Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Less Favourable Treatment This section provides an overview of less favourable treatment within the legal context of National Treatment in international economic law, with coverage of Non-Discrimination in Trade of Goods and Services (Principles). Resources Further Reading Lothar Ehring, "Less Favourable [...]...
2. Comparability in International Economic Law Comparability in International Economic Law (Goods) This section provides an overview of comparability in International Economic Law (Goods) within the legal context of National Treatment in international economic law, with coverage of Non-Discrimination in Trade of Goods and Services [...]...
3. Differential Treatment Special and differential Treatment This section provides an overview of special and differential treatment within the legal context of Most-Favoured Nation Treatment (MFN) in international economic law, with coverage of Non-Discrimination in Trade of Goods and Services (Principles). Resources [...]...
4. Preferential Treatment In the United States For information about Preferential treatment in the context of international trade, click here Embracing mainstream international law, this section on preferential treatment explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further [...]...
5. UN Security Council Resolutions UN Security Council Resolutions in International Economic Law This section provides an overview of un security council resolutions law within the legal context of Economic Sanctions in international economic law (Principles). U.S. Targeted Sanctions Implementing UN Security Council Resolutions [...]...
6. Mercantilism Mercantilism and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Mercantilism: A once-prominent economic philosophy that equated national wealth and prowess with the accumulation of gold and other [...]...
7. Fair and Equitable Treatment (FET) Fair and Equitable Treatment (FET) This section provides an overview of fair and equitable treatment (fet) within the legal context of Minimum Standards in Investment Law in international economic law (Principles). Resources Further Reading Martins Paparinskis, "Fair and Equitable [...]...
8. Most Favoured Nation Treatment Most Favoured Nation Treatment (MFN) in International Trade Meaning of Most Favoured Nation Treatment (MFN), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A non discriminatory trade policy commitment on the part of one country to extend to another country the lowest [...]...
9. United Dredging Company (united States) V. United Mexican States United Dredging Company (united States) v. United Mexican States Embracing mainstream international law, this section on united dredging company (united states) v. united mexican states explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The [...]...
10. Government Procurement Government Procurement and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Government Procurement: Government policies and procedures for purchasing goods and services. Procurement [...]...
11. Peace Planning The United States National Action Plan on Women, Peace, and Security In relation to the international law practice and The United States National Action Plan on Women, Peace, and Security in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: International Human Rights About this [...]...
12. Standard of Review This section provides an overview of standard of review within the legal context of National Treatment in international economic law, with coverage of Non-Discrimination in Trade of Goods and Services (Principles). Resources Further Reading Petros C Mavroidis, "Standard of Review," [...]...
13. Most-Favoured Nation Treatment in Investment Law This section provides an overview of most-favoured nation treatment in investment law within the legal context of Non-Discrimination on Foreign Direct Investment in international economic law (Principles). Resources Further Reading Piero Bernardini, "Most-Favoured Nation Treatment in [...]...
14. Non-Discrimination in Trade of Services Non-Discrimination in Trade of Goods and Services in International Economic Law In international economic law, non-discrimination in trade of goods and services includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal encyclopedia: li>National Treatment Most-Favoured Nation [...]...
15. Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS): A US government inter-agency [...]...
16. Nationality of Company Nationality of Company/corporation Embracing mainstream international law, this section on nationality of company/corporation explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "nationality of company/corporation" in the [...]...
17. Different Functions in Goods and Services This section provides an overview of different functions in goods and services within the legal context of National Treatment in international economic law, with coverage of Non-Discrimination in Trade of Goods and Services (Principles). Resources Further Reading Nicolas F Diebold, [...]...
18. Economic Sanctions UN Sanctions against Iran Note: for more information, click here. United Nations Sanctions against Iran by Title, Description and Date: UN Security Council Resolution 1696: Resolution expressing the Security Council's concern about the direction of Iran's nuclear program. (July 31, [...]...
19. Regional Integration Regional Integration and Preferential Trade This section provides an overview of regional integration and preferential trade within the legal context of Most-Favoured Nation Treatment (MFN) in international economic law, with coverage of Non-Discrimination in Trade of Goods and Services [...]...
