Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Trade Balance J-Curve and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of J-Curve: The expected adjustment path in a country's trade balance following a currency depreciation or devaluation. Because a change in the [...]...
2. Rules-Oriented Trade Policy Rules-Oriented Trade Policy and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Rules-Oriented Trade Policy: An idealized approach to trade policy under which governments establish a set of rules for the [...]...
3. Common External Tariff Summary of Common External Tariff The uniform customs tariff applied by all the member states of a customs union or common market to imports from nonmember nations.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Common External Tariff and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT [...]...
4. Agglomeration Economies of Agglomeration and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Economies of Agglomeration: Cost savings that occur when industrial flm1s are located in close proximity to each other and are [...]...
5. European Community European Community (EC) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of European Community (EC): (Previously known as the European Economic Community, or EEC; the term "European Communities" [...]...
6. Attomey-in-fact Definition of Attomey-in-fact in International Trade The following is a concept of Attomey-in-fact in the context of international trade law, from the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A person authorized to transact business generally or to perform a designated task of a [...]...
7. Cutthroat Competition A discriminatory pricing practice whereby one vendor deliberately reduces prices to a low level with the object of driving out competition, thereby creating a monopoly or dominant market share. In the United States such practices are banned, although they are often employed in foreign countries.......
8. Capital Account Entries in a nation's balance of payment accounts reflecting long- or shortterm loans made to other countries, or by other countries to the recording nation. See Balance of Payments.......
9. Cartel Summary of Cartel An alliance among firms in the same line of business aimed at controlling or dominating their field on an international basis.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Definition of Cartel In accordance with the work A Dictionary of Law, this is a description of Cartel : [...]...
10. Laissez-faire Laissez Faire Summary of Laissez Faire A doctrine that government should refrain from any form of trade regulation, leaving productivity and distribution of wealth purely to market forces and individual industry. The concept arose around the beginning of the eighteenth century in France, [...]...
11. Export Trading Company Export Trading Company and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Export Trading Company: (Also known as an export management company.) A private firm that provides related-related services to other [...]...
12. Economic Vulnerability Economic Vulnerability and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Economic Vulnerability: In the context of trade relations, the proportion of a country's GNP accounted for by exports and imports [...]...
13. Devaluation Summary of Devaluation The official reduction of the value of a nation's money in relation to a standard (usually gold), special drawing rights, or the U.S. dollar. Inasmuch as all currencies are ultimately valued in terms of some standard, devaluation results in the conscious increase [...]...
14. Labor Advisory Committee Labor Advisory Committee (LAC) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Labor Advisory Committee (LAC): A policy-level committee that forms part of the private sector advisory system established by [...]...
15. Imperfect Competition Imperfect Competition and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Imperfect Competition: When an industry is marked by imperfect competition, market prices send "incorrect signals" regarding [...]...
16. Export-Led Growth Export-Led Growth and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Export-Led Growth: A macroeconomic strategy focusing on expansion of the export sector --such as through export subsidies or competitive [...]...
17. Current Account Summary of Current Account An entry in a nation's balance of payments accounts reflecting the purchase of goods or services for consumption immediately or in the near future. See Balance of Payments.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Current Account and International Trade [...]...
18. Deindustrialization Deindustrialization and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Deindustrialization: A term denoting a negative impact of international competition on the overall size of a country's manufacturing [...]...
19. Economic Rent Economic Rent and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Economic Rent: The gain to a producer or resource owner resulting from a trade barrier or other restriction of supply that leads to a higher [...]...
20. Social Dialogue Social dialogue in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of Social dialogue provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: Discussion and co-operation between the social partners on matters of common interest, such as economic and social policy. Involves participation by the state where tripartism [...]...
21. Economic Nationalism A conscious, articulated national drive toward economic self-sufficiency. Economic nationalism is comparable to Autarchy (read this and related legal terms for further details) but does not mandate the economic isolation......
