Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Economic Law Regulatory Areas Economic Law Main Regulatory Areas in International Law In international economic law, main regulatory areas includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal encyclopedia: li>Competition Law and Policy Domestic Regulation (Behind the Borders) Government Procurement Labour [...]...
2. Domestic Regulation Domestic Regulation (Behind the Borders) This section provides an overview of domestic regulation (behind the borders) within the legal context of Domestic Regulation (Behind the Borders) in international economic law (Main Regulatory Areas). Domestic Regulation (Behind the Borders) in [...]...
3. Rules Relating to Intellectual Property This section provides an overview of rules relating to intellectual property within the legal context of Impact of Domestic Regulation on Trade in Goods, Services and on Investment in international economic law, with coverage of Domestic Regulation (Behind the Borders) (Main Regulatory Areas)....
4. Trade in Services in the WTO – General Rules This section provides an overview of trade in services in the wto – general rules within the legal context of WTO Commitments in international economic law, with coverage of Trades in Services and Specific Sectors (Main Regulatory Areas)....
5. Impact of Preferential Trade Agreements on Standards Impact of Preferential Trade Agreements on Regulation and Standards This section provides an overview of impact of preferential trade agreements on regulation and standards within the legal context of Harmonization, Equivalence and Mutual Recognition in international economic law, with [...]...
6. Trade in Services in the WTO – Specific Commitments This section provides an overview of trade in services in the wto – specific commitments within the legal context of WTO Commitments in international economic law, with coverage of Trades in Services and Specific Sectors (Main Regulatory Areas)....
7. Business Services This section provides an overview of business services within the legal context of Specific Sectors in international economic law, with coverage of Trades in Services and Specific Sectors (Main Regulatory Areas). Resources Further Reading Dale Honeck, "Business Services," Elgar [...]...
8. Financial Services Financial Services and the World Trade Organization Financial Services in relation to the World Trade Organization (WTO) covers several issues. European Passport and Europe There is an entry on european passport in the European legal encyclopedia. This section provides an overview of financial [...]...
9. WTO Commitments This section provides an overview of wto commitments within the legal context of WTO Commitments in international economic law, with coverage of Trades in Services and Specific Sectors (Main Regulatory Areas)....
10. Land Transport Services This section provides an overview of land transport services within the legal context of Specific Sectors in international economic law, with coverage of Trades in Services and Specific Sectors (Main Regulatory Areas)....
11. Rules Relating to Investment This section provides an overview of rules relating to investment within the legal context of Impact of Domestic Regulation on Trade in Goods, Services and on Investment in international economic law, with coverage of Domestic Regulation (Behind the Borders) (Main Regulatory Areas). Resources [...]...
12. Coverage in Investment Protection This section provides an overview of coverage in investment protection within the legal context of Investment Protection in international economic law, with coverage of The Protection of Property (Main Regulatory Areas). Resources Further Reading Andrew Mitchell and Jacky Mandelbaum, [...]...
13. Air Transport Services This section provides an overview of air transport services within the legal context of Specific Sectors in international economic law, with coverage of Trades in Services and Specific Sectors (Main Regulatory Areas). Resources Further Reading Antonia Carzaniga, "Air Transport [...]...
14. Environmental Services This section provides an overview of environmental services within the legal context of Specific Sectors in international economic law, with coverage of Trades in Services and Specific Sectors (Main Regulatory Areas). Resources Further Reading Mireille Cossy, "Environmental [...]...
15. Recreation Services Recreation, Cultural and Sporting Services This section provides an overview of recreation, cultural and sporting services within the legal context of Specific Sectors in international economic law, with coverage of Trades in Services and Specific Sectors (Main Regulatory Areas). Resources [...]...
16. Labor Mobility Labour Mobility This section provides an overview of labour mobility within the legal context of Labour Mobility in international economic law (Main Regulatory Areas). Labour Mobility in International Economic Law In international economic law, labour mobility includes the following legal [...]...
17. Comparability in International Economic Law Comparability in International Economic Law (Goods) This section provides an overview of comparability in International Economic Law (Goods) within the legal context of National Treatment in international economic law, with coverage of Non-Discrimination in Trade of Goods and Services [...]...
