Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Preferential Treatment In the United States For information about Preferential treatment in the context of international trade, click here Embracing mainstream international law, this section on preferential treatment explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further [...]...
2. Flag Carrier Flag Carrier in International Trade Meaning of Flag Carrier, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A vessel registered under the flag of a particular country. Some counties support their merchant marine industry by limiting certain types of cargo to vessel [...]...
3. Cabotage Summary of Cabotage Literally, coastwise navigation, generally used to denote the proscription of foreign flag vessels in a nation's coastwise trade. Since an act of Congress in 1817 (2 Stat. 351), the coastwise trade of the United States has been reserved exclusively to American [...]...
4. International Economic Law Legal Issues International economic law is more likely to fall under the rubric of public international law, as it deals with international economic relationships between states. See, for example, Petersmann, 'International Economic Theory and International Economic Law: On the Tasks of a [...]...
5. Treatment of Prisoners Embracing mainstream international law, this section on treatment of prisoners explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "prisoners, treatment of" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International [...]...
6. Treatment of Aliens Embracing mainstream international law, this section on treatment of aliens explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "aliens, treatment of" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law [...]...
7. Less Favourable Treatment This section provides an overview of less favourable treatment within the legal context of National Treatment in international economic law, with coverage of Non-Discrimination in Trade of Goods and Services (Principles). Resources Further Reading Lothar Ehring, "Less Favourable [...]...
8. Genuine Link Summary of Genuine Link A provision arising from the 1958 Convention on the High Seas (450 United Nations Treaty Series 82, Article V), that "there must be a genuine link between the State [that registers the vessel] and the ship"; this "link"is not clearly defined and [...]...
9. Most-favoured-nation Clause/treatment Embracing mainstream international law, this section on most-favoured-nation clause/treatment explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "most-favoured-nation clause/treatment" in the Parry and Grant [...]...
10. Comparability in International Economic Law Comparability in International Economic Law (Goods) This section provides an overview of comparability in International Economic Law (Goods) within the legal context of National Treatment in international economic law, with coverage of Non-Discrimination in Trade of Goods and Services [...]...
11. Economic Union Summary of Economic Union Also known as an economic community, an advanced form of economic integration on the part of several states. The economic union incorporates the features of a Common market (read this and related legal terms for further details)—unrestricted free trade among [...]...
12. First World Summary of First World A general reference to the industrialized nations of the West, primarily the members of the Organization For Economic Cooperation And Development (read this and related legal terms for further details), but often including other prosperous nations as well. See Second [...]...
13. Pacta Sunt Servanda Summary of Pacta Sunt Servanda A principle of international law that treaties and other international engagements are binding upon the nations that accede to them, and obligations accepted under such engagements must be performed, or reparations made in the event of a breach.(Main [...]...
14. Differential Treatment Special and differential Treatment This section provides an overview of special and differential treatment within the legal context of Most-Favoured Nation Treatment (MFN) in international economic law, with coverage of Non-Discrimination in Trade of Goods and Services (Principles). Resources [...]...
15. Economic Interests Embracing mainstream international law, this section on economic interests explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "economic interests" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law [...]...
16. Nicaragua The Legal History of Nicaragua This section provides an overview of Nicaragua Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (merits) Embracing mainstream international law, this section on military and paramilitary activities in and against nicaragua (merits) explores the [...]...
17. Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency: An independent agency of the World Bank group established in 1988 to [...]...
18. Nauru Certain Phosphate Lands in Nauru Embracing mainstream international law, this section on certain phosphate lands in nauru explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Agreements With Nauru and Tuvalu In relation to the international law practice and Agreements [...]...
19. Nationality of Ships Embracing mainstream international law, this section on nationality of ships explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Embracing mainstream international law, this section on nationality of ships explores the context, history and effect of the area of the [...]...
20. Concession Summary of Concession An undertaking by one nation to reduce a tariff rate, increase a quota, or otherwise relieve an economic impediment to trade, usually in response to like concessions from trading partners. In addition to such reciprocal concessions, a nation may offer special duty [...]...
