Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Most Favoured Nation Differential Treatment Implied Departures from MFN and Differential Treatment This section provides an overview of implied departures from mfn and differential treatment within the legal context of Most-Favoured Nation Treatment (MFN) in international economic law, with coverage of Non-Discrimination in Trade of [...]...
2. Most-Favoured Nation Treatment in Investment Law This section provides an overview of most-favoured nation treatment in investment law within the legal context of Non-Discrimination on Foreign Direct Investment in international economic law (Principles). Resources Further Reading Piero Bernardini, "Most-Favoured Nation Treatment in [...]...
3. Most-favoured-nation Clause/treatment Embracing mainstream international law, this section on most-favoured-nation clause/treatment explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "most-favoured-nation clause/treatment" in the Parry and Grant [...]...
4. Unconditional Most Favoured Nation Unconditional MFN This section provides an overview of unconditional mfn within the legal context of Most-Favoured Nation Treatment (MFN) in international economic law, with coverage of Non-Discrimination in Trade of Goods and Services (Principles). Resources Further Reading William J Davey, [...]...
5. Conditional Most Favoured Nation Conditional MFN This section provides an overview of conditional mfn within the legal context of Most-Favoured Nation Treatment (MFN) in international economic law, with coverage of Non-Discrimination in Trade of Goods and Services (Principles)....
6. Non-Discrimination on Foreign Direct Investment Non-Discrimination on Foreign Direct Investment in International Economic Law In international economic law, non-discrimination on foreign direct investment includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal encyclopedia: li> Most-Favoured Nation Treatment in Investment Law [...]...
7. Most Favoured Nation Clause Spanish Translation of most favoured nation clauseThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to most favoured nation clause and / or a definition of this topic: Cláusula de Nación Más Favorecida (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
8. Domestic Policy Space Recognised Policies Protecting Domestic Policy Space in International Economic Law In international economic law, recognised policies protecting domestic policy space includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal encyclopedia: li> Public Morals Environmental Protection [...]...
9. Most-Favoured-Nation Clauses Most-Favoured-Nation (“MFN”) Clauses Amazon European Antitrust e-book investigation The Europea Commission had concerns relating to certain parity clauses contained in ... Read more...
10. Choice of International Forum This section provides an overview of choice of international forum within the legal context of Basic Principles of International Dispute Settlement in international economic law, with coverage of Adjudication and Enforcement (Principles). Resources Further Reading Rodrigo Polanco, [...]...
11. Coverage in Investment Protection This section provides an overview of coverage in investment protection within the legal context of Investment Protection in international economic law, with coverage of The Protection of Property (Main Regulatory Areas). Resources Further Reading Andrew Mitchell and Jacky Mandelbaum, [...]...
12. Waivers This section provides an overview of waivers within the legal context of Specific Exemptions in Trade Law Protecting Domestic Policy Space in international economic law, with coverage of Protecting Domestic Policy Space (Principles). Resources Further Reading Isabel Feichtner, [...]...
13. International Economic Law Principles International Economic Law Principles This section provides an overview of principles within the legal context of in international economic law (Principles)....
14. Insurance Core Principles This section provides an overview of insurance core principles within the legal context of Financial Regulation in international economic law, with coverage of Monetary and Financial Regulation (Main Regulatory Areas). Resources Further Reading Rekha Oleschak-Pillai, "Insurance Core [...]...
15. Banking Core Principles This section provides an overview of banking core principles within the legal context of Financial Regulation in international economic law, with coverage of Monetary and Financial Regulation (Main Regulatory Areas). Resources Further Reading Xavier-Yves Zanota, "Banking Core [...]...
16. Gats Gats in International Trade Meaning of Gats, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The General Agreement on Trade Services is a World Trade Organization agreement that is the first multilateral agreement provide legally enforceable rules covering all [...]...
17. Economic Law Principles Principles in International Economic Law In international economic law, principles includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal encyclopedia: li>Adjudication and Enforcement Economic Sanctions Minimum Standards in Investment Law Non-Discrimination in Trade of Goods and [...]...
18. Ad Hoc Investment Arbitration Ad hoc Investment Arbitration This section provides an overview of ad hoc investment arbitration within the legal context of Investment Arbitration Fora in international economic law, with coverage of Adjudication and Enforcement (Principles). Resources Further Reading Ucheora Onwuamaegbu, [...]...
