Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Delay Clause Delay Clause in International Trade Meaning of Delay Clause, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An insurance policy clause that excludes claims for loss of market and for loss, damage or deterioration arising from delay. This exclusion appears in almost [...]...
2. Insurance Policy Spanish Translation of insurance policyThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to insurance policy and / or a definition of this topic: Póliza de Seguro (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
3. Insurance Premium Insurance Premium in International Trade Meaning of Insurance Premium, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The amount paid to an insurance company for coverage under an insurance policy....
4. Strikes, Riots and Civil Commotion Clause Strikes, Riots and Civil Commotion Clause in International Trade Meaning of Strikes, Riots and Civil Commotion Clause (SRCC), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An insurance clause referring to loss or damage directly caused by strikers, locked-out workmen, [...]...
5. Insurance Certificate Insurance Certificate in International Trade Meaning of Insurance Certificate, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A document used so that coverage is provided to cover loss or damage to cargo while in transit when insurance is placed against an open marine [...]...
6. Caricom Caricom Caricom in International Trade Meaning of Caricom, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The Caribbean Community Market (CARICOM) is an organization of 15 Caribbean nations established in 1973 whose main purposes are to promote economic integration and [...]...
7. Export Credit Insurance Export Credit Insurance in International Trade Meaning of Export Credit Insurance, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Special insurance coverage for exporters to protect against non payment by the importer (coverage may extend to certain other risks, [...]...
8. Insurance Broker Insurance Broker in International Trade Meaning of Insurance Broker, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An individual or firm who represents buyers of insurance and deals with insurance companies or their agents in arranging for insurance coverage for the [...]...
9. Bordereau Bordereau in International Trade Meaning of Bordereau, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A method of reporting shipments to an insurance company under an open insurance policy. An insurance form similar to a declaration, which provides for insurance [...]...
10. Special Marine Policy Special Marine Policy in International Trade Meaning of Special Marine Policy, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An insurance policy which is issued to cover a single shipment. The special marine policy form calls for the name of the vessel and sailing [...]...
11. Cost, Insurance and Freight (CIF) Cost, Insurance and Freight in International Trade Meaning of Cif Cost, Insurance and Freight, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In this Incoterms, the seller has the same obligations as under CFR but with the addition hat he has to procure marine [...]...
12. Freight Rate LCL/fcl in International Trade Meaning of LCL/fcl, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A way of quoting container freight rates in which the carrier agrees to pack the container at the outset (LCL) but unpacking at destination must be carried out by the [...]...
13. Open Marine Cargo Insurance Policy Open Marine Cargo Insurance Policy in International Trade Meaning of Open Marine Cargo Insurance Policy, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A type of insurance policy intended to cover an indefinite number of future individual shipments. The insurance [...]...
14. Special Cargo Policy A marine cargo policy issued to cover a specific shipment. A special policy may be issued when the shipper infrequently transports goods by water, or when the merchandise is so unusual or so valuable as to warrant a special policy. Frequent shippers customarily obtain an Open Policy (...
15. Binder Summary of Binder A temporary, often abbreviated document evidencing that insurance coverage has been effected. A binder is an interim measure until the full policy is prepared.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Binder in International Trade Meaning of Binder, according to the [...]...
16. Cargo Insurance Certificate Cargo Insurance Certificate in International Trade Meaning of Cargo Insurance Certificate, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A document indicating the type and amount of insurance coverage in force on a particular shipment. Used to assure the consignee [...]...
17. Common External Tariff Summary of Common External Tariff The uniform customs tariff applied by all the member states of a customs union or common market to imports from nonmember nations.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Common External Tariff and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT [...]...
18. Loading Summary of Loading A risk premium in addition to interest charges and acceptance fees deducted by a bank or discount house from the face value of a bill of exchange (read here for further details) presented for discounting. This additional margin will vary, depending upon the quality of the [...]...
19. Reinsurance An arrangement in which an insurance underwriter contractually spreads its policy risks with other underwriters, sharing the premium with them. For example, an underwriter may issue a policy for fifty million dollars to cover the loss of a ship; being unwilling to assume the full risk of loss, [...]...
