Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Votes Single Non-transferable Vote (sntv) in Election Law Electoral system in which the voter is asked to vote for a single candidate in a multi-member district represented by several seats. The candidates who receive the most votes are declared winners. In this type of system, electors vote for [...]...
2. Limited Voting Limited Voting in Election Law Voting system used in multi-member constituencies. Voters have more than one vote but fewer votes than the number of seats to be filled. The candidates with the most votes get elected, but not necessarily with absolute majority. Under a variant of Limited Vote [...]...
3. Electoral Fraud Ballot Tampering in Election Law A method of electoral fraud which consists of manipulating the ballot in any manner which would invalidate the vote or alter the counting results. It may happen at different stages of the polling and counting operations. Resources See Also Election Law [...]...
4. Tactical Tactical Voting in Election Law A vote based on political calculation, often implying that the elector votes for a party or candidate that he or she does not really support, but does so to keep out a party or candidate that he or she does not want to see elected. Resources See Also Election [...]...
5. Block Party Block Vote (pbv) in Election Law A plurality/majority system using multi-member districts in which voters cast a single party-centred vote for a party of choice and do not choose between candidates. The party with the most votes will win every seat in the electoral district. Resources [...]...
6. Electoral System Electoral System in Constitutional Law From the Comparative Constitutions Project: The structures and processes necessary to hold an election including the electoral laws, system of appointment, redistribution and voting. Electoral System in Election Law The part of the electoral regulations [...]...
7. Voting Preference Voting in Constitutional Law From the Comparative Constitutions Project: A ranked ballot or preferential voting system is a type of voting system in which each voter casts their vote by ranking candidates in order of preference. 'Bandwagon' Voting in Election Law Voting for [...]...
8. Voter Information Voter Information in Election Law A process of giving relevant factual information about an election process on a timely basis. This includes when, where and how voters will vote. When this is done during the preparatory stages of an election, particularly a general election, it aids [...]...
9. Plurality Plurality in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: A term related to the "first past the post" system of voting. The candidate who attains the highest number of votes in an election or ballot attains a plurality or "simple majority" of votes and is elected....
10. Voting System Mixed Voting System in Election Law A system which combines elements of majoritarian and proportional representation systems. There are two kinds of mixed systems: parallel systems and Mixed Member Proportional Systems. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
11. Advance Voting Advance Voting in Election Law Method by which a registered voter who cannot vote on election day may do so earlier. This can be done in several ways, including by postal vote or at a specific location. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
12. Absentee Vote Absentee Vote or Ballot in Election Law Method by which a person may vote without going to the polling station on election day. Depending on national laws, the voter has a certain period of time during which he or she can obtain a ballot before the election. The ballot paper is filled out and [...]...
13. Constituency Ad Hoc Electoral Constituency in Election Law Constituency established specifically for one particular election, which is therefore redefined periodically. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
14. Election Process Election Process in Election Law Set of legal measures and concrete operations needed to hold an election. A starting point may be a writ or decree calling voters to vote in a particular election and may require the adoption of an electoral law. The election process includes voter [...]...
15. Cumulative Voting Cumulative Voting in Constitutional Law From the Comparative Constitutions Project: A semiproportional system of voting in which each voter has as many votes as there are seats to fill, but each voter may give all of his/her votes to one candidates, or split them up as s/he desires. Cumulative [...]...
16. Family Vote Family Vote in Election Law Type of vote where one family member instructs others how to vote, or even in some cases votes in place of family members (e.g. by collecting all their voters' cards). This practice is considered a type of electoral fraud. Resources See Also Election Law [...]...
17. Electoral Advertising Electoral Advertising in Election Law Used by candidates of public or private, free or paid media or advertising to promote their political programme and mobilise voters before an election starts, according to electoral law and the election calendar. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral [...]...
18. Surplus Surplus Votes in Election Law In a single transferable vote (STV) system, this is the number of votes that that exceeds the votes that a candidate needs to win a seat and which are, therefore, transfered to other candidates. Resources See Also Forestry Natural Resources Forest Law Resources [...]...