19. International Arbitrator Ethics This section provides an overview of international arbitrator ethics within the legal context of Procedural Aspects in international economic law, with coverage of Adjudication and Enforcement (Principles). Resources Further Reading Catherine A Rogers, "International Arbitrator [...]...
20. General Tariff A tariff schedule in which a single rate of duty applies to a given commodity irrespective of the country of origin. A general tariff makes no provision for preferential duties.......
21. Equivalence Equivalence in International Trade Meaning of Equivalence, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In sanitary-phytosanitary measures (SPS): governments recognizing other countries' measures as acceptable even if they are different from their own, so long as [...]...
22. Competition Law Anti-Dumping and Competition Law and the World Trade Organization Anti-Dumping and Competition Law in relation to the World Trade Organization (WTO) covers several issues. Competition Law in a Global Context Contents of Competition Law in a Global Context Contents of this subject matter [...]...
23. Resistance to Arbitration Resistance to Arbitration (Adjudication and Enforcement) This section provides an overview of resistance to arbitration (adjudication and enforcement) within the legal context of Resistance to Arbitration in international economic law, with coverage of Adjudication and Enforcement [...]...
24. Arbitration Adjudication Resistance to Arbitration (Adjudication and Enforcement) This section provides an overview of resistance to arbitration (adjudication and enforcement) within the legal context of Resistance to Arbitration in international economic law, with coverage of Adjudication and Enforcement (Principles)....
25. Pacta Sunt Servanda Summary of Pacta Sunt Servanda A principle of international law that treaties and other international engagements are binding upon the nations that accede to them, and obligations accepted under such engagements must be performed, or reparations made in the event of a breach.(Main [...]...
26. General Principles of Law Definition of General Principles of Law In accordance with the work A Dictionary of Law, this is a description of General Principles of Law : According to the Statute of the *International Court of Justice, the source for rules of international law can be found in what it terms "General [...]...
27. Trade Standards Regulatory Barriers to Trade: Regulations and Standards This section provides an overview of regulatory barriers to trade: regulations and standards within the legal context of Harmonization, Equivalence and Mutual Recognition in international economic law, with coverage of Domestic Regulation [...]...
28. Trade in Services Agreement The Trade in Services Agreement (TiSA) This section provides an overview of the trade in services agreement (tisa) within the legal context of Preferential Trade in Services Agreements in international economic law, with coverage of Trades in Services and Specific Sectors (Main Regulatory [...]...
29. WTO Dispute Settlement Appeals Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes (DSU): Appeals This section provides an overview of Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes (DSU): appeals within the legal context of WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding in [...]...
30. Domestic Protecting Policies Domestic Protecting Policies Development This section provides an overview of Domestic Protecting Policies Development within the legal context of Recognised Policies Protecting Domestic Policy Space in international economic law, with coverage of Protecting Domestic Policy Space (Principles). [...]...
31. Preferential Trade in Services Agreements This section provides an overview of preferential trade in services agreements within the legal context of Preferential Trade in Services Agreements in international economic law, with coverage of Trades in Services and Specific Sectors (Main Regulatory Areas)....
32. International Dispute Settlement Basic Principles of International Dispute Settlement in International Economic Law In international economic law, basic principles of international dispute settlement includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal encyclopedia: li> Pacta Sunt Servanda State [...]...
33. Principles of Protection of Intellectual Property Rights Goals, Principles and Minimum Standards of Protection of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) This section provides an overview of goals, principles and minimum standards of protection of intellectual property rights (iprs) within the legal context of Intellectual Property Protection in [...]...
34. Differential Treatment Special and differential Treatment This section provides an overview of special and differential treatment within the legal context of Most-Favoured Nation Treatment (MFN) in international economic law, with coverage of Non-Discrimination in Trade of Goods and Services (Principles). Resources [...]...
35. International Trade Center International Trade Center (ITC) This section provides an overview of international trade center (itc) within the legal context of Development Institutions in international economic law, with coverage of Architecture. Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations [...]...
36. Trade Policy Review Mechanism Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM): A process of examination in the GATT Council to provide [...]...