18. Quantitative Restrictions in Services This section provides an overview of quantitative restrictions in services within the legal context of Market Access (Quantitative Restrictions in Goods and Services) in international economic law (Main Regulatory Areas). Resources Further Reading Panagiotis Delimatsis, "Quantitative [...]...
19. Harmonization Harmonization and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Harmonization: Cutting tariffs in a way that results in greater uniformity in rates applied to most items within each [...]...
20. Investment Regulation Impact of Domestic Regulation on Trade in Goods, Services and on Investment in International Economic Law In international economic law, impact of domestic regulation on trade in goods, services and on investment includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal [...]...
21. Cooperation Agreements Readmission and Cooperation Agreements This section provides an overview of readmission and cooperation agreements within the legal context of Mode 4 Commitments in international economic law, with coverage of Labour Mobility (Main Regulatory Areas). Resources Further Reading Rosa Maria [...]...
22. Government Procurement Agreement Procedures Procedures under the GPA This section provides an overview of procedures under the gpa within the legal context of The Government Procurement Agreement (GPA) in international economic law, with coverage of Government Procurement (Main Regulatory Areas). Resources Further Reading Robert D [...]...
23. Legal Security Property Rights, Legal Security and Development This section provides an overview of property rights, legal security and development within the legal context of Property Rights in international economic law, with coverage of The Protection of Property (Main Regulatory Areas)....
24. Intellectual Property Obligations Toward Ceilings and Graduation of IP obligations This section provides an overview of toward ceilings and graduation of ip obligations within the legal context of Intellectual Property Protection in international economic law, with coverage of The Protection of Property (Main Regulatory Areas)....
25. Monetary Policies The Role of Law in Monetary Policies This section provides an overview of the role of law in monetary policies within the legal context of Law and Economics in Monetary Affairs in international economic law, with coverage of Monetary and Financial Regulation (Main Regulatory Areas). Monetary [...]...
26. Investment Barriers-to-Entry This section provides an overview of investment barriers-to-entry within the legal context of Market Access (Quantitative Restrictions in Goods and Services) in international economic law (Main Regulatory Areas). Resources Further Reading Wolfgang Alschner, "Investment [...]...
27. Rules on Subsidies This section provides an overview of rules on subsidies within the legal context of Trade Remedies and Countervailing Duties in international economic law (Main Regulatory Areas). Resources Further Reading Luca Rubini, "Rules on Subsidies," Elgar Encyclopedia of International [...]...
28. International Regulatory Approaches Regulatory Approaches in International Economic Law In international economic law, regulatory approaches includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal encyclopedia: li> The Shift to Non-tariff Barriers and Product Regulation Minimum StandardsThomas Cottier and Jonas [...]...
29. Investment Rules Relationship of Competition Law to Trade and Investment Rules This section provides an overview of relationship of competition law to trade and investment rules within the legal context of Competition Law and Policy in international economic law (Main Regulatory Areas). Resources Further [...]...
30. Different Functions in Goods and Services This section provides an overview of different functions in goods and services within the legal context of National Treatment in international economic law, with coverage of Non-Discrimination in Trade of Goods and Services (Principles). Resources Further Reading Nicolas F Diebold, [...]...
31. Government Procurement Agreement Thresholds Thresholds and Non-Discrimination under the GPA This section provides an overview of thresholds and non-discrimination under the gpa within the legal context of The Government Procurement Agreement (GPA) in international economic law, with coverage of Government Procurement (Main Regulatory [...]...
32. Monetary Law Allocation of Powers and Jurisdiction in Monetary Law This section provides an overview of allocation of powers and jurisdiction in monetary law within the legal context of Law and Economics in Monetary Affairs in international economic law, with coverage of Monetary and Financial Regulation [...]...
33. Protection of Property The Protection of Property This section provides an overview of the protection of property within the legal context of The Protection of Property in international economic law (Main Regulatory Areas)....
34. Parallel Importation in Intellectual Property Exhaustion of Rights and Parallel Importation in Intellectual Property This section provides an overview of exhaustion of rights and parallel importation in intellectual property within the legal context of Market Access (Quantitative Restrictions in Goods and Services) in international [...]...