19. Compulsory Compulsory Voting in Election Law Legal measure by which citizens are obliged to vote. In certain countries, individuals who abstain from voting without good and sufficient reason can be subject to a fine. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
20. Proxy Voting Proxy Voting or Vote by Proxy in Election Law Vote cast by a person on behalf of another, as stipulated by law, when he or she cannot exercise his or her right to vote in person. To vote by proxy, the voter must nominate a trusted person whom he or she delegates to vote on his or her behalf. [...]...
21. Party System Single Party System in Election Law System found in non-democratic regimes, where elections are not held because one party dominates the political scene, either by law or through practices that eliminate any chance of other parties taking part in an election or obtaining seats if they do. Two [...]...
22. Secret Ballot Secret Ballot in Election Law A fundamental principle in democratic elections, by which the voter is entitled to vote without being seen by others, a potential source of pressure and intimidation which could invalidate the freedom of choice. An election authority is therefore obliged to [...]...
23. Credibility Credibility in Election Law In the context of elections, voter confidence in the electoral process, including voter registration, the electoral system, procedures, vote count, etc., and also in the main actors: political parties, candidates, the Election Management Body (EMB) and the media, [...]...
24. Polling Political Campaign How Campaigns are Conducted Polling Introduction to Polling Surveys of voter opinion provide the raw material of modern political campaigns. Political consultants use this information to run campaigns that closely resemble the efforts of businesses to market produc......
25. Tabulation Tabulation of Votes in Election Law The process of compiling the result of a vote count at an election. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
26. Election Campaign Election Campaign in Election Law Series of activities, occurring before a vote, carried out by political parties or individuals, in order to promote their political programme and principles. These activities can include meetings, rallies, interviews, debates, etc., in order to attract the [...]...
27. Simple Or Relative Majority Simple or Relative Majority in Election Law System where a candidate (or list of candidates) is elected by obtaining the largest number of votes, in comparison with the number of votes obtained by other candidates (or lists of candidates) in the race. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral [...]...
28. Candidate Candidate, person who seeks or is nominated for an office, prize, or honor. In politics, candidates aspire to be elected to office by conducting campaigns. (1) Candidate in Election Law Any person who aspires to public office and fulfills the eligibility criteria set by the Election Management [...]...
29. Majority (TwoRound Method) Majority (TwoRound Method) in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: This majority system uses a two round system of voting. In the first round, each voter casts one vote, and when these votes are tallied, the candidate with a majority of the votes wins the election. If [...]...
30. Carousel Voting Carousel Voting in Election Law A method of vote rigging which involves multiple voting, in particular when voters are transported to different polling stations so that they can cast their votes for the same candidate or the same list more than once. Another example is voters using a ballot [...]...
31. Electoral Rights Electoral Rights in Election Law All the civil rights and liberties that a citizen may enjoy in the context of an election, including the right to register as a voter, the right to vote, stand as a candidate, join a political party and campaign. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws [...]...
32. Seats Allocation of Seats in Election Law Distribution of seats obtained by a party or list of independent candidates, based on the number of votes obtained by each party or individual candidate. Depending on the electoral system in place, the allocation of seats can be subject to complex [...]...
33. Public Media Public Media in Election Law Written, audiovisual or electronic media which is state-owned. These outlets provide a public service – that of informing citizens – and as such, they are expected to be neutral. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
34. Blank Ballot Blank Ballot in Election Law Voting paper on which a voter makes no mark, so as to not indicate a choice. Blank ballots are sometimes treated and counted as invalid, in the same way that a ballot paper marked twice is disqualified. In some countries, a blank vote can be seen as a political [...]...
35. Governing Party Governing or Ruling Party in Election Law The party of a prime mister or a president governing by majority vote. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
36. Open Voting Open Voting in Election Law Situation whereby a voter casts his or her vote in front of everybody in the polling station, meaning the vote is no longer secret. This may happen due to a voter's own carelessness (does not fold his or her ballot paper when leaving the polling booth or simply [...]...