22. Economic Union Summary of Economic Union Also known as an economic community, an advanced form of economic integration on the part of several states. The economic union incorporates the features of a Common market (read this and related legal terms for further details)—unrestricted free trade among [...]...
23. Quota Rents Quota Rents and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Quota Rents: The increase in profits that accrue to an import dealer (under an import quota) or an exporting firm (under an export quota or [...]...
24. Structural Adjustment Lending World Bank program designed to assist developing nations with balance of payments problems resulting from correctable internal economic patterns. The program provides hard currency loans conditional upon agreement by the beneficiary country to undertake certain specified corrective measures, [...]...
25. Absolute Advantage Absolute Advantage and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Absolute Advantage: The ability of a country to supply a particular product or class of goods at lower costs than competing nations. See [...]...
26. Industrial Policy Industrial Policy and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Industrial Policy: A program of selective government interventions designed to change the sectoral composition of a country's economy [...]...
27. European Currency Unit (ECU) European Currency Unit (ECU) and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of European Currency Unit (ECU): A unit of value based on a "currency basket" comprising specific amounts of the [...]...
28. Short-Term Capital Short-Term Capital Transactions and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Short-Term Capital Transactions: An element of a country's balance of payments that reflects loans granted to or received [...]...
29. Predation Predation and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Predation: In international trade contexts, an aggressive pricing strategy in which a foreign producer prices below cost to drive domestic firms [...]...
30. Economic Profit Economic Profit and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Economic Profit: The amount by which a producer's income exceeds total operating costs, including the cost of capital provided by the [...]...
31. Deadweight Loss Deadweight Loss and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Deadweight Loss: The net cost to society due to market imperfections or government interventions such as trade restrictions --i.e., losses by [...]...
32. Monetary Policy Monetary Policy (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Monetary Policy means: the complex of actions aiming to regulate the money supply in a country. By changing banking interest rate, or acting on open securities' market, a government either enlarges or diminishes inflow of [...]...
33. Fair Trade Fair Trade and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Fair Trade: International trade involving shipments that do not benefit from government assistance. Fair trade --and the related concept of unfair [...]...
34. Barter Summary of Barter A direct exchange of products without cash. In some cases, a third party is brought into the transaction to dispose of some or all of the goods in a third country; this practice is known as switch trading. See Countertrade.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Barter [...]...
35. Increasing-Returns Industry Increasing-Returns Industry and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Increasing-Returns Industry: An industry requiring an exceptionally large or expensive physical plant, so that economies of scale [...]...
36. European Economic Community Summary of European Economic Community One of the three components of the European Communities. In March 1957, the members of the European Coal and Steel Community (France, Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, and the Benelux countries) expanded the sphere of economic cooperation through the [...]...
37. Intervention Price The price at which the European Economic Community, in accordance with the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details), will intervene in the market to buy excess agricultural produ......
38. Unrequited Transfer A transfer payment, ie., the transfer of assets from one nation to another without expectation of recompense.......
39. Trade Policy Review Group Trade Policy Review Group (TPRG) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Trade Policy Review Group (TPRG): The subcabinet interagency group responsible for developing and coordinating US policies [...]...
40. Competition Policy Competition Policy and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Competition Policy: A broad category encompassing antitrust and other policies to remedy the imperfectly competitive nature of key [...]...
41. Structural Adjustment Policies Structural Adjustment Policies and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Structural Adjustment Policies: Measures --such as worker re-training and placement, capital formation, and R&D support [...]...
42. Airbus Airbus and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Airbus: Refers to commercial aircraft produced by Airbus Industry, a government- backed consortium comprising Aerospatiale (France), Daimler [...]...
43. Competitive Performance Competitive Performance and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Competitive Performance: The measurable results of competitiveness --i.e., the outcome of a country's or a firm's efforts in [...]...
44. Autarky Autarky and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Autarky: A policy that attempts to create a self-sufficient national economy entirely insulated from international trade, usually for ideological or [...]...
