Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Floating Exchange Rate Floating Exchange Rate in International Trade Meaning of Floating Exchange Rate, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A rate of exchange that is determined by market forces. See also clean float and dirty float. Concept of Floating Exchange Rate An [...]...
2. Exchange Rate Mechanism Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) and Europe There is an entry on exchange rate mechanism (erm) in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM)" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to [...]...
3. Cap Summary of Cap The maximum rate of interest that may be charged on a variable or floating rate loan, irrespective of how high the money market index may fluctuate.(Main Author: William J. Miller) CAP and the European Union Resources See Also Rate (Rate cap) Resources See Also [...]...
4. Common External Tariff Summary of Common External Tariff The uniform customs tariff applied by all the member states of a customs union or common market to imports from nonmember nations.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Common External Tariff and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT [...]...
5. Exchange Rates Multiple Exchange Rates (also known as Differential Exchange Rates) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Multiple Exchange Rates (also known as Differential Exchange Rates): [...]...
6. Minimum Lending Rate The rate at which the Bank of England lends to members of the discount market against the security of treasury bills or other government paper with less than five years to mature.......
7. Green Rate A special rate of exchange used in converting agricultural prices fixed in units of account into national currencies, within the framework of the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further deta......
8. Barter Summary of Barter A direct exchange of products without cash. In some cases, a third party is brought into the transaction to dispose of some or all of the goods in a third country; this practice is known as switch trading. See Countertrade.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Barter [...]...
9. Fixed Exchange Rate Concept of Fixed Exchange Rate An introductory definition of Fixed Exchange Rate is provided here: the rate of exchange of a currency or currency is set by agreement between governments or by government policy (see also gold standard) Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs...
10. Clean Float The condition in which the values of national currencies vis-a-vis each other are determined by market forces without government intervention to maintain prearranged rates of exchange.......
11. Monetary Policy Monetary Policy (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Monetary Policy means: the complex of actions aiming to regulate the money supply in a country. By changing banking interest rate, or acting on open securities' market, a government either enlarges or diminishes inflow of [...]...
12. Customs Rate The rate of exchange employed by U.S. Customs in converting foreign currency invoices for the purpose of arriving at a value, in U.S. dollars, for imported merchandise. Ad valorem duties are applied on the dollar value. In accordance with the Customs Simplification Act of 1956, the secretary of the......
13. Yo-Yo Effect A condition that arises under the rules of Financial Accounting Standards Board Statement No. 8 (read this and related legal terms for further details) when a foreign company's total monetary assets differ from its t......
14. European Company European Company and Europe There is an entry on european company in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "European Company" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney Leach (Profile [...]...
15. Check Rate The rate of exchange applicable to bankers' checks. This rate is lower than the cable rate but higher than the rate applicable to time bills of exchange, owing to the time value of money.......
16. Currency Adjustment Factor A surcharge imposed on ocean freight by a carrier to offset or mitigate the impact of exchange rate fluctuations upon his freight revenue.......
17. Economic Union Summary of Economic Union Also known as an economic community, an advanced form of economic integration on the part of several states. The economic union incorporates the features of a Common market (read this and related legal terms for further details)—unrestricted free trade among [...]...
18. Purchasing Power Parity An equal relationship of prices between two countries. Price levels in both countries are substantially the same, considering the rate of exchange.......
19. London Interbank Offered Rate Often abbreviated as LIBOR, the rate at which major London banks will lend funds to each other. It is used as a money market index, and loans are often expressed in terms of LIBOR plus a percentage. LIBOR is used, in Eurodollar loans, as an equivalent to prime rate in the United States.......
20. Forward Exchange Contract An agreement to exchange, at a specified future date, a fixed number of units of one currency for a fixed number of units of another currency. Such contracts are often procured by merchants when they must settle future accounts in a foreign currency and wish to protect against possible losses [...]...
21. Loading Summary of Loading A risk premium in addition to interest charges and acceptance fees deducted by a bank or discount house from the face value of a bill of exchange (read here for further details) presented for discounting. This additional margin will vary, depending upon the quality of the [...]...