37. Victory Landslide Victory in Election Law Election in which a candidate or party wins a significantly large number of votes or seats, many more than the rivals. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
38. Voter Eligible Voter in Election Law Individual who satisfies the legal requirements to participate in an election. These requirements are usually related to nationality, age, mental health, etc. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
39. Election Management Executive Director of The Election Management Body (emb) in Election Law Person responsible for managing the election authority to ensure it works effectively. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
40. Remote Remote Voting in Election Law See: Absentee vote Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
41. Electronic Voting Introduction to Electronic Voting Electronic Voting, a balloting system that allows votes to be entered and recorded in an electronic form. These balloting systems are also referred to as e-voting or direct-recording electronic systems (DREs). The voter uses a direct entry device to register......
42. Targeting Targeting and International Trade Economy Resources See Also industrial targeting...
43. Recording Direct Recording Electronic (dre) Equipment in Election Law Machines or computers normally installed at a polling station, which record and simultaneously store votes. This can be done using a touch screen (with or without a special pen), or by using devices that involve pressing one or more [...]...
44. Accreditation Accreditation in Election Law Administrative procedure by which a person or an entity is qualified to carry out a specific task in connection with an election. Different stakeholders must normally apply for accreditation from the electoral authorities to obtain a document, badge or pass giving [...]...
45. Candidacy Candidacy Withdrawal in Election Law Situation of a person who stood as a candidate but decides to stand down from the electoral race before election day. This can come as the result of a personal decision or the result of a decision by the political party to which the person belongs. In many [...]...
46. Direct Democracy Direct Democracy Instrument in Election Law Method by which citizens can participate directly in the political decision making process. It may take one of three forms: 1. Citizens voting on a public policy proposal originating from somewhere outside the legislature (referendum); 2. Citizens [...]...
47. Elections Election and Political Law Genuine Elections in Election Law In the field of elections, this term implies the presence of conditions for a level playing field in the electoral race. This mainly includes the exercise of political rights and freedoms, having parties and candidates competing on [...]...
48. Coalition Government Coalition Government in Election Law Government formed by more than one political party, sometimes (but not always) formed when no party obtains an absolute majority in an election. Two or more parties therefore come to an agreement to govern together. Resources See Also Election Law [...]...
49. Protest Vote Protest Vote in Election Law A voter's choice that expresses his or her dissatisfaction or mistrust of the candidates in the race or of the election process itself. A protest vote may take the form of a blank or spoilt ballot in the ballot box, or a vote for a candidate who has no chance [...]...
50. Preferential Vote Preferential Vote in Election Law System used in list-based voting which gives a greater choice to the voter, who is not obliged to keep candidates in the order in which they are presented by their parties. Voters may mark a preference for one or more candidates or may themselves rank all [...]...
51. Ordinary Vote Ordinary Vote in Election Law Vote cast by a voter on election day in the appropriate polling station. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
52. Political Party Political Party in Election Law Organisation of people who share the same opinions, principles and aspirations regarding how society should be managed and who wish to implement these by obtaining power. Concept of Political Party Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the [...]...
53. Stakeholder Stakeholder in Election Law Actor involved in and concerned with the electoral process: voters, election administration, candidates, political parties, voters, media, civil society, international and domestic observers and donors. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral [...]...
54. Rally An increase in stock or commodity prices following a decline.......
55. Voter Registration Election: Voter Registration Introduction to Voter Registration In addition to differences in political party strength, these national differences in voter participation result from variations in registration rules and the organization of elections. In Europe, governments automatical......
56. Party Convention Party Convention in Election Law Periodic meeting of a party's leaders and delegates to discuss and approve the party's platform and position on key questions in an upcoming election, as well as to elect the party leaders for a given period, usually until the next convention. During a [...]...
57. Hung Parliament Hung Parliament in Election Law Electoral result whereby no single party or coalition commands an absolute majority of the seats. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
58. Press Release Press Release in Election Law Official statement, announcement or notice published in the media by the government, election authority, candidate(s) or national/international observers on a specific subject. Resources See Also Media Propaganda Media Law Entertainment Law Resources See Also [...]...