20. CIP Carriage and Insurance Paid To CIP Carriage and Insurance Paid to in International Trade Meaning of Cip Carriage and Insurance Paid to, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In Incoterms CIP, the seller has the same obligations as under CPT (Carriage Paid to) terms, but with the addition [...]...
21. Del Credere Del Credere in International Trade Meaning of Del Credere, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): As relates to international commercial agency relationships, a del credere agent is one who guarantees the ability to pay prospective clients he or she has brought [...]...
22. Insurance Coverage Insurance Coverage in International Trade Meaning of Insurance Coverage, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The total amount of insurance that is carried....
23. Barter Summary of Barter A direct exchange of products without cash. In some cases, a third party is brought into the transaction to dispose of some or all of the goods in a third country; this practice is known as switch trading. See Countertrade.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Barter [...]...
24. Inherent Vice A latent defect in a product that causes damage to it, renders it useless, or otherwise inflicts an economic loss that is limited to the item itself. Insurance policies do not respond for losses attributable to inherent vice.......
25. Free of Capture and Seizure A clause in an ocean marine policy that deletes from the list of covered perils the WAR RISKS (read this and related legal terms for further details) of capture and seizure, and losses attributable thereto. All such war-......
26. Cargo Insurance Cargo Insurance in International Trade Meaning of Cargo Insurance, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Insurance placed on goods during transportation....
27. Unfair Calling Insurance Unfair Calling Insurance in International Trade Meaning of Unfair Calling Insurance, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Insurance coverage to protect principals who have issued demand guarantees or bonds against an unfair or abusive call of the [...]...
28. Import Substitution Summary of Import Substitution The act of eliminating imports of a given product by commencing production locally, often accompanied by controls such as increased duties, quotas, or outright bans to discourage or prevent continued foreign imports. This approach is fairly common on the part [...]...
29. Premium Spanish Translation of premiumThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to premium and / or a definition of this topic: Prima (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
30. Dumping Dumping in International Trade Meaning of Dumping, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The practice of selling a product in a foreign market at an unfairly low price (a price that is lower than the cost in the home market, or which is lower than the cost of [...]...
31. Invisible Trade Invisible Trade in International Trade Meaning of Invisible Trade, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Non-merchandise items such as freight, insurance, and financial services that are included in a country's balance of payments accounts (in the current [...]...
32. Cover Note Cover Note in International Trade Meaning of Cover Note, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Document issued by insurance company or insurance brokers instead of insurance policies or insurance certificates, which serves as proof of usual insurance [...]...
33. Clauses Sue & Labor Clause in International Trade Meaning of Sue & Labor Clause, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A provision in marine insurance obligating the assured to do things necessary after a loss to prevent further loss and to act in the best interests [...]...
34. Cash in Advance Cash in Advance (CAI) in International Trade Meaning of Cash in Advance (CAI), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Payment term in which the exporter receives payment before shipment of the goods. This minimizes the exporter's risk and financial costs, [...]...
35. Websites International Trade Websites Meaning of International Trade Websites, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Internet is the main tool to obtain information on foreign markets. There is a huge amount of information online including: international trade [...]...
36. Pilferage Pilferage in International Trade Meaning of Pilferage, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): As used in marine insurance policies, the term denotes petty thievery-the taking of small parts of a shipment-as opposed to the theft of a whole shipment or large [...]...
37. Trade Facilitation Trade Facilitation in International Trade Meaning of Trade Facilitation, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Removing obstacles to the movement of goods across borders (e.g. simplification of customs procedures). The International Law of Customs: Trade [...]...
38. Cartel Summary of Cartel An alliance among firms in the same line of business aimed at controlling or dominating their field on an international basis.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Definition of Cartel In accordance with the work A Dictionary of Law, this is a description of Cartel : [...]...
39. Economic Union Summary of Economic Union Also known as an economic community, an advanced form of economic integration on the part of several states. The economic union incorporates the features of a Common market (read this and related legal terms for further details)—unrestricted free trade among [...]...
40. Open Policy Marine insurance policy issued to cover various unspecified voyages over the life of the policy. An open policy is issued to a firm engaged in extensive shipping transactions, the details of which are probably unknown at the time the policy is issued; usually, the policyholder declares his [...]...
