Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Market Definition and Scope References See Also Business Law Antitrust Laws...
2. Common External Tariff Summary of Common External Tariff The uniform customs tariff applied by all the member states of a customs union or common market to imports from nonmember nations.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Common External Tariff and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT [...]...
3. Social Dialogue Social dialogue in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of Social dialogue provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: Discussion and co-operation between the social partners on matters of common interest, such as economic and social policy. Involves participation by the state where tripartism [...]...
4. European Community European Community (EC) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of European Community (EC): (Previously known as the European Economic Community, or EEC; the term "European Communities" [...]...
5. Labor Advisory Committee Labor Advisory Committee (LAC) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Labor Advisory Committee (LAC): A policy-level committee that forms part of the private sector advisory system established by [...]...
6. Monetary Policy Monetary Policy (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Monetary Policy means: the complex of actions aiming to regulate the money supply in a country. By changing banking interest rate, or acting on open securities' market, a government either enlarges or diminishes inflow of [...]...
7. Rules-Oriented Trade Policy Rules-Oriented Trade Policy and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Rules-Oriented Trade Policy: An idealized approach to trade policy under which governments establish a set of rules for the [...]...
8. External Responsibilities External responsibilities of the European Community and the Treaties of the European Union Description of External responsibilities of the European Community provided by the European Union Commission: The European Community's external responsibilities are defined in accordance with whether [...]...
9. Chicken War A protracted dispute between the United States and the European Economic Community arising from the adoption of Europe's COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY (read this and related legal terms for further details) on chicken i......
10. Social Dumping Social Dumping and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Social Dumping: An unfair trade practice whereby an exporter achieves a cost advantage over its rivals in foreign markets [...]...
11. Common Transport Policy Common transport policy and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Common transport policy provided by the European Union Commission: The goal of the common transport policy is to remove obstacles at the borders between Member States so as to facilitate the free movement of persons [...]...
12. European Company European Company and Europe There is an entry on european company in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "European Company" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney Leach (Profile [...]...
13. Export Trading Company Export Trading Company and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Export Trading Company: (Also known as an export management company.) A private firm that provides related-related services to other [...]...
14. Managed Trade Managed Trade and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Managed Trade: A trade policy approach that denies the practicability of traditional "laissez-faire" approaches to trade, and instead [...]...
15. Commercial Policy Common Commercial Policy and Europe There is an entry on common commercial policy in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Economic Development Social development Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Common Commercial Policy" in the work "A Concise [...]...
16. Cutthroat Competition A discriminatory pricing practice whereby one vendor deliberately reduces prices to a low level with the object of driving out competition, thereby creating a monopoly or dominant market share. In the United States such practices are banned, although they are often employed in foreign countries.......
17. Absolute Advantage Absolute Advantage and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Absolute Advantage: The ability of a country to supply a particular product or class of goods at lower costs than competing nations. See [...]...
18. European Currency Unit (ECU) European Currency Unit (ECU) and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of European Currency Unit (ECU): A unit of value based on a "currency basket" comprising specific amounts of the [...]...
19. Free Trade Area Summary of Free Trade Area An association of states that seeks to overcome impediments to trade among members by reducing or eliminating tariffs among the participants. The members of a free trade area do not maintain a common external tariff nor do they (usually) provide for the free flow [...]...
20. Imperfect Competition Imperfect Competition and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Imperfect Competition: When an industry is marked by imperfect competition, market prices send "incorrect signals" regarding [...]...
21. Cartel Summary of Cartel An alliance among firms in the same line of business aimed at controlling or dominating their field on an international basis.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Definition of Cartel In accordance with the work A Dictionary of Law, this is a description of Cartel : [...]...
22. Laissez-faire Laissez Faire Summary of Laissez Faire A doctrine that government should refrain from any form of trade regulation, leaving productivity and distribution of wealth purely to market forces and individual industry. The concept arose around the beginning of the eighteenth century in France, [...]...
23. Common Commercial Policy Common commercial policy and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Common commercial policy provided by the European Union Commission: The Community has exclusive responsibility for the common commercial policy (Article 133 of the EC Treaty, formerly Article 113). Under the policy [...]...
24. Multilateralism Multilateralism and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Multilateralism: An approach to trade policy focusing on multilateral negotiations (as opposed to bilateral negotiations or regional trade [...]...
25. Intervention Price The price at which the European Economic Community, in accordance with the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details), will intervene in the market to buy excess agricultural produ......
26. Maritime Boundary Treaties U.S.-kiribati Maritime Boundary Treaty in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to U.s.-kiribati Maritime Boundary Treaty: On September 6, 2013, the United States and the Republic of Kiribati signed a boundary treaty delimiting the waters between their two [...]...