21. Intergovernmental Organizations A list of some Intergovernmental Organizations is the following: Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization ( CTBTO ) Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) Global Environment Facility ( GEF ) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) International Atomic [...]...
22. International Trade Organization International Trade Organization (ITO) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of International Trade Organization (ITO): (Not to be confused with Multilateral Trade "Organization, Sec. I). An [...]...
23. Non-Discrimination in Trade of Services Non-Discrimination in Trade of Goods and Services in International Economic Law In international economic law, non-discrimination in trade of goods and services includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal encyclopedia: li>National Treatment Most-Favoured Nation [...]...
24. Divisions The pro rata sharing of freight revenue of a given shipment interchanged between two or more railroads. Since there is no national rail monopoly in the United States, and there are hundreds of rail carriers operating within the country, cargo moving over long distances is apt to travel over the line......
25. Free Trade Area Summary of Free Trade Area An association of states that seeks to overcome impediments to trade among members by reducing or eliminating tariffs among the participants. The members of a free trade area do not maintain a common external tariff nor do they (usually) provide for the free flow [...]...
26. African Economic Community Embracing mainstream international law, this section on African economic community explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "African economic community" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of [...]...
27. Naturalists Embracing mainstream international law, this section on naturalists explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "naturalists" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (currently, the [...]...
28. Nonconference Carrier A steamship line that is not a member of the Conference (read this legal term for further details) over a given trade route.......
29. National Exports Exports consisting of goods domestically produced or goods produced within customs-bonded facilities.......
30. National Line Synonymous with national FLAG CARRIER (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
31. Flag Summary of Flag The country of registration of a vessel or aircraft. Read the listing of flag abbreviations, by country or by abbreviation.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Spanish Translation of pavilion and flag This is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to [...]...
32. First Flag Carriage The shipment of goods aboard a vessel flying the flag of the exporting country.......
33. Flag Discrimination Actions taken by a government to favor or discourage movement of cargoes aboard vessels flying certain flags; for example, a nation may require that certain cargoes or percentages of overall cargo tonnage move aboard its own vessels.......
34. Second Flag Carriage The shipment of goods aboard a vessel that flies the flag of the importing country.......
35. Third-Flag Carriage The shipment of goods aboard a vessel that flies the flag of neither the exporting nor the importing country.......
36. Bridge Carrier A railroad that neither originates nor delivers a given lot of cargo; an intermediate carrier.......
37. Common Carrier Read Carrier as cross-reference......
38. Conference Carrier A steamship line that is a member of a Conference (read this legal term for further details).......
39. Independent Carrier A steamship line that is not a member of the Conference (read this legal term for further details) over a given trade route.......
40. Intercity Carrier A motor carrier subject to Interstate Commerce Commission authority with a majority of revenues derived from nonlocal cartage.......
41. Straddle Carrier A self-propelled vehicle which lifts a container within its own framework. The device is commonly used at port facilities and container yards.......
42. Ultralarge Crude Carrier A tanker exceeding three hundred thousand deadweight tons.......
43. Net National Product Summary of Net National Product The sum total, expressed in monetary terms, of all goods and services produced in a country during a given period (usually one year), less the value of capital consumed (depreciation).(Main Author: William J. Miller) Resources See Also Gross [...]...
44. National Airspace Description of National Airspace In this reference work, national airspace is a sort of the International Law category. Resources See Also International Law...
45. National Treatment Principle A view of international economic transactions that asserts that a nation should accord the same treatment to foreign merchandise, investments, shipping, and entrepreneurs as it does to domestic counterparts under like commercial conditions. Apart from international practice on the part of the Europe......
46. Flag of Convenience Flag Of Convenience Summary of Flag Of Convenience Registration of a vessel in a country other than that of the ship's owners, because the registering nation affords the owners tax or other benefits not available in the home country.(Main Author: William J. Miller) [...]...
47. Carrier Summary of Carrier A firm engaged in the business of transporting persons or goods for profit. Railroads, trucking companies, airlines, and steamship operators are examples of carriers. Carriers can be divided into three categories: the private carrier moves only its own goods or those of [...]...
