Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Rules-Oriented Trade Policy Rules-Oriented Trade Policy and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Rules-Oriented Trade Policy: An idealized approach to trade policy under which governments establish a set of rules for the [...]...
2. Differentiation Differentiation and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Differentiation: A key element in firms' competitive advantage. Refers to market conditions in which a product can vary in some [...]...
3. Imperfect Competition Imperfect Competition and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Imperfect Competition: When an industry is marked by imperfect competition, market prices send "incorrect signals" regarding [...]...
4. Deindustrialization Deindustrialization and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Deindustrialization: A term denoting a negative impact of international competition on the overall size of a country's manufacturing [...]...
5. Economic Rent Economic Rent and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Economic Rent: The gain to a producer or resource owner resulting from a trade barrier or other restriction of supply that leads to a higher [...]...
6. International Trade Patterns Ricardian Model and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Ricardian Model: A theory for explaining international trade patterns in terms of technological differences among countries and resulting [...]...
7. Deadweight Loss Deadweight Loss and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Deadweight Loss: The net cost to society due to market imperfections or government interventions such as trade restrictions --i.e., losses by [...]...
8. Agglomeration Economies of Agglomeration and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Economies of Agglomeration: Cost savings that occur when industrial flm1s are located in close proximity to each other and are [...]...
9. Common External Tariff Summary of Common External Tariff The uniform customs tariff applied by all the member states of a customs union or common market to imports from nonmember nations.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Common External Tariff and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT [...]...
10. Industrial Targeting Industrial Targeting and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Industrial Targeting: Selection by a government of industries deemed imponant to the evolution of the economy, and encouraging their [...]...
11. Economic Nationalism A conscious, articulated national drive toward economic self-sufficiency. Economic nationalism is comparable to Autarchy (read this and related legal terms for further details) but does not mandate the economic isolation......
12. F.A.S. F.A.S. and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of F.A.S.: An abbreviation (for "free alongside") used in international trade statistics and t sales contracts; a method of valuing traded [...]...
13. Airbus Airbus and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Airbus: Refers to commercial aircraft produced by Airbus Industry, a government- backed consortium comprising Aerospatiale (France), Daimler [...]...
14. Soft Loan A loan repayable by a foreign borrower in a Soft Currency (read this and related legal terms for further details). Such loans usually have been the product of long-term sales to countries without hard currency repayment ......
15. Trade Creation The substitution of lower- cost foreign goods for higher-cost domestic manufactures.......
16. Competitive Competitive and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Competitive: As applied to internationally traded goods, refers to a country's or a firm's products being preferred by a significant [...]...
17. Competitive Advantage Competitive Advantage and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Competitive Advantage: (Not the same as comparative advantage.) A market position established either by providing comparable buyer [...]...
18. Quota Rents Quota Rents and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Quota Rents: The increase in profits that accrue to an import dealer (under an import quota) or an exporting firm (under an export quota or [...]...
19. Structural Adjustment Policies Structural Adjustment Policies and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Structural Adjustment Policies: Measures --such as worker re-training and placement, capital formation, and R&D support [...]...
20. Labor Advisory Committee Labor Advisory Committee (LAC) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Labor Advisory Committee (LAC): A policy-level committee that forms part of the private sector advisory system established by [...]...
21. Economic Vulnerability Economic Vulnerability and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Economic Vulnerability: In the context of trade relations, the proportion of a country's GNP accounted for by exports and imports [...]...
22. Price Discrimination Price Discrimination and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Price Discrimination: The practice of charging unequal prices to different buyers of products that are essentially identical, when such [...]...
23. Track Track I and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Track I: Designation for consolidated negotiating activities in the final phase of the Uruguay Roundconcerning market access in goods....
24. Consortium Summary of Consortium A multiparty commercial undertaking, differing from a joint venture by virtue of the comparatively large number of participants.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Consortium and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, [...]...
25. Economies of Scope Economies of Scope and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Economies of Scope: Cost savings that occur when reductions in average total costs can be achieved by increasing the number of distinct [...]...
26. Fair Trade Fair Trade and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Fair Trade: International trade involving shipments that do not benefit from government assistance. Fair trade --and the related concept of unfair [...]...
27. Economic Profit Economic Profit and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Economic Profit: The amount by which a producer's income exceeds total operating costs, including the cost of capital provided by the [...]...
28. Cutthroat Competition A discriminatory pricing practice whereby one vendor deliberately reduces prices to a low level with the object of driving out competition, thereby creating a monopoly or dominant market share. In the United States such practices are banned, although they are often employed in foreign countries.......
29. Specialization Agreement Also known as a rationalization agreement, an arrangement among competing manufacturers of like products that each will sell only certain products, thereby providing each participant in the agreement a dominant position for a given product.......