35. Group of Seven Group of Seven (G- 7) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Group of Seven (G- 7): The seven leading industrial countries of the world: the United States, Japan, Germany, France, the United [...]...
36. Property Rights Spanish Translation of property rights This is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to property rights and / or a definition of this topic: Derecho Real (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry). Property Rights and the Environment Contents of Property [...]...
37. Non-Discrimination in Trade of Services Non-Discrimination in Trade of Goods and Services in International Economic Law In international economic law, non-discrimination in trade of goods and services includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal encyclopedia: li>National Treatment Most-Favoured Nation [...]...
38. Anti-dumping Anti-dumping Anti-Dumping and Competition Law and the World Trade Organization Anti-Dumping and Competition Law in relation to the World Trade Organization (WTO) covers several issues. The Anti-Dumping Agreement and the World Trade Organization The Anti-Dumping Agreement in relation to the [...]...
39. WTO Agreements on Agriculture The WTO Agreements on Agriculture (AoA) This section provides an overview of the wto agreements on agriculture (aoa) within the legal context of Sectorial Agreements in international economic law (Main Regulatory Areas)....
40. Monetary Regulation Monetary and Financial Regulation This section provides an overview of monetary and financial regulation within the legal context of Monetary and Financial Regulation in international economic law (Main Regulatory Areas)....
41. International Monetary Fund International Monetary Fund Outline The UN Monetary and Financial Conference met in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, United States, from 1 to 20 July 1944. The Bretton Woods Agreement announced the establishment of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for [...]...
42. Monetary Institutions Monetary Institutions in International Economic Law In international economic law, monetary institutions includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal encyclopedia: li> International Monetary Fund (IMF) Central Banks Bank of International Settlements (BIS) [...]...
43. Monetary Approach A view held by one school of economics, that the rate of exchange between two currencies is determined by the relative supply and demand for those currencies.......
44. Monetary Bloc A group of countries that have in common the use of a particular reserve asset. Traditionally, the U.S. dollar and the pound sterling have served as primary reserve assets for many nations, resulting in monetary blocs arising around the dollar or the pound.......
45. Monetary Unit The unit of account established by law in terms of which transactions are expressed. In the United States the monetary unit is the dollar, which, although no longer officially converted into gold, is tied to gold at the rate of $42.22 per fine ounce.......
46. Monetary Damages When Monetary Damages Are Inadequate: Main Elements The coverage of When Monetary Damages Are Inadequate includes the following element(s): Other Remedies for Breach of Contract For detailed information on this issue, please read the corresponding entry. References See Also Contracts (in [...]...
47. Monetary Policy Monetary Policy (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Monetary Policy means: the complex of actions aiming to regulate the money supply in a country. By changing banking interest rate, or acting on open securities' market, a government either enlarges or diminishes inflow of [...]...
48. Monetary Powers Fiscal and Monetary Powers of Congress in U.S. Constitutional Law A list of entries related to Fiscal and Monetary Powers of Congress may be found, under the Fiscal and Monetary Powers of Congress subject group, in the United States constitutional law platform of the American legal encyclopedia....
49. Monetary System European Monetary System (ems) and Europe There is an entry on european monetary system (ems) in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Public Finance Public Policy Tax Law Financial Regulation Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "European Monetary System (ems)" [...]...
50. Monetary Committee Monetary Committee and Europe There is an entry on monetary committee in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Monetary Committee" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney Leach [...]...
51. Monetary Agreement Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to monetary agreement in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
52. Monetary Relations Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to monetary relations in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
53. Monetary Transfer Resources See Also Finance Consumer Credit Negotiable Instrument Securities Financial Regulation Corporate Finance International Public Finance...
54. Monetary Union Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental Organization Regional Organization Regional Integration...
55. Monetary Circulation Resources See Also Public Finance Public Policy Tax Law Financial Regulation...
56. Monetary Unit of Account Embracing mainstream international law, this section on monetary unit of account explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "monetary unit of account" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of [...]...
57. Monetary Reserves Precious metal, or foreign currencies convertible into metal, held by a national treasury or central bank as security for money in circulation.......