41. Foreign Exchange Foreign Exchange in International Trade Meaning of Foreign Exchange, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Current or liquid claims payable in foreign currency and in a foreign country (bank balances, checks, bills of exchange). Not to be confused with foreign [...]...
42. Trade Documents Trade Documents in International Trade Meaning of Trade Documents, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Paper documents (or electronic files) used in international trade that prove that certain events have taken place. For convenience, the documents commonly [...]...
43. Currency Currency in International Trade Meaning of Currency, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The circulating media of exchange in a country. Includes money and such financial instruments as checks. Resources See Also Public Finance Public Policy Tax Law [...]...
44. Floating Exchange Rate Floating Exchange Rate in International Trade Meaning of Floating Exchange Rate, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A rate of exchange that is determined by market forces. See also clean float and dirty float. Concept of Floating Exchange Rate An [...]...
45. Trade Act Trade Act in International Trade Meaning of Trade Act, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In U.S. Law legislation granting the President broad authority to enter into international agreement to reduce import barriers. Major purposes are: Protect American [...]...
46. Economic Integration Summary of Economic Integration The process of unifying two or more national economies through conscious coordination of trade, fiscal, and monetary activities. Economic integration is normally preceded by the reduction or abolition of tariffs, quotas, and similar constraints upon trade [...]...
47. Globaltrade Globaltrade in International Trade Meaning of Globaltrade, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Online business directory of export services providers and market analysis. It is a private website, sponsored by different agencies of foreign trade promotion. [...]...
48. Oligopsony A market condition in which there are a limited number of buyers of a given product or service.......
49. Lloyd's Register A publication containing details of the characteristics and construction of various oceangoing vessels. The publication is not produced by Lloyd's Of London (read this and related legal terms for further details), wh......
50. Insured Value Insured Value in International Trade Meaning of Insured Value, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The combined value of merchandise, inland freight, ocean freight, cost of packaging, freight forwarding charges, and insurance cost, for which insurance is obtained....
51. Miga Miga Miga in International Trade Meaning of Miga, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) is a financial institution that belong to the World Bank Group and provides political risk coinsurance and reinsurance [...]...
52. Market Access Data Base Market Access Data Base in International Trade Meaning of Market Access Data Base, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Database of the European Union with comprehensive information about tariffs in all countries of the world to European products and [...]...
53. Market Market Reserve Policies and International Trade Resources See Also Economy Economic System Legal System Capitalism Resources See Also Law of Similars...
54. Market Value Embracing mainstream international law, this section on market value explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "market value" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (currently, the [...]...
55. Market-Inalienability Contents Market-Inalienability   Margaret Jane Radin   Things that may be given away but not sold are market-inalienable. In this ... Read more...
56. Market Access Summary of Market Access The degree of participation in the domestic market that a nation allows to foreign suppliers. Tariffs, quotas, and similar protective devices are devices imposed to limit market access. (Main Author: William J. Miller) Market Access and National Treatment in the [...]...
57. Market Disruption A condition in which foreign imports of a given product increase in quantity so rapidly as to cause, or threaten to cause, material injury to a competing domestic industry. A finding of market disruption before the International Trade Commission may result in retaliatory actions against the [...]...
58. Market Failure Market Imperfections or Market Failure and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Imperfections or Market Failure: Often refers to two sources of departure from perfect competition, i.e., [...]...
59. Market Structure Market Structure and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Structure: Refers to the structure of an industry or market, as reflected in the number and size distribution of sellers and buyers, [...]...
60. Market Power Market Power and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Power: The ability of an individual firm to exert control over prices prevailing in the markets for its products or services. The highest [...]...
61. Market Performance Market Performance and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Performance: The principal focus of competition policy, market performance refers to the degree to which a particular industry or [...]...
62. Market Intelligence Improving Competitiveness Through Organizational Market Intelligence: Market Intelligence, the Law and other Social Sciences Market intelligence (MI) is a concept that results in real opportunities for knowledge management in organizations. MI is a cyclic process to deliver knowledge for [...]...