37. Regulatory Barriers to Trade Regulatory Barriers to Trade: Private Standards This section provides an overview of regulatory barriers to trade: private standards within the legal context of Harmonization, Equivalence and Mutual Recognition in international economic law, with coverage of Domestic Regulation (Behind the [...]...
38. Domestic Regulation Domestic Regulation (Behind the Borders) This section provides an overview of domestic regulation (behind the borders) within the legal context of Domestic Regulation (Behind the Borders) in international economic law (Main Regulatory Areas). Domestic Regulation (Behind the Borders) in [...]...
39. International Taxation Jurisdiction and Impact of National Treatment This section provides an overview of jurisdiction and impact of national treatment within the legal context of Tax Law as an Issue of International Economic Law in international economic law (Main Regulatory Areas). International Taxation in [...]...
40. DSU: Jurisdiction and Procedures Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes (DSU): Jurisdiction and Procedures This section provides an overview of Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes (DSU): jurisdiction and procedures within the legal context of WTO [...]...
41. Precaution The Principles of Precaution and Sustainability This section provides an overview of the principles of precaution and sustainability within the legal context of International Economic Law and Sustainable Development in international economic law (Cross-Cutting Challenges). Resources Further [...]...
42. Labor Mobility Labour Mobility This section provides an overview of labour mobility within the legal context of Labour Mobility in international economic law (Main Regulatory Areas). Labour Mobility in International Economic Law In international economic law, labour mobility includes the following legal [...]...
43. Shared Principles The Role of Vertically Shared Principles This section provides an overview of the role of vertically shared principles within the legal context of Integrating Domestic and international economic law (Cross-Cutting Challenges)....
44. Impact of Preferential Trade Agreements on Standards Impact of Preferential Trade Agreements on Regulation and Standards This section provides an overview of impact of preferential trade agreements on regulation and standards within the legal context of Harmonization, Equivalence and Mutual Recognition in international economic law, with [...]...
45. Targeted Sanctions Targeted Sanctions in International Economic Law This section provides an overview of targeted sanctions within the legal context of Economic Sanctions in international economic law (Principles). Resources Further Reading Marcos Tourinho, "Targeted Sanctions in International Economic [...]...
46. Policy Space Specific Exceptions in Investment Law protecting Policy Space This section provides an overview of specific exceptions in investment law protecting policy space within the legal context of Specific Exceptions in Investment Law protecting Domestic Policy Space in international economic law, [...]...
47. WTO Commitments This section provides an overview of wto commitments within the legal context of WTO Commitments in international economic law, with coverage of Trades in Services and Specific Sectors (Main Regulatory Areas)....
48. WTO Dispute Settlement Procedures Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes (DSU): Implementation Stage Procedures This section provides an overview of Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes (DSU): implementation stage procedures within the legal context of [...]...
49. Government Procurement in Preferential Trade Agreements This section provides an overview of government procurement in preferential trade agreements within the legal context of Government Procurement in Preferential Trade Agreements in international economic law, with coverage of Government Procurement (Main Regulatory Areas)....
50. Trade Facilitation Trade Facilitation in International Trade Meaning of Trade Facilitation, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Removing obstacles to the movement of goods across borders (e.g. simplification of customs procedures). The International Law of Customs: Trade [...]...
51. Unilateral Sanctions Unilateral Sanctions in International Economic Law This section provides an overview of unilateral sanctions within the legal context of Economic Sanctions in international economic law (Principles)....
52. National Treatment History of Commercial Treaties National Treatment The attainment of national treatment through treaty was strengthened in the 13th century. Venice, an Italian city-state that traded chiefly with Central and East Asia, exacted by treaty from the sultan of _alab (Aleppo) the right to have its [...]...
53. Less Favourable Treatment This section provides an overview of less favourable treatment within the legal context of National Treatment in international economic law, with coverage of Non-Discrimination in Trade of Goods and Services (Principles). Resources Further Reading Lothar Ehring, "Less Favourable [...]...
54. Fair and Equitable Treatment (FET) Fair and Equitable Treatment (FET) This section provides an overview of fair and equitable treatment (fet) within the legal context of Minimum Standards in Investment Law in international economic law (Principles). Resources Further Reading Martins Paparinskis, "Fair and Equitable [...]...