27. Manpower Policy Resources See Also Labor Employment Law International Labor Law Industrial Safety Labour Labor Right Labor Policy Employment...
28. Maritime Law Scope Maritime Law: The Scope of Maritime LawIntroduction to Maritime Law ScopeLiability for common-law wrongs is enforced by the maritime law of the United States and the United Kingdom (see Common Law; Tort). Maritime torts include all illegal acts or direct injuries arising in connect......
29. Social Partners Social partners in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of Social partners provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: Unions and employers or their representative organisations. Social Partners and Europe There is an entry on social partners in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See [...]...
30. Manpower Resources See Also Labor Employment Law International Labor Law Industrial Safety Labour Labor Right Labor Policy...
31. Manpower Needs Resources See Also Labor Employment Law International Labor Law Industrial Safety Labour Labor Right Labor Policy...
32. Market Market Reserve Policies and International Trade Resources See Also Economy Economic System Legal System Capitalism Resources See Also Law of Similars...
33. Market Value Embracing mainstream international law, this section on market value explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "market value" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (currently, the [...]...
34. Market-Inalienability Contents Market-Inalienability   Margaret Jane Radin   Things that may be given away but not sold are market-inalienable. In this ... Read more...
35. Market Access Summary of Market Access The degree of participation in the domestic market that a nation allows to foreign suppliers. Tariffs, quotas, and similar protective devices are devices imposed to limit market access. (Main Author: William J. Miller) Market Access and National Treatment in the [...]...
36. Market Disruption A condition in which foreign imports of a given product increase in quantity so rapidly as to cause, or threaten to cause, material injury to a competing domestic industry. A finding of market disruption before the International Trade Commission may result in retaliatory actions against the [...]...
37. Market Failure Market Imperfections or Market Failure and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Imperfections or Market Failure: Often refers to two sources of departure from perfect competition, i.e., [...]...
38. Market Structure Market Structure and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Structure: Refers to the structure of an industry or market, as reflected in the number and size distribution of sellers and buyers, [...]...
39. Market Power Market Power and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Power: The ability of an individual firm to exert control over prices prevailing in the markets for its products or services. The highest [...]...
40. Market Performance Market Performance and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Performance: The principal focus of competition policy, market performance refers to the degree to which a particular industry or [...]...
41. Market Risk Market Risk in International Trade Meaning of Market Risk, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The possibility that results at the time a product is delivered may differ from expectations held at a time it was ordered. For instance, the market price may have [...]...
42. Market Intelligence Improving Competitiveness Through Organizational Market Intelligence: Market Intelligence, the Law and other Social Sciences Market intelligence (MI) is a concept that results in real opportunities for knowledge management in organizations. MI is a cyclic process to deliver knowledge for [...]...
43. Market Economy Resources See Also Economy Economic System Legal System Capitalism...
44. Market Research Resources See Also Price Policy Price Control Pricing Strategy Dumping...
45. Market Planning Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
46. Market Stabilization Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
47. Market Study Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
48. Market Definition Resources See Also Business Law Antitrust Laws...
49. Market-Oriented Distribution Center A product distribution center located close to the point of consumption rather than the point of manufacture. For example, an American manufacturer of a product sold in Europe might supply European customers from a (market-oriented) distribution center in Rotterdam, rather than directly from the U.S......
50. Market Access Negotiations Market Access Negotiations and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Market Access Negotiations: In the context of the Uruguay Round as well as bilateral trade negotiations, [...]...
51. Market Access Data Base Market Access Data Base in International Trade Meaning of Market Access Data Base, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Database of the European Union with comprehensive information about tariffs in all countries of the world to European products and [...]...
52. Scope Subject Scope in Legal Information RetrievalThe following is a basic concept of Subject Scope in relation to information retrieval. In addition to this, Subject Scope may be applied to legal texts, including case law, legislation and scholarly works. The subject scope of an Information [...]...
53. International Law Scope International Law: Matters of International ConcernIntroduction to International Law ScopeThe scope of international law is vast. Nearly every matter of legal regulation within a nation has some international counterpart. Over the last century, advances in communications technology......
54. Patent Scope Patent Scope in the E.U. Patent System...
55. Economies of Scope Economies of Scope and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Economies of Scope: Cost savings that occur when reductions in average total costs can be achieved by increasing the number of distinct [...]...
56. Source and Scope Source and Scope in U.S. Constitutional Law A list of entries related to Source and Scope may be found, under the Source and Scope subject group, in the United States constitutional law platform of the American legal encyclopedia....
57. Scope of Coverage Resources See Also Disability Insurance Social Security Employment Affairs Social Security Benefits...