20. International Taxation Jurisdiction and Impact of National Treatment This section provides an overview of jurisdiction and impact of national treatment within the legal context of Tax Law as an Issue of International Economic Law in international economic law (Main Regulatory Areas). International Taxation in [...]...
21. Most Favoured Nation Differential Treatment Implied Departures from MFN and Differential Treatment This section provides an overview of implied departures from mfn and differential treatment within the legal context of Most-Favoured Nation Treatment (MFN) in international economic law, with coverage of Non-Discrimination in Trade of [...]...
22. National Accounts National Accounts (in the Human Development Area) In this context, National Accounts means: is a system table in the form of accounts, which characterize the process of production, distribution and end use of the gross domestic product (GDP), as a rule, for the year. System of National [...]...
23. National Income Related Fields Related topics include: National Income Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. National Accounts Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Expenditure Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Gross National Income Find this subject in this World [...]...
24. National Budget Resources See Also National Income National Accounts Expenditure Gross National Income Net National Income...
25. National Exports Exports consisting of goods domestically produced or goods produced within customs-bonded facilities.......
26. National Line Synonymous with national FLAG CARRIER (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
27. National Treatment History of Commercial Treaties National Treatment The attainment of national treatment through treaty was strengthened in the 13th century. Venice, an Italian city-state that traded chiefly with Central and East Asia, exacted by treaty from the sultan of _alab (Aleppo) the right to have its [...]...
28. National Anthems Introduction to National AnthemsNational Anthems, official national songs honoring the spirit of the native land. Some anthems specifically celebrate a historical personage or event; others exalt the beauty of the country. A number of anthems are simply melodies without words, often no more......
29. National Law International Law and National LawIntroduction to National LawEvery nation is expected to obey international law. Some nations make international law automatically part of the law of their land. The U.S. Constitution designates ratified treaties, along with the Constitution itself ......
30. National Socialism Introduction to National SocialismNational Socialism, commonly called Nazism, German political movement initiated in 1920 with the organization of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, or NSDAP), also called the Nazi Party. The mov......
31. National Symbols Introduction to National SymbolsNational Symbols, artistic, natural, or human representations of a nation's identity." (1)ResourcesNotes and ReferencesInformation about ...
32. National Constitutions National Constitutions......
33. National Socialist Law The Legal History of National Socialist LawThis section provides an overview of National Socialist Law ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading National Socialist Law in the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History (Oxford [...]...
34. National Currency National Currency in the E-Commerce Law Fiat Currency (a.k.a. “real currency,” “real money,” or “national currency”), is the coin and paper money of a country that is designated as its legal tender; circulates; and is customarily used and accepted as a medium of exchange in the issuing [...]...
35. National Champions National Champions and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of National Champions: Firms that are the focus of government efforts to consolidate a national industry through industrial targeting. Such [...]...
36. National Security The National Security Provision—GATT Article XXI and the World Trade Organization The National Security Provision—GATT Article XXI in relation to the World Trade Organization (WTO) covers several issues. This section provides an overview of national security within the legal context [...]...
37. National Defense U.S. Presidential Statements on 2013 and 2014 National Defense Authorization Acts in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to U.S. Presidential Statements on 2013 and 2014 National Defense Authorization Acts: On January 2, 2013, President Obama signed into law the [...]...
38. National Law of the Sea Vietnam's National Law of the Sea in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to Vietnam's National Law of the Sea: On June 21, 2012, the Socialist Republic of Vietnam adopted the Law of the Sea of Vietnam, which took effect in January 2013. The United States [...]...
39. National Embracing mainstream international law, this section on national explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources See Also Federal Resources Further Reading The entry "national" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International [...]...
40. National Courts National Court (or Tribunal) Embracing mainstream international law, this section on national court (or tribunal) explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "national court (or tribunal)" in the Parry and Grant [...]...
41. National Waters Embracing mainstream international law, this section on national waters explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "national waters" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law [...]...
42. National River Embracing mainstream international law, this section on national river explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "river, national" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (currently, [...]...
43. National Airspace Description of National Airspace In this reference work, national airspace is a sort of the International Law category. Resources See Also International Law...
44. National Park Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to national park in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
45. National Representations National representations and the European Union Resources See Also Permanent representatives...