59. Power Sharing Power Sharing in Election Law In the context of an election, this often refers to an agreement made by political parties on their participation in the government after the vote. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
60. Pre-election Election Silence or Pre-election Silence in Election Law Term used to describe the end of an election campaign, at which point all participants in the election process – candidates and the media in particular – are banned from making statements and taking action to promote a [...]...
61. Voters Unbalanced Distribution of Voters in Election Law Situation in which certain constituencies/ districts are overpopulated while others are underpopulated. This happens when electoral boundaries are not updated to reflect demographic trends or are deliberately manipulated so as to influence [...]...
62. Nomination Introduction to Nomination Nomination, in politics, the formal selection and presentation of a candidate for an elective office. Four principal methods of nomination have been used in the U.S.: nomination by political convention, by primary election, by caucus, and by petition. Before 1800 c......
63. Announcement Announcement of Final Results in Election Law Official proclamation after an election (either verbally or in writing, depending on the law) of the number of votes and the corresponding number of seats won by each candidate or each list that stood in the election. Resources See Also Election [...]...
64. Ballot Counting Ballot Counting in Election Law Series of operations performed after voting has closed to count the number of ballots in a ballot box, compare that number to the signatures on the voter register and count the number of votes obtained by each list or candidate. Resources See Also Election Law [...]...
65. Political Rights International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (iccpr) in Election Law The ICCPR builds on the right to political participation by further detailing the requirements associated with elections that are a key part of this right. Article 25 of the ICCPR has been referred to as 'the [...]...
66. Recount Recount in Election Law Verification of the number of votes obtained by each list or candidate. If permitted by law, this is conducted after the first count and after any complaint about the final results of an election in one or more constituencies. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral [...]...
67. Call for Election Call For Election in Election Law A formal writ issued by the legally competent authority, calling on voters to go to the polls on a specified day or period to exercise their right to vote, as defined by the law. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
68. Prisoner Prisoner Vote in Election Law Some countries allow prisoners to vote. Given that they are usually incarcerated far from their electoral constituencies and obviously cannot leave, polling centres are set up inside jails so that they may exercise their right to vote. Resources See Also Social [...]...
69. Valid Valid Ballot or Valid Vote in Election Law Ballot which clearly indicates the voter's intention and fulfils the requirements of electoral law and can be included in the vote count. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
70. Gerrymandering Gerrymandering in Election Law North American political term used to describe the deliberate division or redrawing of electoral districts/ constituencies in a way which gives a political party or candidate an advantage on election day. Concept of Gerrymandering Note: explore also the meaning [...]...
71. International Election International Election Assistance in Election Law Financial and/or technical support provided by international organisations or specialised NGOs to a country in order to help it organise elections. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
72. Team Core Team in Election Law Group of experts from an electoral observation mission who normally arrive on the ground first to set up the mission. They then analyse the electoral process at the national level, based on the findings of long-term and short-term observers and also meetings with all [...]...
73. Buying Vote Buying in Election Law Illegal act involving the payment of money or the promise of benefits by a candidate to voters who, in exchange, promise to vote for him or her. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
74. Disenfranchisement Disenfranchisement in Election Law The revocation of the right of suffrage (the right to vote) of a person or group of people, or through practices that prevent a person from exercising his or her right to vote. Disfranchisement can be explicit, for example as a result of legal provisions, or [...]...
75. Opposition Opposition in E.U. Patent SystemThe time period allowed for an interested party to post oppositions to the grant of a patent. For example, this may be up to nine months from the date of grant of a European patent....
76. Card Voter Card in Election Law Document issued after voter registration, entitling a person to vote. The card usually mentions the name, date of birth, address and sometimes the polling station where the cardholder must vote. Some legislations require the person to show their voter card as well as [...]...
77. Disproportionality Disproportionality in Election Law In a proportional representation (PR) system, this refers to quantitative data relating to the discrepancy between the percentage of votes cast for parties in an election and the percentage of seats which they obtained in parliament. Resources See Also [...]...
78. Election Management Body Election Management Body (emb) as an Electoral Commission in Election Law A collective body that is independent from the executive branch of government and which is tasked, by law, to prepare and implement elections. It is administratively and financially independent and is made up of [...]...
