwhelming majority – or all the political parties represented in a parliament. Such a government is formed only when the political, economic or security situation of the country requires a certain level of consensus. [...]...
112. National Sovereignty and Taxation This section provides an overview of national sovereignty and taxation within the legal context of Tax Law as an Issue of International Economic Law in international economic law (Main Regulatory Areas). Resources Further Reading Wolfgang Schön, "National Sovereignty and Taxation," [...]...
113. Composite Index of National Capability Contents Composite Index of National Capability [CINC] Composite Index of National Capability Introduction “Power” – here defined as the ability ... Read more...
114. Elements of the NAFTA National Treatment Obligation Contents Elements of the NAFTA National Treatment Obligation By Jon R. Johnson Goodmans LLP (December 2, 2001) NAFTA Article 1102(1) ... Read more...
115. Application of the NAFTA National Treatment Obligation Contents Application of the NAFTA National Treatment Obligation Issues and Problems in the Application of the NAFTA National Treatment Obligation: ... Read more...
116. National Security Entry-Exit Registration System Elimination of National Security Entry-Exit Registration System (NSEERS) In relation to the international law practice and Elimination of National Security Entry-exit Registration System (nseers) in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: Trade, Commercial Relations, [...]...
117. Line Spanish Translation of lineThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to line and / or a definition of this topic: Línea (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
118. Line Haul Line Haul in International Trade Meaning of Line Haul, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The direct movement of cargo on a single ship between two ports of call....
119. Closing Line Embracing mainstream international law, this section on closing line explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "closing line" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (currently, the [...]...
120. Low-water Line Embracing mainstream international law, this section on low-water line explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "low-water line" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (currently, [...]...