48. Carrier's Certificate A document issued by a steamship line, an airline, or other transportation company carrying imported merchandise certifying to the customs authorities that the party named is the legitimate recipient of the goods and is authorized to effect clearance through customs (see figure). The party so named ......
49. Certificated Airline Carrier An airline which has been issued a certificate of public convenience AND NECESSITY (read this and related legal terms for further details) by competent governmental authority to operate airline service over prescribed ro......
50. Clean Product Carrier A tank vessel that transports only refined petroleum products, such as gasoline or kerosene, as contrasted with a ship which carries crude petroleum.......
51. Local Carrier A motor carrier that operates wholly within a single or contiguous commercial zone but is still subject to Interstate Commerce Commission authority because of other motor carriage business, for example, because it handles interstate interline business or hauls certain regulated commodities.......
52. Very Large Crude Carrier A tanker measuring between two and three hundred thousand deadweight tons.......
53. Non-Vessel Operating Common Carrier A common carrier providing point-to-point international transport of goods. This type of carrier, commonly known as NVOCC, may not actually operate any transport equipment, acting instead as a coordinator among actual carriers. For example, an NVOCC might issue a bill of lading from Saint Louis to M......
54. National Treatment History of Commercial Treaties National Treatment The attainment of national treatment through treaty was strengthened in the 13th century. Venice, an Italian city-state that traded chiefly with Central and East Asia, exacted by treaty from the sultan of _alab (Aleppo) the right to have its [...]...
55. National Anthems Introduction to National AnthemsNational Anthems, official national songs honoring the spirit of the native land. Some anthems specifically celebrate a historical personage or event; others exalt the beauty of the country. A number of anthems are simply melodies without words, often no more......
56. National Law International Law and National LawIntroduction to National LawEvery nation is expected to obey international law. Some nations make international law automatically part of the law of their land. The U.S. Constitution designates ratified treaties, along with the Constitution itself ......
57. National Socialism Introduction to National SocialismNational Socialism, commonly called Nazism, German political movement initiated in 1920 with the organization of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, or NSDAP), also called the Nazi Party. The mov......
58. National Symbols Introduction to National SymbolsNational Symbols, artistic, natural, or human representations of a nation's identity." (1)ResourcesNotes and ReferencesInformation about ...
59. National Constitutions National Constitutions......
60. National Socialist Law The Legal History of National Socialist LawThis section provides an overview of National Socialist Law ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading National Socialist Law in the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History (Oxford [...]...
61. National Champions National Champions and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of National Champions: Firms that are the focus of government efforts to consolidate a national industry through industrial targeting. Such [...]...
62. National Accounts National Accounts (in the Human Development Area) In this context, National Accounts means: is a system table in the form of accounts, which characterize the process of production, distribution and end use of the gross domestic product (GDP), as a rule, for the year. System of National [...]...
63. National Security The National Security Provision—GATT Article XXI and the World Trade Organization The National Security Provision—GATT Article XXI in relation to the World Trade Organization (WTO) covers several issues. This section provides an overview of national security within the legal context [...]...
64. National Defense U.S. Presidential Statements on 2013 and 2014 National Defense Authorization Acts in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to U.S. Presidential Statements on 2013 and 2014 National Defense Authorization Acts: On January 2, 2013, President Obama signed into law the [...]...
65. National Law of the Sea Vietnam's National Law of the Sea in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to Vietnam's National Law of the Sea: On June 21, 2012, the Socialist Republic of Vietnam adopted the Law of the Sea of Vietnam, which took effect in January 2013. The United States [...]...
66. National Income Related Fields Related topics include: National Income Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. National Accounts Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Expenditure Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Gross National Income Find this subject in this World [...]...
67. National Embracing mainstream international law, this section on national explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources See Also Federal Resources Further Reading The entry "national" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International [...]...
68. National Courts National Court (or Tribunal) Embracing mainstream international law, this section on national court (or tribunal) explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "national court (or tribunal)" in the Parry and Grant [...]...