45. Market Failure Market Imperfections or Market Failure and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Imperfections or Market Failure: Often refers to two sources of departure from perfect competition, i.e., [...]...
46. Market Performance Market Performance and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Performance: The principal focus of competition policy, market performance refers to the degree to which a particular industry or [...]...
47. Market Structure Market Structure and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Structure: Refers to the structure of an industry or market, as reflected in the number and size distribution of sellers and buyers, [...]...
48. Market Market Reserve Policies and International Trade Resources See Also Economy Economic System Legal System Capitalism Resources See Also Law of Similars...
49. Market Access Summary of Market Access The degree of participation in the domestic market that a nation allows to foreign suppliers. Tariffs, quotas, and similar protective devices are devices imposed to limit market access. (Main Author: William J. Miller) Market Access and National Treatment in the [...]...
50. Market Disruption A condition in which foreign imports of a given product increase in quantity so rapidly as to cause, or threaten to cause, material injury to a competing domestic industry. A finding of market disruption before the International Trade Commission may result in retaliatory actions against the [...]...
51. Market Value Embracing mainstream international law, this section on market value explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "market value" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (currently, the [...]...
52. Market-Inalienability Contents Market-Inalienability   Margaret Jane Radin   Things that may be given away but not sold are market-inalienable. In this ... Read more...
53. Market Economy Resources See Also Economy Economic System Legal System Capitalism...
54. Market Research Resources See Also Price Policy Price Control Pricing Strategy Dumping...
55. Market Planning Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
56. Market Stabilization Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
57. Market Study Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
58. Market Definition Resources See Also Business Law Antitrust Laws...
59. Market-Oriented Distribution Center A product distribution center located close to the point of consumption rather than the point of manufacture. For example, an American manufacturer of a product sold in Europe might supply European customers from a (market-oriented) distribution center in Rotterdam, rather than directly from the U.S......
60. Market Access Negotiations Market Access Negotiations and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Market Access Negotiations: In the context of the Uruguay Round as well as bilateral trade negotiations, [...]...
61. Market Access Data Base Market Access Data Base in International Trade Meaning of Market Access Data Base, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Database of the European Union with comprehensive information about tariffs in all countries of the world to European products and [...]...
62. Market Definition and Scope References See Also Business Law Antitrust Laws...
63. Common Market Summary of Common Market A supranational organization of trading nations, created to promote economic collaboration and minimize constraints on the free movement of goods among the member states. Features of a common market include elimination of tariffs on goods moving between member [...]...
64. Market Risk Market Risk in International Trade Meaning of Market Risk, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The possibility that results at the time a product is delivered may differ from expectations held at a time it was ordered. For instance, the market price may have [...]...
65. Market Intelligence Improving Competitiveness Through Organizational Market Intelligence: Market Intelligence, the Law and other Social Sciences Market intelligence (MI) is a concept that results in real opportunities for knowledge management in organizations. MI is a cyclic process to deliver knowledge for [...]...
66. Market Scope Resources See Also Business Law Antitrust Laws...
67. Central American Common Market Summary of Central American Common Market A free trade area among the nations of Central America, established in 1960 by a treaty between El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. The common market began operations in 1961, and Costa Rica joined the group in 1962. Honduras dropped [...]...
68. Arab Common Market Arab Common Market Outline The ACM came into existence in 1965, pursuant to an agreement signed in 1964 by the Arab League states. Its initial members included Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Mauritania, Palestine Liberation Organisation, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, United Arab Emirates, Yeme......
69. Caribbean Community and Common Market Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM), organization established in 1973 to promote regional unity and to coordinate economic and foreign policy among Caribbean nations. Member countries include Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, G......
70. Southern Common Market Southern Common Market in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Southern Common Market: Mercado Common del Sur (MERCOSUR) or Mercado Comum do Sui (MERCOSUL). A common market including Argentina, [...]...
71. Islamic Common Market Islamic Common Market in International Trade Resources See Also Economic Cooperation Organization....