58. International Commercial Law Scope Legal Issues'International commercial law' appears to be wider because of the unsettled meanings of 'commercial law', which is more or less a mysterious term capable of covering anything relating to commerce. For example, the United Nations Commission on International Trade ......
59. International Trade Law Scope Legal IssuesBurnett's The Law of International Business Transactions (The Federation Press, Sydney, 1994) covers the areas of sale of goods, carriage of goods, financing of international transactions, GATT, export and import control, and international services trade. Day's The Law o......
60. Private International Law Scope International Law: Private ConcernsIntroduction to Private International Law ScopePrivate international law is concerned with various matters that are handled by a court of law in the following order. (1) The court must first decide whether or not it has jurisdiction in a case invo......
61. Scope of Letters of Request Contents Scope of Letters of Request In the Convention on the Taking of Evidence Abroad in Civil or Commercial Matters ... Read more...
62. Scope of Conflict With Al-qaida Nature and Geographic Scope of Conflict With Al-qaida in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): On September 16, 2011, John O. Brennan, Assistant to the President of the United States for Homeland Security [...]...
63. 1958 Convention: Material scope of application Contents 1958 Convention: Material scope of application   To determine whether a particular award or agreement falls within the subject ... Read more...
64. 1958 Convention: Territorial scope of application Contents 1958 Convention: Territorial scope of application   Article I(1) defines the territorial scope of application of the New York ... Read more...
65. Outside or beyond the scope of the arbitration agreement (Article V(1)(c)) Contents Outside or beyond the scope of the arbitration agreement (Article V(1)(c))   “The award deals with a difference not ... Read more...
66. Obligation of Peaceful Settlement Scope Contents Scope of the Obligation of Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes Note: this entry is based on the article, authored ... Read more...
67. Scope of the Securities Exchange Legislation Scope of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934: Main Elements in the United States of America (In the U.S. law) The coverage of Scope of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 includes the following element(s): Securities Regulation For detailed information on this issue, please read the [...]...
68. Scope of Military Detention Authority Scope of Military Detention Authority: Hedges v. Obama in 2013 (Continuation) United States views on international law [1] in relation to Scope of Military Detention Authority: Hedges v. Obama: Indeed, there are perfectly sensible and legitimate reasons for Congress to have affirmed the [...]...
69. Scope of Coverage of Social Security Resources See Also Disability Insurance Social Security Employment Affairs Social Security Benefits...
70. Money Market Accounts Money Market Accounts regarding Banking Law This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of Money Market Accounts covered in connexion with financial law and banking / lending Institutions....
71. At the Market Resources See Also Market order...
72. Black Market Black Market Definition Black Market is the term designating the illicit sale of commodities in violation of government rationing and price-fixing. The term originated in Europe during World War I, when the introduction of rationing in belligerent countries tempted some persons with access [...]...
73. Central Market A spot commodity market that serves as a national or regional center of trading activity, and often large-scale distribution of the products as well. Transactions are usually performed by dealers who serve as intermediary brokers between buyers and sellers.......
74. Common Market Summary of Common Market A supranational organization of trading nations, created to promote economic collaboration and minimize constraints on the free movement of goods among the member states. Features of a common market include elimination of tariffs on goods moving between member [...]...
75. Fair Market Value The value an imported product would fetch, under similar circumstances of sale, were the goods sold in the country of origin. Customs authorities are usually interested in the fair market value of imported merchandise inasmuch as sales below such value may serve as the basis of a Dumping (...
76. Free Market The economic system of a nation in which market forces determine which goods and services are produced, and at what price they are offered. Free market economies do not contain substantial government controls on resource availability, price levels, or central planning of economic objectives.......
77. Interbank Market A market for the purchase and sale in the spot and forward markets for foreign exchange among major commercial banks. Very often, these banks will offer to purchase or sell exchange through brokers, thereby initially protecting the identity of the market participants in a given currency at a point i......
78. Primary Market A spot commodity market dealing in a local producing area. Ordinarily such markets develop around local transportation centers.......
79. Single Market Summary of Single Market A component feature of the Common Agricultural policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Single Market and Europe There is an entry on single market in the European [...]...
80. Spot Market A market for commodities or currency in which the sale results in an immediate or nearly immediate exchange of the goods or instruments for cash, as compared with a futures market, which trades in contracts for the future delivery of the product.......
81. Bonds Market Bonds in this SectionBondHow Bonds WorkTypes of BondsIssu......
82. Grey Market Grey Market in International Trade Meaning of Grey Market, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A situation that consists of unauthorized traders buying and selling a company's product in different countries. Companies confronted with a grey situation can [...]...