46. National Domain Resources See Also Domain...
47. National Domicile Resources See Also Domicile...
48. National Bank Resources See Also Member Bank...
49. National Bibliography Resources See Also Document Information Science Research Investigation Legal Research Study...
50. National Plan Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
51. National Planning Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
52. National Level Resources See Also Government Government Contract Local Government Public Administration Administrative Law Public Law...
53. National Reporter System Contents The National Reporter System, by West the West’s National Reporter System is a group of regional Court Reports or ... Read more...
54. National Cargo Bureau A nonprofit, membership corporation concerned with the safe loading, stowage, transport, and unloading of cargoes aboard vessels. The NCB provides on-site inspection services to ensure that cargoes are stowed correctly and that incompatible materials are not stowed together. In the case of shipments......
55. National Flag Carrier A common car RIER (read this and related legal terms for further details)-usually a steamship line or an airline- that bears its country's flag and is viewed in the trading community as representing the commercial in......
56. National Treatment Principle A view of international economic transactions that asserts that a nation should accord the same treatment to foreign merchandise, investments, shipping, and entrepreneurs as it does to domestic counterparts under like commercial conditions. Apart from international practice on the part of the Europe......
57. National Health Insurance Introduction to National Health InsuranceNational Health Insurance, government-operated system of insurance that provides financial benefits and medical services to persons disabled by sickness or accident. National health insurance systems are found in many countries, particularly in Europ......
58. National Health Insurance History Introduction to National Health Insurance HistoryThe first country to provide health insurance on a national scale was Germany. The German chancellor Prince Otto von Bismarck obtained passage of a compulsory sickness-insurance law in 1883, which was financed by a state subsidy. Various type......
59. National Socialism Origins National Socialism Origins and Rise of NazismIntroduction to National Socialism OriginsNational Socialism was similar in many respects to Italian fascism (see Fascism). The roots of National Socialism, however, were peculiarly German, grounded, for example, in the Prussian traditio......
60. National Socialist Party National Socialism The National Socialist PartyIntroduction to National Socialist PartyThe National Socialist Party originated in the German Workers' Party, formed in Munich in 1919. At the time that Hitler joined it in 1919, the German Workers' Party had a nominal membersh......
61. National Foreign Trade Council National Foreign Trade Council in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of National Foreign Trade Council: An organization of US companies engaged in international trade and investment, based in [...]...
62. National Association of Manufacturers National Association of Manufacturers (NAM) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of National Association of Manufacturers (NAM): An organization representing US industry views on national and [...]...
63. National Planning Association National Planning Association in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of National Planning Association: A private, nonprofit organization specializing in research and economic policy formulation [...]...
64. National Trade Estimate National Trade Estimate (NTE) Report and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of National Trade Estimate (NTE) Report: A report on significant foreign trade barriers published in [...]...
65. National Export Initiative In the United States For information about National Export Initiative in the context of international trade, click here...
66. National Unity Government National Unity Government in Election Law Government formed by the overwhelming majority – or all the political parties represented in a parliament. Such a government is formed only when the political, economic or security situation of the country requires a certain level of consensus. [...]...
67. National Action Plans Implementation of the National Action Plan on Women, Peace, and Security in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to Implementation of the National Action Plan on Women, Peace, and Security: On September 23, 2013, Secretary Kerry announced a new initiative to [...]...
68. National Defense Authorization Legislation U.S. Presidential Statements on 2013 and 2014 National Defense Authorization Acts in 2013 (Continuation) United States views on international law [1] in relation to U.S. Presidential Statements on 2013 and 2014 National Defense Authorization Acts: In contrast, sections 1033 and 1034 [...]...
69. National Security Threat Literature Review on Climate Change: National Security Threat In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Ashok Swain offers the following summary about the topic of Climate Change: National Security Threat: Global climatic change is an environmental problem of [...]...
70. National Liberation Army National Liberation Army in 2016 aka ELN; Ejercito de Liberacion Nacional Activities In 2016, the ELN continued to target Colombia's infrastructure, particularly oil pipelines. The ELN also launched mortars at police stations and the military, placed explosive devices near roads, and [...]...
71. National Arms and Flags Embracing mainstream international law, this section on national arms and flags explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "arms and flags, national" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of [...]...