72. Caribbean-Canadian Common Market Caribbean-Canadian Common Market (CARIBCAN) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Caribbean-Canadian Common Market (CARIBCAN): A non-reciprocal preferential [...]...
73. Gray Market Goods In the United States For information about Gray market goods in the context of international trade, click here...
74. Money Market Accounts Money Market Accounts regarding Banking Law This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of Money Market Accounts covered in connexion with financial law and banking / lending Institutions....
75. Balance of Power Balance of Power, theory and policy of international relations that asserts that the most effective check on the power of a state is the power of other states. In international relations, the term state refers to a country with a government and a population. The term balance of power refers to [...]...
76. Power of Attorney Introduction to Power of Attorney Power of Attorney, in law, written document, certified by a notary public, designating a person or party as an agent empowered to act for another person (principal) in a legal capacity. A general power of attorney authorizes the named agent to act on behalf ......
77. Sources of Power Great Powers: Sources of PowerIntroduction to Sources of PowerPolitical scientists define power in the international political system as the potential to influence other states. Such potential derives from a mix of elements, both tangible and intangible. These elements include natu......
78. Police Power Real Estate meaning of Police PowerIn the words of the Encyclopedia of Real Estate Terms about Police Power: The power of promoting the interests of society as a whole by limiting the freedom of an individual to act or use his property at will. In particular, the constitutional power available [...]...
79. Executive Power The Legal History of Executive Power This section provides an overview of Executive Power in an historical perspective. Absence of Any Executive Power Lassa Oppenheim, in the book entitled The Future of International Law, about Absence of Any Executive Power, wrote in 1921: This [...]...
80. Legislative Power The Legal History of Legislative PowerThis section provides an overview of Legislative Power ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Legislative Power in the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History (Oxford University Press) [...]...
81. War Power The Legal History of War PowerThis section provides an overview of War Power ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading War Power in the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History (Oxford University Press) The Oxford Encyclopedia of [...]...
82. Bargaining Power Concept of Bargaining Power An introductory definition of Bargaining Power is provided here: the general capacity of a state to control the behaviour of others, power to cause another actor to do an action (also see structural power) Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs...
83. Structural Power Concept of Structural Power An introductory definition of Structural Power is provided here: the power to change the rules of the game for others, the power to structure the choices of other actors Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs...
84. Pardon Power In relation to the pardon power and constitutional law, Andrew Novak[1] made the following observation: The pardon power (or, the power to pardon) refers to the executive power to alter, cancel, or substitute a criminal sentence or punishment outside of the judicial branch. This power is [...]...
85. Electric Power Resources See Also Energy Utilities Natural Resources Energy Clean Energy...
86. Power Plant Resources See Also Energy Utilities Natural Resources Energy Clean Energy...
87. Steam Power Resources See Also Energy Utilities Natural Resources Energy Clean Energy...
88. Political Power Resources See Also Government Government Contract Local Government Public Administration Administrative Law Public Law...
89. Womens Power Resources See Also Population Population Planning Population Policy...
90. Power of Attorney by states Contents Power of Attorney by states Alabama Power of Attorney Alaska Power of Attorney Arizona Power of Attorney Arkansas Power ... Read more...
91. Purchasing Power Parity An equal relationship of prices between two countries. Price levels in both countries are substantially the same, considering the rate of exchange.......
92. Balance of Power History Balance of Power From Ancient Times to World war IIHistorical examples of power balancing are found throughout history in various regions of the world, leading some scholars to characterize balance of power as a universal and timeless principle. During the Period of the Warring States in Ch......
93. Balance Of Power In The Cold War Balance of Power in the Nuclear AgeThe Cold War standoff between the United States and the Soviet Union shaped the global balance of power after World War II. Although an actual war between these two superpowers never occurred, the balance of power process instead took the form of a massive......