63. Market Economy Resources See Also Economy Economic System Legal System Capitalism...
64. Market Research Resources See Also Price Policy Price Control Pricing Strategy Dumping...
65. Market Planning Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
66. Market Stabilization Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
67. Market Study Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
68. Market Definition Resources See Also Business Law Antitrust Laws...
69. Market Scope Resources See Also Business Law Antitrust Laws...
70. Market-Oriented Distribution Center A product distribution center located close to the point of consumption rather than the point of manufacture. For example, an American manufacturer of a product sold in Europe might supply European customers from a (market-oriented) distribution center in Rotterdam, rather than directly from the U.S......
71. Market Access Negotiations Market Access Negotiations and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Market Access Negotiations: In the context of the Uruguay Round as well as bilateral trade negotiations, [...]...
72. Market Definition and Scope References See Also Business Law Antitrust Laws...
73. War Risk War Risk in International Trade Meaning of War Risk, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A peril that is normally excluded by a capture and seizure clause even in all risk clauses or London Institute of Underwriters Clause A. Insurance coverage is usually [...]...
74. Commercial Risk The risk borne by an exporter that his foreign customer may be unable to pay for merchandise imported under open account terms. Commercial risk is contrasted with political risks, which arise from governmental actions and are unrelated to the financial condition or credit-wor- thiness of the [...]...
75. Country Risk Country Risk in International Trade Meaning of Country Risk, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The possibility of non-payment caused by such buyer-country related problems as political instability, war, arbitrary government action and exchange [...]...
76. Exchange Risk Exchange Risk in International Trade Meaning of Exchange Risk, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The possibility of receiving less or paying more money because a receivable or a payable is denominated in a foreign currency. Countries with shortages of [...]...
77. Party at Risk Party at Risk in International Trade Meaning of Party at Risk, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Between the seller and the buyer, that party who has the most to lose in the event of damage or loss to a shipment, such as: Unpaid sellers, especially if the [...]...
78. Sovereign Risk Sovereign Risk in International Trade Meaning of Sovereign Risk, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The risk to a lendor that the government of a sovereign state may default on its financial obligations....
79. War Risk Insurance War Risk Insurance in International Trade Meaning of War Risk Insurance, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Insurance coverage against war risks as outlined in detail in some dozen rather than specific paragraphs of an insurance policy. The policy [...]...
80. Merger Control Risk In the United States For information about Merger Control Risk in the context of international trade, click here...
81. Coface Country Risk Coface Country Risk in International Trade Meaning of Coface Country Risk, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Country risk classification provided by the French company COFACE (Compagnie Française d'Assurance pour le Commerce Extérieur), [...]...
82. Credit Risk Insurance Credit Risk Insurance in International Trade Meaning of Credit Risk Insurance, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Insurance designed to cover risks of nonpayment for delivered goods....
83. Common Market Summary of Common Market A supranational organization of trading nations, created to promote economic collaboration and minimize constraints on the free movement of goods among the member states. Features of a common market include elimination of tariffs on goods moving between member [...]...
84. Spot Market A market for commodities or currency in which the sale results in an immediate or nearly immediate exchange of the goods or instruments for cash, as compared with a futures market, which trades in contracts for the future delivery of the product.......
85. Grey Market Grey Market in International Trade Meaning of Grey Market, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A situation that consists of unauthorized traders buying and selling a company's product in different countries. Companies confronted with a grey situation can [...]...
86. Money Market Accounts Money Market Accounts regarding Banking Law This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of Money Market Accounts covered in connexion with financial law and banking / lending Institutions....
87. European Internal Market Resources See Also International Trade Trade Regulation International Economic Law Export License International Trade Law Foreign Trade Safeguard...
88. Risk The Legal History of Risk (Gharar) in Islamic LawThis section provides an overview of Risk (Gharar) in Islamic Law ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Risk (Gharar) in Islamic Law in the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal [...]...
89. Currency Risk The economic risk assumed by a lender or seller who is to be paid in units of a foreign currency that, when translated at some future date into his own currency, he will have sustained a loss (in terms of his own currency) because the foreign currency has depreciated in value prior to settlement of ......
90. Financial Risk The risk borne by an exporter that his foreign customer may be unable or unwilling to pay for the merchandise purchased; the financial risk relates purely to commercial considerations and not to such "political" risks as expropriation or inconvertibility of currency.......
91. Political Risk An economic risk assumed by foreign creditors that political or military conditions in a debtor's country may preclude settlement of the obligation when due.......