72. National Human Rights Institutions National Human Rights Institution(s) Embracing mainstream international law, this section on national human rights institution(s) explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "national human rights institution(s)" [...]...
73. National Liberation Movements Embracing mainstream international law, this section on national liberation movements explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "national liberation movements" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of [...]...
74. National Treatment Standard National Treatment (standard) Embracing mainstream international law, this section on national treatment (standard) explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "national treatment (standard)" in the Parry and [...]...
75. National Sovereignty and Taxation This section provides an overview of national sovereignty and taxation within the legal context of Tax Law as an Issue of International Economic Law in international economic law (Main Regulatory Areas). Resources Further Reading Wolfgang Schön, "National Sovereignty and Taxation," [...]...
76. National Treatment in Investment Law This section provides an overview of national treatment in investment law within the legal context of Non-Discrimination on Foreign Direct Investment in international economic law (Principles). Resources Further Reading Andrea K Bjorklund, "National Treatment in Investment Law," [...]...
77. National Environmental Policy Act Resources See Also Environmental impact statements...
78. National Liberation Movement Resources See Also Nation Province Sovereignty Rule of Law Public International Law State Territory...
79. National Institute of Economic and Social Research National Institute of Economic and Social Research in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of National Institute of Economic and Social Research: A privately funded British ..research institute [...]...
80. Accounting Accounting Definition Accounting may be defined as the process of identifying, measuring, recording (see Bookkeeping), and communicating economic information about an organization or other entity, in order to permit informed judgments by users of the information. Introduction [...]...
81. Accounting Law Introduction This entry provides an overview of the legal framework of accounting law, with a description of the most significant features of accounting law at international level. Related Work and Conclusions Resources See Also References (Papers) Sec Filings, Regulatory Deadlines, And [...]...
82. Financial Accounting Financial accounting includes information disseminated to parties that are not part of the enterprise proper—stockholders, creditors, customers, suppliers, regulatory commissions, financial analysts, and trade associations—although the information is also of interest to the [...]...
83. Accounting for Nonbusiness Organizations Contents Accounting for Nonbusiness Organizations Accounting for nonbusiness organizations, such as universities, hospitals, churches, trade and professional associations, and government ... Read more...
84. Accounting Principles Contents Accounting Principles Accounting as it exists today may be viewed as a system of assumptions, doctrines, tenets, and conventions, ... Read more...
85. Accounting Standards International Accounting Standards International accounting standards are promulgated by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and the International Standards Committee (IASC). The IASB is the the "independent standard-setting body" of the International Financial [...]...
86. Bases of Government Accounting Contents Bases of Government Accounting Accounting (cash basis and accrual basis) In French: Comptabilité (de caisse et d’exercice)) Government accounting ... Read more...
87. Accrual Accounting Method Description of Accrual Accounting Method In this reference work, accrual accounting method is a sort of the Accounting category. Description of Accrual Accounting Method Resources See Also Accounting Method Resources See Also Cash-Basis Accounting Method Internal Revenue Taxation Accounting...
88. Capitalization Accounting Method Description of Capitalization Accounting Method In this reference work, capitalization accounting method is a sort of the Accounting category. Resources See Also Accrual Accounting Method Internal Revenue Taxation Accounting...
89. Accounting for Fruits Description of Accounting for Fruits In this reference work, accounting for fruits is a sort of the Civil law category. Resources See Also Civil law...
90. Accounting Lawsuit Introduction This entry provides an overview of the legal framework of accounting lawsuit, with a description of the most significant features of accounting lawsuit at international level. Related Work and Conclusions Resources See Also References (Papers) Materials On Accounting For Lawyers. [...]...
91. Accounting Lawyer Introduction This entry provides an overview of the legal framework of accounting lawyer, with a description of the most significant features of accounting lawyer at international level. Related Work and Conclusions Resources See Also References (Papers) The Foreign Account Tax Compliance [...]...
92. Accrual Accounting Resources See Also Accounting...
93. Accrual Method of Accounting Resources See Also Accounting...
94. Accounting Period Resources See Also Annual accounting period Fiscal year...
95. Annual Accounting Period Resources See Also Accounting period...
96. Cost Accounting Resources See Also Bookkeeping Accounting Accounting Ethics Public Accountant Accounting Principles...