22. European Community European Community (EC) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of European Community (EC): (Previously known as the European Economic Community, or EEC; the term "European Communities" [...]...
23. Arbitrage Summary of Arbitrage The practice whereby foreign exchange or commodities are purchased in one market at lower cost and rapidly traded off in another, higher cost market. For example, if the pound sterling sells for $1.50 in Paris, but only $1.45 in New York, an arbitrageur could buy [...]...
24. Effective Rate Of Exchange The true cost of acquiring a unit of a given currency in terms of another currency. The effective rate includes taxes and other costs that are factored into the price of the currency converted.......
25. Chicken War A protracted dispute between the United States and the European Economic Community arising from the adoption of Europe's COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY (read this and related legal terms for further details) on chicken i......
26. Soft Currency A national currency that, because of exchange controls, is not freely convertible into gold or other currencies. Such controls are usually manifest in officially set rates of exchange that do not reflect the price of the soft currency, were it permitted to trade freely.......
27. Crawling Peg A middle ground between fixed and freely floating exchange rates. Unlike the free- floating system in which exchange rates are determined by market forces alone, and a system of fixed exchange rates (i.e., the defunct Bretton Woods system), the crawling peg scheme envisions that various trading curr......
28. Rationing Of Exchange An exchange control imposed by governmental authority to regulate transactions in foreign exchange. Under a rationing of exchange scheme, only the government may issue exchange to importers, and holders of bills of exchange denominated in a foreign currency must surrender them to the government in e......
29. Turnover Summary of Turnover The rate at which sales occur, relative to the capital employed. For example, if sales are one million dollars, and capital employed is one hundred thousand, the capital turnover is ten.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Turnover and International Trade Economy [...]...
30. Effective Rate of Protection The net protection afforded by a nation's tariff system to any given domestic product. For example, the higher the rate of duty, the greater the protection against foreign imports; conversely, as rates are increased on raw materials or production inputs, the costs of domestic production are [...]...
31. Eligible Paper Drafts, bills of exchange, and other instruments that satisfy requirements for discount or re-discount at the counters of a Federal Reserve bank. In addition to being eligible, i.e., arising from an approved transaction, the paper must be acceptable, i.e., drawn, accepted, or endorsed by a credit-wo......
32. Key Currency The currency of a major trading nation widely accepted in settlement of international accounts. At present, eight currencies are regarded as key currencies and are known as the Big Eight ("https://lawin.org/list-of-international-trade-law-terms/">read this and related legal [...]...
33. Spot Exchange Rate Spot Exchange Rate in International Trade Meaning of Spot Exchange Rate, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The price of one currency expressed in terms of another currency at a given moment in time....
34. Fisheries Policy Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) and Europe There is an entry on common fisheries policy (cfp) in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Common Fisheries Policy (CFP)" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to [...]...
35. Free Trade Area Summary of Free Trade Area An association of states that seeks to overcome impediments to trade among members by reducing or eliminating tariffs among the participants. The members of a free trade area do not maintain a common external tariff nor do they (usually) provide for the free flow [...]...
36. Usury A rate of interest in excess of that permitted by law. Usury may negate repayment of the excessive interest, or even the principal. In many jurisdictions usury statutes do not apply to corporate borrowings. ......
37. Stop Loss Order Stop Loss Order in International Trade Meaning of Stop Loss Order, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An order to buy (on a short position) or to sell (on a long position) foreign exchange if the rate rises above or falls below a specific limit. As soon as [...]...
38. Cable Rate The exchange rate quoted for a given currency transferred by cable. The cable rate is higher than the rate for checks or bills of exchange denominated in the same currency because cable transfers are virtually instantaneous, thereby denying the bank or broker use of the funds during the collection p......
39. Bank Acceptance Bank Acceptance in International Trade Meaning of Bank Acceptance, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A draft accepted by a bank usually for the purpose of financing the sale of goods to or by the bank's customer. The bill may be drawn , for example, by [...]...