94. Balance Of Power In The XXI Century Balance of Power in the Late XX CenturyThe collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the world's sole superpower. Balance of power theory suggests that without the Soviet threat the United States, as the dominant world power, will face difficulties in its relations ......
95. Balance Of Power Significance Significance to International RelationsAs a policy, balance of power suggests that states counter any threat to their security by allying with other threatened states and by increasing their own military capabilities. The policy of forming a geographically based coalition of states to surro......
96. Durable Power of Attorney Durable Power of Attorney (enduring Power of Attorney) in Aging Law Concept of Durable Power of Attorney (enduring Power of Attorney) in the context of Community Health Care and Services for Older Persons, published by the World Health Organization (WHO):A written legal document in which a [...]...
97. Delegation of Legislative Power Delegation of Legislative Power in U.S. Constitutional Law A list of entries related to Delegation of Legislative Power may be found, under the Delegation of Legislative Power subject group, in the United States constitutional law platform of the American legal encyclopedia....
98. Power of International Organizations Legal Power of International Organizations Case Law on the Legal Power of International Organizations Main court decisions: Interpretation of the ... Read more...
99. Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant Nuclear Safety in the Aftermath of the Accident at the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): On March 11, 2011, an earthquake registering 9.0 on the Richter scale struck [...]...
100. Case Concerning Barcelona Traction, Light, and Power Company Contents Case Concerning Barcelona Traction, Light, and Power Company, Ltd. (Second Phase) CASE CONCERNING THE BARCELONA TRACTION, LIGHT AND POWER ... Read more...
101. Case Concerning Barcelona Traction, Light, and Power Company 2 Contents Case Concerning Barcelona Traction, Light, and Power Company 2 In the field of diplomatic protection, international law was in ... Read more...
102. Arbitration: Limited discretionary power to enforce in the presence of grounds for refusal Contents Arbitration: Limited discretionary power to enforce in the presence of grounds for refusal     Courts generally refuse enforcement ... Read more...
103. At the Market Resources See Also Market order...
104. Black Market Black Market Definition Black Market is the term designating the illicit sale of commodities in violation of government rationing and price-fixing. The term originated in Europe during World War I, when the introduction of rationing in belligerent countries tempted some persons with access [...]...
105. Fair Market Value The value an imported product would fetch, under similar circumstances of sale, were the goods sold in the country of origin. Customs authorities are usually interested in the fair market value of imported merchandise inasmuch as sales below such value may serve as the basis of a Dumping (...
106. Free Market The economic system of a nation in which market forces determine which goods and services are produced, and at what price they are offered. Free market economies do not contain substantial government controls on resource availability, price levels, or central planning of economic objectives.......
107. Spot Market A market for commodities or currency in which the sale results in an immediate or nearly immediate exchange of the goods or instruments for cash, as compared with a futures market, which trades in contracts for the future delivery of the product.......
108. Bonds Market Bonds in this SectionBondHow Bonds WorkTypes of BondsIssu......
109. Grey Market Grey Market in International Trade Meaning of Grey Market, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A situation that consists of unauthorized traders buying and selling a company's product in different countries. Companies confronted with a grey situation can [...]...
110. Internal Market Meaning of Internal market Here is a very short concept of internal market in the European Union framework: Another term for the single market; also known as the common market, although that expression has wider connotations. Resources Notas y References See Also...
111. Over-the-counter Market Resources See Also NASD NASDAQ...
112. Actual Market Value Resources See Also Market volume...
113. Cornering the Market Resources See Also Corner...
114. Clear Market Value Resources See Also Fair market value...
115. Current Market Value Resources See Also Fair market value...
116. Agricultural Market Resources See Also Farming Farm Bill Agricultural Law Agriculture Reform Agriculture...
117. Capital Market Resources See Also Finance Consumer Credit Negotiable Instrument Securities Financial Regulation Corporate Finance...
118. Labor Market Resources See Also Labor Employment Law International Labor Law Industrial Safety Labour Labor Right Labor Policy...
119. Domestic Market Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
120. International Market Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...