58. Monetary Compensatory Amounts Settlements between member states of the European Economic Community to reflect the market rate of currencies used in agricultural transactions and the periodically revised Green Rate (read this and related legal terms for f......
59. Monetary Gold Case Embracing mainstream international law, this section on monetary gold case explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "monetary gold case" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law [...]...
60. Affairs Dumas Affair and Europe There is an entry on dumas affair in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Statement of affairs Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Dumas Affair" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to [...]...
61. Department of Foreign Affairs Contents Departments of Foreign Affairs Introduction Government agencies that deal with foreign affairs are usually called the ministry or department ... Read more...
62. International Affairs International Affairs in the CEDAW Article 8 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) stipulates, in relation to International Affairs, that all countries are required to ensure women the equal opportunity to represent their governments at the [...]...
63. Public Affairs Civil Society Organisation (cso) in Election Law In a democracy, all persons have the right to participate in public affairs, including civil society activities and the right to freedom of association and to form and join civil society organisations. Such organisations play an essential role [...]...
64. Temporal Affairs Temporal Affairs, Management From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Temporal Affairs, Management (1): A majority of a religious corporation at a regularly called meeting may, by a vote taken, bind the minority in all temporal affairs.120 The character of membership in the [...]...
65. Treaty Affairs Cross References of Treaty Affairs in International Law Consular Notification and Compliance Act, information on Consular Assistence, Judicial Assistece and Related Issues in this legal Encyclopedia.A.2.c. Bermuda Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty, information on International Criminal Law in [...]...
66. Political Affairs Political Affairs The Department of Political Affairs (DPA) of the UN DPA is engaged in various types of rule of ... Read more...
67. Legal Affairs Legal Affairs The UN Office of Legal Affairs (OLA) As the central legal service of the Organization, OLA provides legal ... Read more...
68. Military Affairs Information-based Revolution in Military Affairs: Roots and Influence on Military, the Law and other Social Sciences The subject of the article is the Information-Based Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA). The concept of RMA is identified as a way to increase combat capabilities based on a [...]...
69. Home Affairs Justice and Home Affairs (JHA) and Europe There is an entry on justice and home affairs (jha) in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Justice and Home Affairs (JHA)" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to [...]...
70. Justice and Home Affairs Justice and Home Affairs and the European Union Resources See Also JHA...
71. PAIS: Public Affairs Information Service Contents PAIS: Public Affairs Information Service Index database details: New York: Public Affairs Information Service, 1972-. Monthly with annual cumulations. ... Read more...
72. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Organization United Nations United Nations System...
73. Monetary Freedom Contents Monetary Freedom Introduction The Index of Economic Freedom The Index of Economic Freedom measures ten components of economic freedom, ... Read more...
74. Non-Monetary Incentives Literature Review on (Management) Non-Monetary Incentives and Productivity In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Hedy L. Isaacs offers the following summary about the topic of (Management) Non-Monetary Incentives and Productivity: Non-monetary incentives refer [...]...
75. Central Monetary Institutions The principal agencies of government responsible for a nation's international financial affairs, particularly in exchange rate or balance of payments matters. The central monetary institutions usually consist of the ministry of finance and the central bank, or another exchange control agency.......
76. European Monetary Cooperation Fund The successor to the European payments Union (read this and related legal terms for further details), the EMCF was established by the European Monetary Agreement of 1958 as a vehicle to enhance monetary cooperation among......
77. European Monetary System Summary of European Monetary System A mechanism established by the European Communities to mitigate exchange rate fluctuations among the members and establish a zone of "monetary stability in Europe."The EMS is, in part, a fulfillment of the 1970 Werner Report (read this and [...]...
78. Latin Monetary Union Latin Monetary Union and Europe There is an entry on latin monetary union in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Latin Monetary Union" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney [...]...
79. European Monetary Union Meaning of European Monetary Union Here is a very short concept of european monetary union in the European Union framework: It is a common mistake that EMU means European monetary union. In fact the initials stand for Economic and Monetary Union, a more far-reaching goal. Resources Notas y [...]...
80. European Economic and Monetary Union Resources See Also Finance Consumer Credit Negotiable Instrument Securities Financial Regulation Corporate Finance International Public Finance...