79. Representative Representative (of a Party or Candidate) in Election Law A person entrusted by a party or candidate to represent them and be present at polling stations on election day to ensure that election operations and ballot counting are conducted in a legal manner. Resources See Also Election Law [...]...
80. Equal Opportunity Equal Opportunity in Election Law Provision to all citizens of the conditions necessary so that they may exercise their civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights regardless of gender, race, religion, language, wealth or other factors. In terms of elections, equal opportunity is [...]...
81. Invalid Ballot Invalid Ballot in Election Law Voting paper that is marked incorrectly, in a way that does not conform with the electoral law and procedures, or is illegible so that the voter's choice cannot be determined. Several things can invalidate a ballot, according to the electoral law: (1) a [...]...
82. Transfer Spanish Translation of transferThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to transfer and / or a definition of this topic: Cesión (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
83. Banner Banner in Election Law Long strip of fabric or other material secured at both ends by poles, used to promote election candidates. Usually this features the name of a candidate or party, along with a clear, short slogan that sums up the political programme and promises to voters. Resources See [...]...
84. Information Officer Information Officer in Election Law Person appointed by the election authority to provide information to the public, generally in every polling station. The information officer guides voters and provides assistance to those who experience difficulties in exercising their right to vote. [...]...
85. Eligibility In the United States For information about Eligibility in the context of international trade, click here Eligibility (to be Elected) in Election Law The legal capacity to be a candidate. Eligibility (to Vote) in Election Law The legal capacity to be a voter. Resources See Also Disability [...]...
86. Abstention Abstention in Election Law Deliberate refusal on the part of a voter to vote on election day. Abstention can be considered a political statement if a boycott is clearly called for by voters and/or encouraged by political parties. But abstention can also be the result of a lack of interest in [...]...
87. Campaign Strategy Campaign Strategy in Election Law Plan of action developed by a candidate or a political party aimed at obtaining the best electoral performance. It covers target audience studies, campaign messages and other elements. This 'road map' is drawn up before the campaign starts and includes [...]...
88. Professional Campaign Professional in Election Law Person with proven experience in planning and conducting election campaigns. He or she is specifically skilled in campaign techniques and in making them work, as well as in fundraising, developing campaign messages, working with and through the media, [...]...
89. Public Confidence Public Confidence (in an Electoral Context) in Election Law State of mind of a population in relation to the environment in which elections take place and the political class. Confidence can be inspired by electoral processes that are transparent, inclusive, understandable and respect the will [...]...
90. Return Return in Election Law Declaration by a returning officer of a candidate or party in an election as being the winner, according to the electoral law. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
91. Streams Streams in Election Law Separate queues formed at a polling station to organise and speed up the voting process. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
92. Verified Verified Vote in Election Law A vote whose validity requires supporting documentation from the proper authority of the country of citizenship. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
93. Electoral Budget Electoral Budget in Election Law Financial resources allocated for conducting an election according to provisions established by the legal framework. There is always an ordinary budget for day-to-day functioning of the electoral administration and a special electoral budget which is drafted [...]...
94. Political Party Political Broadcast in Election Law A message recorded by the parties and/or transmitted live on TV, radio or online. The duration and frequency of the broadcasts are usually regulated by law. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
95. Observer Observer and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Observer: An observer to the GATT is a country or international organization that has been authorized by the GATT Council (Sec. [...]...
96. Election Irregularity Election Irregularity in Election Law Acts of inadvertence or negligence by election officers or actors in the electoral process that violate the procedures or the electoral law. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
97. Communist Manifesto Communist ManifestoCommunist Manifesto (German Manifest der kommunistischen Partei), declaration of principles and objectives of the Communist League (a secret organization of émigré German artisans and intellectuals), published in London in 1848, shortly before the February R......
98. Mandate Introduction to Mandate Mandate, originally, contract in ancient Roman law in which one person agreed to perform a gratuitous service for another in return for indemnification against loss. After World War I, the term was applied in international law to provisions under the covenant of the [...]...
99. Majority Majority (By an unspecified method) in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: In any majority electoral system, there is necessariliy a method of deciding the winner when no single option has a majority of the votes cast. However, the method is not always specified in the [...]...