83. Internal Market Meaning of Internal market Here is a very short concept of internal market in the European Union framework: Another term for the single market; also known as the common market, although that expression has wider connotations. Resources Notas y References See Also...
84. Over-the-counter Market Resources See Also NASD NASDAQ...
85. Actual Market Value Resources See Also Market volume...
86. Cornering the Market Resources See Also Corner...
87. Clear Market Value Resources See Also Fair market value...
88. Current Market Value Resources See Also Fair market value...
89. Agricultural Market Resources See Also Farming Farm Bill Agricultural Law Agriculture Reform Agriculture...
90. Capital Market Resources See Also Finance Consumer Credit Negotiable Instrument Securities Financial Regulation Corporate Finance...
91. Labor Market Resources See Also Labor Employment Law International Labor Law Industrial Safety Labour Labor Right Labor Policy...
92. Commodity Market Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
93. Domestic Market Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
94. Financial Market Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
95. International Market Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
96. Andean Common Market Considered in Andean Group.......
97. Carribbean Community And Common Market Commonly known as Caricom, the successor organization to the defunct Caribbean Free Trade Association (Carifta). The object of CARICOM was to stimulate regional development through the adoption of a common external tariff and uniform protectionist measures, harmonization of fiscal affairs, and conce......
98. Central American Common Market Summary of Central American Common Market A free trade area among the nations of Central America, established in 1960 by a treaty between El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. The common market began operations in 1961, and Costa Rica joined the group in 1962. Honduras dropped [...]...
99. European Common Market European Common MarketCross-reference: European Economic Community and European Union.......
100. Dual Exchange Market A governmentally mandated system for the handling of foreign exchange transactions under which officially sanctioned imports or other approved transactions are accommodated at a given, prescribed rate of exchange while other transactions employ the market rate of exchange. For a listing of countries......
101. Foreign Market Price For purposes of customs valuation comparisons, generally the price of like merchandise sold for consumption in the country of origin.......
102. London Discount Market The group of London discount houses that make a market for short-term government and commercial paper. The discount market is financed by secured loans from the London clearing banks.......
103. Open Market Captive See Captive Insurance Company.......
104. Open Market Operations A principal vehicle of the Federal Reserve system in expanding or contracting bank reserves. The Federal Open Market Committee, consisting of the entire Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve system, plus representatives of five of the twelve regional Federal Reserve banks (the New York Federal R......
105. Arab Common Market Arab Common Market Outline The ACM came into existence in 1965, pursuant to an agreement signed in 1964 by the Arab League states. Its initial members included Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Mauritania, Palestine Liberation Organisation, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, United Arab Emirates, Yeme......
106. Caribbean Community and Common Market Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM), organization established in 1973 to promote regional unity and to coordinate economic and foreign policy among Caribbean nations. Member countries include Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, G......
107. Southern Common Market Southern Common Market in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Southern Common Market: Mercado Common del Sur (MERCOSUR) or Mercado Comum do Sui (MERCOSUL). A common market including Argentina, [...]...
108. Islamic Common Market Islamic Common Market in International Trade Resources See Also Economic Cooperation Organization....
109. Caribbean-Canadian Common Market Caribbean-Canadian Common Market (CARIBCAN) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Caribbean-Canadian Common Market (CARIBCAN): A non-reciprocal preferential [...]...
110. Gray Market Definition In the United States For information about Gray Market Definition in the context of international trade, click here...
111. Gray Market Goods In the United States For information about Gray market goods in the context of international trade, click here...
112. Social Market Economy Social Market Economy and Europe There is an entry on social market economy in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Social Market Economy" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney [...]...
113. Standards for Market Actors This section provides an overview of standards for market actors within the legal context of Financial Regulation in international economic law, with coverage of Monetary and Financial Regulation (Main Regulatory Areas). Resources Further Reading Rashid Bahar, "Standards for Market [...]...
114. Capital Market Liability Capital Market Liability in Private International Law This section contain conflict of laws information and cross references related to capital market liability on some major countries and additional jurisdictions. It covers key issues involved when citizens face international situations. [...]...
115. Black-market Adoption Description of Black-market Adoption In this reference work, black-market adoption is a sort of the Family law category. Resources See Also Adoption Family law...
116. Gray-market Adoption Description of Gray-market Adoption In this reference work, gray-market adoption is a sort of the Family law category. Resources See Also Private Adoption Family law...
117. Clear Market Price Resources See Also Fair market value...
118. Labor Market Segmentation Resources See Also Economy Economic System Legal System Capitalism...
119. Single European Market Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental Organization Regional Organization Regional Integration...
120. European Internal Market Resources See Also International Trade Trade Regulation International Economic Law Export License International Trade Law Foreign Trade Safeguard...