55. National Treatment in Investment Law This section provides an overview of national treatment in investment law within the legal context of Non-Discrimination on Foreign Direct Investment in international economic law (Principles). Resources Further Reading Andrea K Bjorklund, "National Treatment in Investment Law," [...]...
56. Most-favored-nation A privilege granted to a nation to have customs duties levied upon its products at the lowest rate offered to any other nation. Customarily, the extension of most favored nation status is reciprocal. See tariff (Customs).......
57. Most-Favored-Nation Clause Commercial Treaties: Most-Favored-Nation ClauseThe most-favored-nation clause stipulates that a nation will extend to other signatories treatment comparable to that accorded any other nation with which it has, or may have in the future, a commercial treaty. Under such a clause, all existing......
58. Nation Concept of Mfn An introductory definition of Mfn is provided here: Most Favoured Nation: every member is treated as well as the "most favoured one": ie: if U.S. offers low tariff to Canada on ice cubes: every other GATT member is entitled to the same treatment (see also free trade, [...]...
59. Creditor Nation Any nation with total foreign obligations owed to it greater than its aggregate obligations to other nations.......
60. Debtor Nation A nation with financial obligations to foreigners greater than obligations owed to it by foreigners.......
61. Emerging Nation A nation that is not sufficiently industrialized to provide for its own needs in manufactured goods, and that is dependent upon agriculture and/or commodity production as the principal source of foreign exchange to buy such goods. The term is often used interchangeably with less developed country an......
62. Nation-State Introduction to Nation-StateNation-State, territory controlled by a single government and inhabited by a distinct population with a common culture that shapes the identity of its citizens." (1)ResourcesNotes and ReferencesInformation about ...
63. Recognition As Nation Recognition as Nation Embracing mainstream international law, this section on recognition as nation explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "recognition as nation" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic [...]...
64. Cherokee Nation Cherokee Nation Resources See Also Indian tribe...
65. Chickasaw Nation Resources See Also Indian tribe...
66. An Epitome of All the Common & Statute Laws of This Nation Now in Force Contents An Epitome of All the Common & Statute Laws of This Nation Now in Force: Wherein More Than Fifteen ... Read more...
67. Treatment Special and Differential Treatment (S&D) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Special and Differential Treatment (S&D): Preferential treatment given to industrial countries [...]...
68. Preferential Treatment In the United States For information about Preferential treatment in the context of international trade, click here Embracing mainstream international law, this section on preferential treatment explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further [...]...
69. Cruel Treatment Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): On December 19, 2011, the General Assembly adopted a resolution on torture and other cruel, [...]...
70. Inhuman Treatment Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment In relation to the international law practice and torture and other cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: Human Rights Note: there is [...]...
71. Treatment of Prisoners Embracing mainstream international law, this section on treatment of prisoners explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "prisoners, treatment of" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International [...]...
72. Treatment of Aliens Embracing mainstream international law, this section on treatment of aliens explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "aliens, treatment of" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law [...]...
73. Equal Treatment Resources See Also Civil Liberty Civil Right Legal Right Citizen Freedom Political Liberty Constitutional Right Political Right Freedom of Speech...
74. Water Treatment Resources See Also International Environmental Law Environmental Law Violations Pollution Environmental Law Environmental Policy Climate...
75. National Treatment Principle A view of international economic transactions that asserts that a nation should accord the same treatment to foreign merchandise, investments, shipping, and entrepreneurs as it does to domestic counterparts under like commercial conditions. Apart from international practice on the part of the Europe......
76. Special And Differential Treatment The concept that developing nations require special consideration in bilateral and multilateral trade negotiations, and that concessions should be granted to the developing nations without reciprocity. Although this concept has been advanced in various individual multilateral trade agreements, the T......
77. Children Prevention And Treatment Programs Child Abuse Producting Children Prevention and Treatment ProgramsIn the United States many types of social programs, usually at the county or state levels, have attempted to reduce and prevent child abuse. Current approaches involve identifying high-risk parents-such as young, single, first......
78. Treatment No Less Favorable Provisions Contents Treatment No Less Favorable Provisions Issues respecting “no less favourable treatment” in the National Treatment Obligation under NAFTA By ... Read more...