69. National Waters Embracing mainstream international law, this section on national waters explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "national waters" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law [...]...
70. National River Embracing mainstream international law, this section on national river explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "river, national" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (currently, [...]...
71. National Park Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to national park in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
72. National Representations National representations and the European Union Resources See Also Permanent representatives...
73. National Domain Resources See Also Domain...
74. National Domicile Resources See Also Domicile...
75. National Bibliography Resources See Also Document Information Science Research Investigation Legal Research Study...
76. National Plan Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
77. National Level Resources See Also Government Government Contract Local Government Public Administration Administrative Law Public Law...
78. National Accounting Resources See Also National Income National Accounts Expenditure Gross National Income Net National Income...
79. National Budget Resources See Also National Income National Accounts Expenditure Gross National Income Net National Income...
80. National Reporter System Contents The National Reporter System, by West the West’s National Reporter System is a group of regional Court Reports or ... Read more...
81. Gross National Product Summary of Gross National Product The aggregate value, expressed in monetary terms, of all goods and services attributable to a national economy during a given period, usually one year. The final sum includes all goods and services produced within the economy, plus income earned overseas [...]...
82. National Cargo Bureau A nonprofit, membership corporation concerned with the safe loading, stowage, transport, and unloading of cargoes aboard vessels. The NCB provides on-site inspection services to ensure that cargoes are stowed correctly and that incompatible materials are not stowed together. In the case of shipments......
83. National Health Insurance Introduction to National Health InsuranceNational Health Insurance, government-operated system of insurance that provides financial benefits and medical services to persons disabled by sickness or accident. National health insurance systems are found in many countries, particularly in Europ......
84. National Health Insurance History Introduction to National Health Insurance HistoryThe first country to provide health insurance on a national scale was Germany. The German chancellor Prince Otto von Bismarck obtained passage of a compulsory sickness-insurance law in 1883, which was financed by a state subsidy. Various type......
85. National Socialism Origins National Socialism Origins and Rise of NazismIntroduction to National Socialism OriginsNational Socialism was similar in many respects to Italian fascism (see Fascism). The roots of National Socialism, however, were peculiarly German, grounded, for example, in the Prussian traditio......
86. National Socialist Party National Socialism The National Socialist PartyIntroduction to National Socialist PartyThe National Socialist Party originated in the German Workers' Party, formed in Munich in 1919. At the time that Hitler joined it in 1919, the German Workers' Party had a nominal membersh......
87. National Foreign Trade Council National Foreign Trade Council in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of National Foreign Trade Council: An organization of US companies engaged in international trade and investment, based in [...]...
88. National Association of Manufacturers National Association of Manufacturers (NAM) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of National Association of Manufacturers (NAM): An organization representing US industry views on national and [...]...
89. National Planning Association National Planning Association in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of National Planning Association: A private, nonprofit organization specializing in research and economic policy formulation [...]...
90. National Export Initiative In the United States For information about National Export Initiative in the context of international trade, click here...
91. National Action Plans Implementation of the National Action Plan on Women, Peace, and Security in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to Implementation of the National Action Plan on Women, Peace, and Security: On September 23, 2013, Secretary Kerry announced a new initiative to [...]...
92. National Defense Authorization Legislation U.S. Presidential Statements on 2013 and 2014 National Defense Authorization Acts in 2013 (Continuation) United States views on international law [1] in relation to U.S. Presidential Statements on 2013 and 2014 National Defense Authorization Acts: In contrast, sections 1033 and 1034 [...]...
93. National Security Threat Literature Review on Climate Change: National Security Threat In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Ashok Swain offers the following summary about the topic of Climate Change: National Security Threat: Global climatic change is an environmental problem of [...]...
94. National Liberation Army National Liberation Army in 2016 aka ELN; Ejercito de Liberacion Nacional Activities In 2016, the ELN continued to target Colombia's infrastructure, particularly oil pipelines. The ELN also launched mortars at police stations and the military, placed explosive devices near roads, and [...]...
95. National Arms and Flags Embracing mainstream international law, this section on national arms and flags explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "arms and flags, national" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of [...]...