30. Technology Policy Technology Policy and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Technology Policy: Government measures or programs to promote innovation and adoption of new technologies in key industries. Such tools [...]...
31. Autarky Autarky and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Autarky: A policy that attempts to create a self-sufficient national economy entirely insulated from international trade, usually for ideological or [...]...
32. Restrictive Business Practices Restrictive Business Practices and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Restrictive Business Practices: Actions of private or public enterprises --such as collusion among the leading international [...]...
33. Barter Summary of Barter A direct exchange of products without cash. In some cases, a third party is brought into the transaction to dispose of some or all of the goods in a third country; this practice is known as switch trading. See Countertrade.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Barter [...]...
34. Entente Literally, "an agreement." In political usage, an understanding among governments as represented by accords on important areas. Commercially, the term is used on the Continent as a synonym for a cartel.......
35. Increasing-Returns Industry Increasing-Returns Industry and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Increasing-Returns Industry: An industry requiring an exceptionally large or expensive physical plant, so that economies of scale [...]...
36. C.I.F. C.I.F. and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of C.I.F.: An abbreviation (for "costs, insurance, and freight") used in international trade statistics and sales contracts. Transactions on [...]...
37. Screwdriver Assembly Screwdriver Assembly and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Screwdriver Assembly: The export of components to manufacturing subsidiaries or...
38. Invisibles Synonymous with Invisible Exports And Imports (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
39. Forfeiting Forfeiting and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Forfeiting: A means of financing foreign trade based upon the transfer of debt obligations arising from the sale of goods and services, usually exports....
40. Unrequited Transfer A transfer payment, ie., the transfer of assets from one nation to another without expectation of recompense.......
41. Political Risk An economic risk assumed by foreign creditors that political or military conditions in a debtor's country may preclude settlement of the obligation when due.......
42. European Currency Unit (ECU) European Currency Unit (ECU) and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of European Currency Unit (ECU): A unit of value based on a "currency basket" comprising specific amounts of the [...]...
43. Liner Conference Liner Conference and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Liner Conference: In maritime transport, a group of shipping companies that jointly ..determine freight charges, sailing frequencies, and [...]...
44. Trade Diversion The shift in purchases from sources outside a free-trade area (within which tariffs have been eliminated) to a union member, even though the cost of purchasing outside the union (before duty) is less than procuring from within. The absence of duty among members of the free- trade area more than [...]...
45. Turnover Summary of Turnover The rate at which sales occur, relative to the capital employed. For example, if sales are one million dollars, and capital employed is one hundred thousand, the capital turnover is ten.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Turnover and International Trade Economy [...]...
46. Trade Balance J-Curve and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of J-Curve: The expected adjustment path in a country's trade balance following a currency depreciation or devaluation. Because a change in the [...]...
47. Import Substitution Summary of Import Substitution The act of eliminating imports of a given product by commencing production locally, often accompanied by controls such as increased duties, quotas, or outright bans to discourage or prevent continued foreign imports. This approach is fairly common on the part [...]...
48. Tying Contract Tying Contract and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Tying Contract: (Also known as a tie-in contract or bundling.) A restraint of trade ~ arrangement by which a product can be purchased only [...]...
49. Industrial Policy Industrial Policy and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Industrial Policy: A program of selective government interventions designed to change the sectoral composition of a country's economy [...]...
50. Competitive Policies and Practices Competitive Policies and Practices and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Competitive Policies and Practices: Actions by governments or firms to affect their competitive performance in [...]...
51. Arm's Length Pricing Arm's Length Pricing and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Arm's Length Pricing: The price at which a particular product or service would sell in a transaction between unrelated buyers [...]...
52. Multilateral Trade Organization Multilateral Trade Organization (MTO) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Multilateral Trade Organization (MTO): A proposed organization that would subsume the GAIT,the General Agreement on [...]...
53. Futures Contract Futures Contract and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Futures Contract: A contract for goods, foreign exchange, or financial assets to be delivered at a certain future date on terms and at [...]...
54. Short-Term Capital Short-Term Capital Transactions and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Short-Term Capital Transactions: An element of a country's balance of payments that reflects loans granted to or received [...]...
55. Predation Predation and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Predation: In international trade contexts, an aggressive pricing strategy in which a foreign producer prices below cost to drive domestic firms [...]...
56. Dual-Use Dual-Use Goods (or Technology) and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Dual-Use Goods (or Technology): Refers to products or the technology embodied in those products that are intended primarily [...]...
57. Administrative Guidance Administrative Guidance (Gyosei-Shido) and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Administrative Guidance (Gyosei-Shido): A system of industrial policy used in Japan since the early 1960s. The term [...]...
58. Restitutions Export and producer subsidies granted by the European Economic Community to EEC farmers and processors. The subsidies are a feature of the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details......
59. European Community European Community (EC) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of European Community (EC): (Previously known as the European Economic Community, or EEC; the term "European Communities" [...]...