79. Differential Treatment of Developing Countries Special and Differential Treatment of Developing Countries and the World Trade Organization Special and Differential Treatment of Developing Countries in relation to the World Trade Organization (WTO) covers several issues....
80. Special Treatment of Developing Countries Special and Differential Treatment of Developing Countries and the World Trade Organization Special and Differential Treatment of Developing Countries in relation to the World Trade Organization (WTO) covers several issues....
81. National Treatment Standard National Treatment (standard) Embracing mainstream international law, this section on national treatment (standard) explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "national treatment (standard)" in the Parry and [...]...
82. Freedom From Inhuman Treatment Resources See Also Social Problem Crime Delinquency Juvenile Delinquency Delinquent Social Issues Crime Prevention...
83. Elements of the NAFTA National Treatment Obligation Contents Elements of the NAFTA National Treatment Obligation By Jon R. Johnson Goodmans LLP (December 2, 2001) NAFTA Article 1102(1) ... Read more...
84. Application of the NAFTA National Treatment Obligation Contents Application of the NAFTA National Treatment Obligation Issues and Problems in the Application of the NAFTA National Treatment Obligation: ... Read more...
85. Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment   Part I Article 1 1. For the purposes of this Convention, torture means any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such [...]...
86. Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment 2 Contents Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment   Article 9 1. States Parties shall ... Read more...
87. Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment 3 Contents Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment   Article 19 1. The States Parties ... Read more...
88. Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment 4 Contents Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment   Article 23 The members of the ... Read more...
89. Enabling Clause Enabling Clause and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Enabling Clause: Pan of the 1979 Framework Agreement providing a legal basis in GATT for industrial countries to grant [...]...
90. Graduation Summary of Graduation The act of recognition by the world community that formerly less developed Countries (read this and related legal terms for further details) have undergone sufficient economic development to be regarded as "developed"or industrialized nations. The recognition [...]...
91. Regional Integration Regional Integration and Preferential Trade This section provides an overview of regional integration and preferential trade within the legal context of Most-Favoured Nation Treatment (MFN) in international economic law, with coverage of Non-Discrimination in Trade of Goods and Services [...]...
92. Icc International Court of Arbitration Icc International Court of Arbitration International Court of Arbitration in International Trade Meaning of ICC (International Court of Arbitration), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The ICC International Court of Arbitration was created in 1923 as the [...]...
93. London Court of International Arbitration London Court of International Arbitration (LCIA) in International Trade Meaning of London Court of International Arbitration (LCIA), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The LCIA is one of the world's leading international institutions for commercial [...]...
94. Safeguards Safeguards in International Trade Meaning of Safeguards, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Emergency measure taken when increased imports of particular products cause or threaten to cause serious injury to the importing country's domestic industry. [...]...
95. Mode Commitments in GATS This section provides an overview of mode commitments in gats within the legal context of Mode 4 Commitments in international economic law, with coverage of Labour Mobility (Main Regulatory Areas)....
96. Mode Commitments in PTAs This section provides an overview of mode commitments in ptas within the legal context of Mode 4 Commitments in international economic law, with coverage of Labour Mobility (Main Regulatory Areas)....
97. Mode 4 Commitments Mode 4 Commitments in International Economic Law In international economic law, mode 4 commitments includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal encyclopedia: li> Mode Commitments in GATS Mode Commitments in PTAs Readmission and Cooperation Agreements...
98. Monetary Law Allocation of Powers and Jurisdiction in Monetary Law This section provides an overview of allocation of powers and jurisdiction in monetary law within the legal context of Law and Economics in Monetary Affairs in international economic law, with coverage of Monetary and Financial Regulation [...]...
99. Monetary Policies The Role of Law in Monetary Policies This section provides an overview of the role of law in monetary policies within the legal context of Law and Economics in Monetary Affairs in international economic law, with coverage of Monetary and Financial Regulation (Main Regulatory Areas). Monetary [...]...
100. Monetary Affairs Law and Economics in Monetary Affairs in International Economic Law In international economic law, law and economics in monetary affairs includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal encyclopedia: li> Allocation of Powers and Jurisdiction in Monetary Law The Role of [...]...
101. Monetary Regulation Monetary and Financial Regulation This section provides an overview of monetary and financial regulation within the legal context of Monetary and Financial Regulation in international economic law (Main Regulatory Areas)....