100. Magnitude Constituency or District Magnitude in Election Law One of the main variables of electoral systems. The magnitude of the constituency means the number of seats allocated to a district/constituency, which is to say, the number of representatives to be elected in that constituency. This is a [...]...
101. Malapportionment Malapportionment in Election Law The uneven distribution of voters between electoral districts or constituencies. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
102. Mandates Multiple Mandates in Election Law Situation whereby a person may hold more than one elected public post simultaneously, for example as a national representative (member of parliament) and a local representative (member of a municipal council). Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws [...]...
103. Marginal Swing or Marginal Constituency in Election Law An electoral constituency in which there is only a small difference between the number of votes the leading parties expect to win. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
104. Mayor Mayor in Election Law Official who is responsible for a municipal constituency. He or she can be popularly elected or appointed by the government. Concept of Mayor Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Resources See Also State Government Local [...]...
105. Mark Mark or Tick in Election Law A sign defined by electoral law which the voter writes next to or on the name of the candidate or party of their choice on the ballot. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
106. Media Access to Media in Election Law The right and ability of each candidate to appear in audiovisual media and use any other means to communicate his or her political programme, values and principles to the public. Equal access to media is one of the prerequisites of a fair election. Media in [...]...
107. Media Monitoring Media Coverage in Election Law Role played by the media in informing the public about an event such as an election. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
108. Method Highest Average Method in Election Law Formula used in party list proportional voting systems to convert votes into seats. The total number of votes for each party or list is divided by a series of divisors using the D'Hondt method (1,2,3, etc.) or Sainte-Laguë method (1, 3, 5, etc.). [...]...
109. Methods Largest Remainder Method in Election Law A technique used in proportional representation voting systems, involving a two-phase process for allocating seats. Firstly, seats are divided in proportion to the number of votes obtained by each candidate. This ratio varies depending on the quota [...]...
110. Military Voting Military Voting in Election Law In some countries, members of the military are allowed to vote. Given that they are often based far from their electoral constituencies, polling centres are sometimes set up inside military bases. In other cases, military personnel vote by mail or proxy. This [...]...
111. Mobilisation Mobilisation in Election Law Action taken to encourage citizens to participate in the electoral process, or support an individual or party in an election to secure their vote. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
112. Multi-party Elections Multi-party Elections in Election Law Elections in which a minimum of two parties or candidates runs for office. Plurality is an essential condition of democratic elections. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
113. Multi-party System Multi-party System in Election Law A system in which more than two political parties participate in the political life of a country, in debates and in elections. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
114. Municipality Municipality in Election Law A local administrative division composed of several villages or sometimes city districts, usually represented by an elected body which protects its interests and oversees the administration of its affairs. A municipality is usually financially and administratively [...]...
115. Marine Scientific Research 3 Contents Marine Scientific Research   Article 254 Rights of neighbouring land-locked and geographically disadvantaged States 1. States and competent International ... Read more...
116. Maxims of Law Contents Maxims of Law or Legal Maxims According to the Bouvier’s Dictionary, a Maxim is an established principle or proposition. ... Read more...
117. Maritime Law Introduction to Maritime Law Maritime Law, branch of law relating to commerce and navigation on the high seas and on other navigable waters. Specifically, the term refers to the body of customs, legislation, international treaties, and court decisions pertaining to ownership and operation [...]...
118. Veto Veto Definition (Lat. I forbid). Veto may be defined as the refusal of the executive body of a country whose assent is necessary to let pass a law or measure approbed already by the legislative body. See veto in the legal dictonary. In Europe The veto power of the British sovereign has [...]...
119. Violence Violence Definition Violence may be defined as a physical attack of another person. Activities that may legally involve violence include hunting, law enforcement, sports, and war. Crime includes many illegal forms of violence. The first point that has to be clarified is the meaning of the [...]...
120. Magna Carta Legal Materials Pictures and translations of the Magna Carta are posted on the Internet by the National Archives and Records Administration and the British Library. You'll find a print copy in the American Jurisprudence 2d Deskbook. Abstract The Magna Carta (literally, the [...]...