97. Human Resources Accounting Resources See Also Education Policy Training Policy...
98. Labor Accounting System Resources See Also Labor Employment Law International Labor Law Industrial Safety Labour Labor Right Labor Policy...
99. Social Accounting Resources See Also Social Policy Social Development Sociology Public Policy Social Law...
100. Public Accounting Resources See Also Taxation Public Finance Public Policy Tax Law Financial Regulation...
101. Financial Accounting Standards Board A private, non-profit organization concerned with formulating standards for financial accounting and reporting by U.S. industry. The FASB is independent of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) and other professional bodies. In 1973 the FASB succeeded the Accounting Principl......
102. Net National Product Summary of Net National Product The sum total, expressed in monetary terms, of all goods and services produced in a country during a given period (usually one year), less the value of capital consumed (depreciation).(Main Author: William J. Miller) Resources See Also Gross [...]...
103. National Government History of the National Government The following commentary about National Government in the Churchill Era is produced by the Churchill College (Cambridge): A Government with Ministers drawn from all the major political parties, normally formed in time of war or national emergency....
104. National Supremacy National Supremacy in U.S. Constitutional Law A list of entries related to National Supremacy may be found, under the National Supremacy subject group, in the United States constitutional law platform of the American legal encyclopedia....
105. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles Literature Review on Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Catherine L. Staples offers the following summary about the topic of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP): Generally accepted accounting [...]...
106. Non-national Embracing mainstream international law, this section on non-national explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "non-national" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (currently, the [...]...
107. Financial Accounting Standards Board Statement No 52 A set of accounting rules governing offshore and multicurrency transactions, adopted in 1981 and mandatory for use by December 15, 1984. FASB 52 replaces Financial Accounting Standards Board Statement No. 8 (read this and re......
108. Financial Accounting Standards Board Statement No 8 A far-reaching and controversial pronouncement by the Financial Accounting Standards Board governing accounting practices used by American firms in transactions involving foreign currencies. The pronouncement, known commonly as FASB 8, came into effect for fiscal years beginning January 1, 1976. Am......
109. Gross National Product Summary of Gross National Product The aggregate value, expressed in monetary terms, of all goods and services attributable to a national economy during a given period, usually one year. The final sum includes all goods and services produced within the economy, plus income earned overseas [...]...
110. National Bureau of Economic Research National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER): A private, nonprofit organization engaged in quantitative analysis [...]...
111. National Economic Council National Economic Council (NEC) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of National Economic Council (NEC): The NEC was established at the outset of the Clinton Administration to coordinate US [...]...
112. National Security Entry-Exit Registration System Elimination of National Security Entry-Exit Registration System (NSEERS) In relation to the international law practice and Elimination of National Security Entry-exit Registration System (nseers) in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: Trade, Commercial Relations, [...]...
113. Reserve Accounting The practice whereby a bank posts reserves against its asset balances. The percentage of reserves is prescribed by the Federal Reserve system and varies from time to time as an instrument of monetary policy. There are two schemes for reserve accounting: 1. Lagged reserve accounting. Reserves are po......
114. Other National Courts The Other National Courts Name The Other National Courts is the standarized name of one of the (see the entries in this legal Encyclopedia about court rules and procedural law for more information on some aspects of the Other National Courts)....
115. Multi-national Mergers In the United States For information about Multi-National Mergers in the context of international trade, click here...
116. Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): The fourth meeting of the United Nations General Assembly's informal working group on marine biodiversity in areas [...]...
117. Gatt National Security Provision The National Security Provision—GATT Article XXI and the World Trade Organization The National Security Provision—GATT Article XXI in relation to the World Trade Organization (WTO) covers several issues....
118. Gross National Income Gross National Income (gni) (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Gross National Income (gni) means: comprises the market value of all products and services generated regardless of where the output is produced in given period (i.e., its gross domestic product, plus net receipts of [...]...
119. Transitional National Council in Libya Transitional National Council in Libya in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): On July 15, 2011, the United States recognized the TNC as the "legitimate governing authority" in Libya and stated [...]...
120. Composite Index of National Capability Contents Composite Index of National Capability [CINC] Composite Index of National Capability Introduction “Power” – here defined as the ability ... Read more...