60. National Champions National Champions and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of National Champions: Firms that are the focus of government efforts to consolidate a national industry through industrial targeting. Such [...]...
61. Adjustment Costs Adjustment Costs and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Adjustment Costs: The economic and social costs of reallocating resources from .domestic industries forced to contract as a result of [...]...
62. Comparative Advantage Revealed Comparative Advantage and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Revealed Comparative Advantage: A measure of relative competitive performance of a country's exporters of a particular [...]...
63. Structural Change Structural Change and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Structural Change: Changes in the relative importance of different sectors of an economy over time, usually measured in terms of their [...]...
64. Rent-Seeking Rent-Seeking and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Rent-Seeking: In international trade contexts, refers to the economically unproductive practice of individuals, firms, and industries investing [...]...
65. Conventional International Law International law that has arisen as the product of treaties or formal agreements among nations, as compared with international law that has developed through custom and usage over time.......
66. Trade War Introduction to Trade War Trade War, economic tug-of-war between nations in which each side tries to limit the other's exports while flooding the other's market with its own goods." (1) Resources Notes and References Information about "http://lawi......
67. National Planning Association National Planning Association in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of National Planning Association: A private, nonprofit organization specializing in research and economic policy formulation [...]...
68. Trade Negotiations Committee Trade Negotiations Committee (TNC) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Trade Negotiations Committee (TNC): The steering group established at the outset of the GA 1TUruguay Round (Sec. I) to [...]...
69. Learning Curve Learning Curve and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Learning Curve: A technological regularity observed in many leading-edge industries, in which the marginal cost of production tends to fall as [...]...
70. Intra-Industry Trade Inter-Industry and Intra-Industry Trade and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Inter-Industry and Intra-Industry Trade: Inter-industry trade involves exchanges between countries that link [...]...
71. Trade Bloc Trade Bloc and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Trade Bloc: A general term referring to regional arrangements among countries that have established formal mechanisms for [...]...
72. Standardized Product A product marketed worldwide without substantial variation in the product's composition or appearance. Product standardization helps in achieving significant economies of scale. See differentiated product.......
73. Trade Policy Research Centre Trade Policy Research Centre in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Trade Policy Research Centre: A London-based organization established in 1968 to promote independent research and discussion of [...]...
74. Defensive Investment An investment undertaken to protect larger commercial interests rather than for the return that the investment itself generates.......
75. MOF MOF in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of MOF: Ministry of Finance (various countries)....
76. Absolute Advantage Absolute Advantage and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Absolute Advantage: The ability of a country to supply a particular product or class of goods at lower costs than competing nations. See [...]...
77. Buffer Stocks Buffer Stocks and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Buffer Stocks: Commodity stocks managed by countries or international organizations to moderate market price fluctuations. When prices rise [...]...
78. Allocation Cartel An agreement among firms in a particular industry by which each participant is assigned certain customers or areas within which it will be the exclusive or principal supplier.......
79. Centre for Economic Policy Research Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR): A British research institute specializing in international trade and [...]...
80. Technology Driver Technology Driver and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Technology Driver: A product with a relatively simple design which a manufacturer may produce in high volume in order to hone its skills [...]...
81. Complementary Exporting An arrangement in which a manufacturer markets his products internationally through the distribution channel of another firm, usually a manufacturer of similar but noncompetitive products.......
82. Externalities Externalities and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Externalities: Spillover benefits or costs arising from an economic activity that are not taken into account by producers, resulting in levels [...]...
83. Standard Industrial Classification SIC (Standard Industrial Classification) and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of SIC (Standard Industrial Classification): The basic system used by the US Commerce Department to categorize similar [...]...
84. Bounty Bounty or Grant and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Bounty or Grant: A form of subsidy. As used in US trade legislation, the term refers to an economic inducement by a [...]...
85. Compensatory Tax A special import levy imposed by the European Economic Community upon certain agricultural imports when the entry price of such products falls below a reference, or minimum target, price and the import is priced so as to reflect an export subsidy. Compensatory taxes are institutionalized in the [...]...
86. Price Supports A program of governmental action designed to stabilize or lift the price that producers receive for their products. These actions may include direct cash payments, government purchase of output to force up market prices, or special financing. Such supports are most commonly applied to agriculture.......
87. Repatriation Summary of Repatriation The transfer of investment proceeds or the return of capital from a foreign country back to the home country of the investor.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Repatriation and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, [...]...
88. Supplementary Levy An additional tax that may be imposed upon imports of pork, poultry, or eggs into the European Economic Community when the purchase price of such items falls below the Gate Price ("https://lawin.org/list-of-international-trade-law-terms/">read this and related legal terms for [...]...
89. North-South Trade North-South Trade and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of North-South Trade: In the parlance of the 1970s and 1980s, trade between the developed market economies ("the [...]...