81. International Monetary Reform Resources See Also Finance Consumer Credit Negotiable Instrument Securities Financial Regulation Corporate Finance International Public Finance...
82. INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEM Resources See Also Finance Consumer Credit Negotiable Instrument Securities Financial Regulation Corporate Finance International Public Finance...
83. International Monetary Regulation Contents International Monetary Regulation Resources See Also Foreign Policy Foreign Affairs International Relations Further Reading Adler, E., & Haas, P. ... Read more...
84. West African Economic and Monetary Union West African Economic and Monetary Union or Union Economique et Monetaire Ouest africaine (UEMOA) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of West African Economic and Monetary Union or Union [...]...
85. Foreign Affairs In relation to the foreign affairs and constitutional law, Helmut Philipp Aust[1] made the following observation: The domain of foreign affairs is referred to in constitutional law and its scholarship in order to demarcate the conduct of the foreign relations of a state from other, at [...]...
86. Report To The Council And Commission On Economic And Monetary Union In The Community A report from 1970. See Werner Report Community.......
87. Depreciation (Monetary) A fall in the value of money. This fall may be reflected as (1) internal depreciation, a decline in the domestic buying power of money, as measured by standard indices— if it now costs $110 to buy what $100 would have bought a year ago, the dollar has depreciated by 9 percent (100 divided by 110) ......
88. European Monetary Institute European Monetary Institute (emi) and Europe There is an entry on european monetary institute (emi) in the European legal encyclopedia. European Monetary Institute and the European Union Resources See Also EMI Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "European Monetary Institute [...]...
89. Economic and Monetary Union Economic and Monetary Union and the European Union Resources See Also EMU...
90. Mode Commitments in GATS This section provides an overview of mode commitments in gats within the legal context of Mode 4 Commitments in international economic law, with coverage of Labour Mobility (Main Regulatory Areas)....
91. Standards for Market Actors This section provides an overview of standards for market actors within the legal context of Financial Regulation in international economic law, with coverage of Monetary and Financial Regulation (Main Regulatory Areas). Resources Further Reading Rashid Bahar, "Standards for Market [...]...
92. Insurance Core Principles This section provides an overview of insurance core principles within the legal context of Financial Regulation in international economic law, with coverage of Monetary and Financial Regulation (Main Regulatory Areas). Resources Further Reading Rekha Oleschak-Pillai, "Insurance Core [...]...
93. Banking Core Principles This section provides an overview of banking core principles within the legal context of Financial Regulation in international economic law, with coverage of Monetary and Financial Regulation (Main Regulatory Areas). Resources Further Reading Xavier-Yves Zanota, "Banking Core [...]...
94. International Standards This section provides an overview of international standards within the legal context of Financial Regulation in international economic law, with coverage of Monetary and Financial Regulation (Main Regulatory Areas)....
95. Financial Regulation Financial Regulation in International Economic Law In international economic law, financial regulation includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal encyclopedia: li> International Standards Banking Core Principles Insurance Core Principles Standards for Market Actors...
96. Modes of Multilateral Tariff Negotiations This section provides an overview of modes of multilateral tariff negotiations within the legal context of Market Access (Customs Regulation) in international economic law (Main Regulatory Areas). Resources Further Reading Claudio Dordi, "Modes of Multilateral Tariff Negotiations," [...]...
97. Market Access Summary of Market Access The degree of participation in the domestic market that a nation allows to foreign suppliers. Tariffs, quotas, and similar protective devices are devices imposed to limit market access. (Main Author: William J. Miller) Market Access and National Treatment in the [...]...
98. Most Favoured Nation Treatment Most Favoured Nation Treatment (MFN) in International Trade Meaning of Most Favoured Nation Treatment (MFN), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A non discriminatory trade policy commitment on the part of one country to extend to another country the lowest [...]...
99. Mutual Recognition in Services Harmonization and Mutual Recognition in Services: GATS (Article VII) This section provides an overview of harmonization and mutual recognition in services: gats (article vii) within the legal context of Harmonization, Equivalence and Mutual Recognition in international economic law, with [...]...
100. Mode Commitments in PTAs This section provides an overview of mode commitments in ptas within the legal context of Mode 4 Commitments in international economic law, with coverage of Labour Mobility (Main Regulatory Areas)....