102. Modes of Multilateral Tariff Negotiations This section provides an overview of modes of multilateral tariff negotiations within the legal context of Market Access (Customs Regulation) in international economic law (Main Regulatory Areas). Resources Further Reading Claudio Dordi, "Modes of Multilateral Tariff Negotiations," [...]...
103. Comparability in International Economic Law Comparability in International Economic Law (Goods) This section provides an overview of comparability in International Economic Law (Goods) within the legal context of National Treatment in international economic law, with coverage of Non-Discrimination in Trade of Goods and Services [...]...
104. Different Functions in Goods and Services This section provides an overview of different functions in goods and services within the legal context of National Treatment in international economic law, with coverage of Non-Discrimination in Trade of Goods and Services (Principles). Resources Further Reading Nicolas F Diebold, [...]...
105. Standard of Review This section provides an overview of standard of review within the legal context of National Treatment in international economic law, with coverage of Non-Discrimination in Trade of Goods and Services (Principles). Resources Further Reading Petros C Mavroidis, "Standard of Review," [...]...
106. Non-Discrimination in Trade of Goods Non-Discrimination in Trade of Goods and Services This section provides an overview of non-discrimination in trade of goods and services within the legal context of Non-Discrimination in Trade of Goods and Services in international economic law (Principles)....
107. Non-Discrimination in Trade of Services Non-Discrimination in Trade of Goods and Services in International Economic Law In international economic law, non-discrimination in trade of goods and services includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal encyclopedia: li>National Treatment Most-Favoured Nation [...]...
108. Minority Rights Democracy and Minority Rights This section provides an overview of democracy and minority rights within the legal context of Good Governance in international economic law, with coverage of Transparency and Good Governance (Principles). Resources Further Reading Philippe Coppens, [...]...
109. Monetary Institutions Monetary Institutions in International Economic Law In international economic law, monetary institutions includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal encyclopedia: li> International Monetary Fund (IMF) Central Banks Bank of International Settlements (BIS) [...]...
110. Permanent Court of Arbitration Introduction to Permanent Court of Arbitration Permanent Court of Arbitration, panel of arbitrators established by the Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes, signed by 24 nations at the first international peace conference at The Hague, the Netherlands, in 1899. The [...]...
111. World Trade Organization Unlike GATT, the WTO is a permanent body but not a specialized agency of the United Nations. Introduction to World Trade Organization World Trade Organization (WTO), international body that promotes and enforces the provisions of trade laws and regulations. The World Trade Organization has [...]...
112. Corruption Corruption Definition Corruption, wrongdoing by those in a special position of trust. The term is commonly applied to self-benefiting conduct by public officials and others dedicated to public service. (1) Corruption is not a technical term; it is not considered a criminal offence in most [...]...
113. Countervailing Duties Summary of Countervailing Duties Special duties, over and above ordinary duties, imposed upon imported merchandise to counteract the economic advantage provided to the foreign supplier by his government in the form of export subsidies. The object of countervailing duties is to protect [...]...
114. International Courts International Law: International Courts and Organizations Introduction to International Courts Judicial decisions rendered by international courts are important elements in identifying and confirming international legal rules. The most important international courts are the UN International [...]...
115. Public Health Introduction to Public Health Public Health, protection and improvement of the health of entire populations through community-wide action, primarily by governmental agencies. The goals of public health are to prevent human disease, injury, and disability; protect people from environmental [...]...
116. Environmental Protection Communities of all sizes, from townships to the national government, establish laws that govern how individuals acting within the community are to conduct themselves. The environment is arguably one of the newest considerations to be decided by and incorporated into the body of the law. The [...]...
117. Culture Culture and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Culture provided by the European Union Commission: Whilst the will to conduct cultural activities at European level was apparent as early as the 1970s, it was not until 1991 that culture was officially given a place in European [...]...
118. Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency: An independent agency of the World Bank group established in 1988 to [...]...
119. Mercantilism Mercantilism and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Mercantilism: A once-prominent economic philosophy that equated national wealth and prowess with the accumulation of gold and other [...]...
120. Technology Transfer Technology Transfer and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Technology Transfer: The diffusion of practical knowledge from one enterprise, institution or country to another. Technology may be [...]...