90. Market Failure Market Imperfections or Market Failure and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Imperfections or Market Failure: Often refers to two sources of departure from perfect competition, i.e., [...]...
91. Market Power Market Power and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Power: The ability of an individual firm to exert control over prices prevailing in the markets for its products or services. The highest [...]...
92. Competitive Performance Competitive Performance and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Competitive Performance: The measurable results of competitiveness --i.e., the outcome of a country's or a firm's efforts in [...]...
93. Market Structure Market Structure and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Structure: Refers to the structure of an industry or market, as reflected in the number and size distribution of sellers and buyers, [...]...
94. Market Market Reserve Policies and International Trade Resources See Also Economy Economic System Legal System Capitalism Resources See Also Law of Similars...
95. Market Access Summary of Market Access The degree of participation in the domestic market that a nation allows to foreign suppliers. Tariffs, quotas, and similar protective devices are devices imposed to limit market access. (Main Author: William J. Miller) Market Access and National Treatment in the [...]...
96. Market Disruption A condition in which foreign imports of a given product increase in quantity so rapidly as to cause, or threaten to cause, material injury to a competing domestic industry. A finding of market disruption before the International Trade Commission may result in retaliatory actions against the [...]...
97. Performance Requirements Performance Requirements and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Performance Requirements: Government-imposed rules or conditions requiring foreign investors to serve [...]...
98. Market Value Embracing mainstream international law, this section on market value explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "market value" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (currently, the [...]...
99. Market-Inalienability ContentsMarket-InalienabilityConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/sMentioned in these Entries Market-Inalienability   Margaret Jane Radin   Things that ... Read more...
100. Centre for Economic Performance Centre for Economic Performance (CEP) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Centre for Economic Performance (CEP): A British research institute funded by the government as well as by [...]...
101. Market Economy Resources See Also Economy Economic System Legal System Capitalism...
102. Market Research Resources See Also Price Policy Price Control Pricing Strategy Dumping...
103. Market Planning Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
104. Market Stabilization Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
105. Market Study Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
106. Market Definition Resources See Also Business Law Antitrust Laws...
107. Market-Oriented Distribution Center A product distribution center located close to the point of consumption rather than the point of manufacture. For example, an American manufacturer of a product sold in Europe might supply European customers from a (market-oriented) distribution center in Rotterdam, rather than directly from the U.S......
108. Market Access Negotiations Market Access Negotiations and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Market Access Negotiations: In the context of the Uruguay Round as well as bilateral trade negotiations, [...]...
109. Market Access Data Base Market Access Data Base in International Trade Meaning of Market Access Data Base, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Database of the European Union with comprehensive information about tariffs in all countries of the world to European products and [...]...
110. Market Definition and Scope References See Also Business Law Antitrust Laws...
111. Performance Performance in the Context of Peacemaking Definition of Performance published by the United Nations: measurement Refers to the system and processes involved in monitoring and evaluation of Programme performance, based on agreed standards and measures of performance formulated at the inception [...]...
112. Key Performance Indicators Key Performance Indicators (KPIS) in International Trade Meaning of Key Performance Indicators (kpis), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A set of financial and non-financial values used to measure the success of an organization or a particular activity, [...]...
113. Performance Bond Performance Bond in International Trade Meaning of Performance Bond, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A bond which guarantees proper fulfillment of the terms of a contract. In practice, the beneficiary of the bond (usually the buyer or services and/or [...]...
114. Performance Management Performance management in the Context of Peacemaking Definition of Performance management published by the United Nations: A strategic framework and approach in managing and improving performance, it optimizes results by aligning all operating units, systems and processes in order to achieve [...]...
115. Withholding Performance ContentsWithholding PerformanceBuyer’s Right to Withhold Performance of Contract under the UN Sales ConventionIntroductionConcept of the Right to Withhold PerformanceImportance of ... Read more...
116. Discharge by Performance Find out, in this world legal encyclopedia, additional information relating to Discharge by Performance....
117. Performance Reporting Literature Review on Performance Reporting In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] William Earle Klay and Ki Woong Cho provide the following summary about the topic of Performance Reporting: Performance reporting conveys information about activities, [...]...
118. Budget Performance Literature Review on Budgeting: Performance-Based In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Judith R. Brown offers the following summary about the topic of Performance-Based Budgeting: What benefits do citizens realize from their investment in government? We pay [...]...
119. Performance Audits Literature Review on Performance Audits In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Brendan F. Burke and Wendy Haynes provide the following summary about the topic of Performance Audits: This entry describes the history of performance auditing and distinguishes [...]...
120. Performance Measurement Literature Review on Performance Measurement In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Patria de Lancer Julnes offers the following summary about the topic of Performance Measurement: Performance measurement refers to the production of information about an [...]...