101. Mode 4 Commitments Mode 4 Commitments in International Economic Law In international economic law, mode 4 commitments includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal encyclopedia: li> Mode Commitments in GATS Mode Commitments in PTAs Readmission and Cooperation Agreements...
102. Migration Law A Legacy of Fragmentation in Migration, Trade and Investment Law This section provides an overview of a legacy of fragmentation in migration, trade and investment law within the legal context of Trade, Investment and Migration in international economic law, with coverage of Labour Mobility [...]...
103. Maritime Transport Services This section provides an overview of maritime transport services within the legal context of Specific Sectors in international economic law, with coverage of Trades in Services and Specific Sectors (Main Regulatory Areas)....
104. Main Regulatory Areas This section provides an overview of main regulatory areas within the legal context of in international economic law (Main Regulatory Areas)....
105. Most Favoured Nation Differential Treatment Implied Departures from MFN and Differential Treatment This section provides an overview of implied departures from mfn and differential treatment within the legal context of Most-Favoured Nation Treatment (MFN) in international economic law, with coverage of Non-Discrimination in Trade of [...]...
106. Most-Favoured Nation Treatment in Investment Law This section provides an overview of most-favoured nation treatment in investment law within the legal context of Non-Discrimination on Foreign Direct Investment in international economic law (Principles). Resources Further Reading Piero Bernardini, "Most-Favoured Nation Treatment in [...]...
107. Countervailing Duties Summary of Countervailing Duties Special duties, over and above ordinary duties, imposed upon imported merchandise to counteract the economic advantage provided to the foreign supplier by his government in the form of export subsidies. The object of countervailing duties is to protect [...]...
108. Voluntary Export Restraints Summary of Voluntary Export Restraints Synonymous with Orderly Marketing Agreement (q.v. See Bilateral Restraints Agreement.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Voluntary Export Restraints (VERs) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, [...]...
109. Counterfeiting Introduction to Counterfeiting Counterfeiting, criminal offense of making an imitation of an article with intent to defraud others into accepting it as the genuine item. The term counterfeit is used most frequently to denote imitations of coined money or of the paper currency of a government [...]...
110. Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency: An independent agency of the World Bank group established in 1988 to [...]...
111. Mercantilism Mercantilism and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Mercantilism: A once-prominent economic philosophy that equated national wealth and prowess with the accumulation of gold and other [...]...
112. Compulsory Licensing Compulsory Licensing and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Compulsory Licensing: A term used in the context of intellectual property rights, primarily with regard to [...]...
113. Government Procurement Government Procurement and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Government Procurement: Government policies and procedures for purchasing goods and services. Procurement [...]...
114. Import Licensing Import Licensing and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Import Licensing: Procedures requiring the submission of an application or other documentation (other than those [...]...
115. Rules of Origin Rules of Origin and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Rules of Origin: The laws, regulations, and administrative practices that are applied to ascribe acountry of origin to [...]...
116. Quotas Quota Auctioning and International Trade Quotas in Economic Law This section provides an overview of quotas and import licensing within the legal context of Market Access (Quantitative Restrictions in Goods and Services) in international economic law (Main Regulatory Areas). Resources Further [...]...
117. Unfair Competition Unfair Competition and International Trade California's Unfair Competition Law and the Electronic Commerce California's Unfair Competition Law in the Online Business Law New York Unfair Competition Law and the Electronic Commerce New York Unfair Competition Law in the Online Business [...]...
118. Goods Flow of Goods and Services In this global economy, the flow of goods and services across borders, otherwise known as trade, is a critical factor to the health and growth of a country’s economy. Yet many developing countries struggle with legal, institutional, and operational constraints that [...]...
119. Border Tax Adjustment Border Tax Adjustment (BTA) in International Trade Meaning of Border Tax Adjustment (BTA), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A tax to which domestically produced goods and imports are subject but from which exports are exempt. Border tax adjustments are [...]...
120. Sanitary Measures Sanitary Measures in International Trade Meaning of Sanitary Measures, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Regulations that governments impose to restrict imports for health protection reasons. See also phytosanitary certificate; sanitary certificate. [...]...