96. National Human Rights Institutions National Human Rights Institution(s) Embracing mainstream international law, this section on national human rights institution(s) explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "national human rights institution(s)" [...]...
97. National Liberation Movements Embracing mainstream international law, this section on national liberation movements explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "national liberation movements" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of [...]...
98. National Treatment Standard National Treatment (standard) Embracing mainstream international law, this section on national treatment (standard) explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "national treatment (standard)" in the Parry and [...]...
99. National Treatment in Investment Law This section provides an overview of national treatment in investment law within the legal context of Non-Discrimination on Foreign Direct Investment in international economic law (Principles). Resources Further Reading Andrea K Bjorklund, "National Treatment in Investment Law," [...]...
100. National Environmental Policy Act Resources See Also Environmental impact statements...
101. National Liberation Movement Resources See Also Nation Province Sovereignty Rule of Law Public International Law State Territory...
102. National Institute of Economic and Social Research National Institute of Economic and Social Research in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of National Institute of Economic and Social Research: A privately funded British ..research institute [...]...
103. Right to Fly Flag Embracing mainstream international law, this section on right to fly flag explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "flag, right to fly" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law [...]...
104. U.N. Flag Embracing mainstream international law, this section on u.n. flag explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "flag, u.n." in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (currently, the [...]...
105. Foreign Flag Violation of a Foreign Flag: International Incident In the book "International Incidents for Discussion in Conversation Classes", in relation to terminox, L. Oppenheim wrote in 1909: A political criminal, imprisoned in Port-au-Prince, in Hayti, escapes from the prison and makes for [...]...
106. White Flag The Use of the White Flag: International Incident In the book "International Incidents for Discussion in Conversation Classes", in relation to terminox, L. Oppenheim wrote in 1909: During war between states A and B, an outlying fort of a harbour of state A is being bombarded by the [...]...
107. Abuse of Flag Embracing mainstream international law, this section on abuse of flag explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "flag, abuse of" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (currently, [...]...
108. Flag of Truce Embracing mainstream international law, this section on flag of truce explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "flag of truce" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (currently, [...]...
109. Flag State Embracing mainstream international law, this section on flag state explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "flag state" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (currently, the [...]...
110. Admitted Carrier An insurance company that is admitted, i.e., licensed to do business, in a given jurisdiction.......
111. Bulk Carrier Bulk Carrier in International Trade Meaning of Bulk Carrier, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A vessel specifically designed to transport bulk cargo. There are two types of bulk carriers: those designed to transport dry bulk cargo such as grain or coal, [...]...
112. Carrier Liability Limit Carrier Liability Limit in International Trade Meaning of Carrier Liability Limit, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The maximum amount of money for which a carrier is legally liable for loss or damage to cargo. This is surprisingly low. For example, under [...]...
113. Free Carrier (FCA) Free Carrier in International Trade Meaning of FCA (Free Carrier), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In Incoterms FCA the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when he has handed over the goods, cleared for export, into the charge of the carrier [...]...
114. Inland Carrier Inland Carrier in International Trade Meaning of Inland Carrier, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A transportation line that hauls export and import traffic between ports and airports and inland points....
115. National Government History of the National Government The following commentary about National Government in the Churchill Era is produced by the Churchill College (Cambridge): A Government with Ministers drawn from all the major political parties, normally formed in time of war or national emergency....
116. National Currency National Currency in the E-Commerce Law Fiat Currency (a.k.a. “real currency,” “real money,” or “national currency”), is the coin and paper money of a country that is designated as its legal tender; circulates; and is customarily used and accepted as a medium of exchange in the issuing [...]...
117. National Supremacy National Supremacy in U.S. Constitutional Law A list of entries related to National Supremacy may be found, under the National Supremacy subject group, in the United States constitutional law platform of the American legal encyclopedia....
118. Non-national Embracing mainstream international law, this section on non-national explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "non-national" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (currently, the [...]...
119. National Bank Resources See Also Member Bank...
120. National Planning Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...