92. Risk Management Summary of Risk Management The application of management techniques to identify, quantify, and respond to threats of loss or damage to a firm's assets. Such threats may arise from random events such as fire, explosion, theft, and acts of nature, or from the conscious efforts of external [...]...
93. Risk Retention Also known as self-insurance, a conscious decision to retain an identified economic risk rather than purchase insurance. This decision is made after comparing the cost of insurance with the likelihood, frequency, and severity of a possible loss. Normally, the money saved by not purchasing insurance ......
94. Transfer Risk The economic risk assumed by a creditor that the government of a foreign debtor will be unable or unwilling to make payment of the obligation in the agreed currency.......
95. Accessory Risk Spanish Translation of accessory risk and extended coverageThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to accessory risk or extended coverage and / or a definition of this topic: Riesgo Accesorio (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
96. Decrease of Risk Spanish Translation of decrease of riskThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to decrease of risk and / or a definition of this topic: Reducción del Riesgo (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
97. Credit Risk Contents Credit Risk Credit Risk and Collateralization Credit risk is the danger that a firm will not receive an amount ... Read more...
98. Risk Assessment Fuzzy Logic Approach in Risk Assessment, the Law and other Social Sciences Risk is the likelihood of occurrence of any event that may obstruct the ability of organizations to achieve their strategic, financial and operational goals. It is of profound importance for the business management to [...]...
99. Assumption of the Risk Description of Assumption of the Risk In this reference work, assumption of the risk is a sort of the Torts category. Resources See Also Negligence Torts...
100. At-risk Rules Description of At-risk Rules Resources See Also Internal Revenue...
101. Attachment of Risk Description of Attachment of Risk Resources See Also Sales...
102. Obvious Risk Resources See Also Assumption of risk...
103. Assumed Risk Resources See Also Assumption of risk...
104. At-risk Amount Resources See Also At-risk rules...
105. Assigned Risk Resources See Also Financial responsibility acts...
106. Assumption of Risk Resources See Also Volenti non fit injuria...
107. Interest Rate Risk The risk borne by the holder of fixed rate securities that interest rates will rise above those paid by his holdings, thereby depriving him of interest that might otherwise have been earned.......
108. Terrorism Risk Insurance Attachment Under the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act: Martinez v Cuba in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): On August 26, 2011, the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida granted the [...]...
109. Terrorism Risk Insurance Legislation Attachment Under the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act: Martinez v. Cuba In relation to the international law practice and Attachment Under the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act: Martinez v. Cuba in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: Privileges, Immunities About this [...]...
110. War Risk Insurance Premium Claims Embracing mainstream international law, this section on war risk insurance premium claims explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "war risk insurance premium claims" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic [...]...
111. Secondary Assumption of Risk Description of Secondary Assumption of Risk Resources See Also Contributory Negligence Under Negligence Negligence...
112. Primary Assumption of the Risk Description of Primary Assumption of the Risk Resources See Also Negligence...
113. Actual-risk Test Description of Actual-risk Test Resources See Also Workers Compensation...
114. At the Market Resources See Also Market order...
115. Black Market Black Market Definition Black Market is the term designating the illicit sale of commodities in violation of government rationing and price-fixing. The term originated in Europe during World War I, when the introduction of rationing in belligerent countries tempted some persons with access [...]...
116. Central Market A spot commodity market that serves as a national or regional center of trading activity, and often large-scale distribution of the products as well. Transactions are usually performed by dealers who serve as intermediary brokers between buyers and sellers.......
117. Fair Market Value The value an imported product would fetch, under similar circumstances of sale, were the goods sold in the country of origin. Customs authorities are usually interested in the fair market value of imported merchandise inasmuch as sales below such value may serve as the basis of a Dumping (...
118. Free Market The economic system of a nation in which market forces determine which goods and services are produced, and at what price they are offered. Free market economies do not contain substantial government controls on resource availability, price levels, or central planning of economic objectives.......
119. Interbank Market A market for the purchase and sale in the spot and forward markets for foreign exchange among major commercial banks. Very often, these banks will offer to purchase or sell exchange through brokers, thereby initially protecting the identity of the market participants in a given currency at a point i......
120. Primary Market A spot commodity market dealing in a local producing area. Ordinarily such markets develop around local transportation centers.......