40. Cartel Summary of Cartel An alliance among firms in the same line of business aimed at controlling or dominating their field on an international basis.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Definition of Cartel In accordance with the work A Dictionary of Law, this is a description of Cartel : [...]...
41. Cross Rate The ratio between the exchange rate of two currencies in relation to a third currency.......
42. Economic Integration Summary of Economic Integration The process of unifying two or more national economies through conscious coordination of trade, fiscal, and monetary activities. Economic integration is normally preceded by the reduction or abolition of tariffs, quotas, and similar constraints upon trade [...]...
43. Through Rate A freight rate that is the total rate from origin to destination; in some cases, surcharges may be applicable to the basic freight, and are additional to the through rate.......
44. Base Rate The specific commodity or general class rate applicable to a product in a common carrier's tariff. Various surcharges, fuel adjustments, currency adjustment factors, et cetera, may be imposed on top of the base rate; they are often expressed as a percentage of the base rate.......
45. Independent Action The reserved right of a carrier participating in a Conference (read this legal term for further details) or rate agreement to deviate unilaterally from the common tariff and publish its own rate for a given commodity. In those tariffs that permit ......
46. London Gold Pool An arrangement among certain European central banks and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York designed to maintain stability in the market price of gold in private transactions. The United States had been committed to buy and sell gold in official transactions at thirty-five dollars per ounce; a priv......
47. Discount Corporation A firm engaged in the discounting and trading of bills of exchange and acceptances. In the United States these functions are usually performed by commercial banks, although there are entities other than commercial banks specializing in this area.......
48. Discount Rate Also known as the re-discount rate, the rate of interest charged by the Federal Reserve to member banks for advances. The rates are set every fourteen days by the regional Federal Reserve banks upon approval of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve system.The discount rate is a p......
49. Discount Window The counter at a Federal Reserve bank or branch at which a member bank may present eligible instruments, such as banker's acceptances, for discount or re-discount; the acceptance of such instruments by the Federal Reserve increases lending power of the commercial bank that has offered the instru......
50. London The City of London and Europe There is an entry on the city of london in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "The City of London" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney Leach [...]...
51. London Declaration of 1909 Embracing mainstream international law, this section on london declaration of 1909 explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "london declaration of 1909" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of [...]...
52. London Dumping Convention Embracing mainstream international law, this section on london dumping convention explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "london dumping convention" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of [...]...
53. London Court of International Arbitration London Court of International Arbitration (LCIA) in International Trade Meaning of London Court of International Arbitration (LCIA), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The LCIA is one of the world's leading international institutions for commercial [...]...
54. London Naval Construction Treaties Embracing mainstream international law, this section on london naval construction treaties explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "london naval construction treaties" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic [...]...
55. London Proces-verbal on the Rules of Submarine Warfare Embracing mainstream international law, this section on london proces-verbal on the rules of submarine warfare explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "london proces-verbal on the rules of submarine warfare" [...]...
56. London Guidelines for the Exchange of Information on Chemicals in International Trade Contents London Guidelines for the Exchange of Information on Chemicals in International Trade   PART I. GENERAL PROVISIONS 1. Definitions ... Read more...
57. London Guidelines for the Exchange of Information on Chemicals in International Trade 2 Contents London Guidelines for the Exchange of Information on Chemicals in International Trade   PART II – Notification And Information ... Read more...
58. London Guidelines for the Exchange of Information on Chemicals in International Trade 3 Contents London Guidelines for the Exchange of Information on Chemicals in International Trade   8. Information regarding exports (a) If ... Read more...
59. London Agreement for the Prosecution and Punishment of the Major War Criminals of the European Axis Embracing mainstream international law, this section on london agreement for the prosecution and punishment of the major war criminals of the european axis explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "london agreement [...]...
60. Discount Discount in International Trade Meaning of Discount, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A deduction from an amount due to given consideration of such circumstances as prompt or early payment or an order of unusually large quantity. Selling a receivable or [...]...
61. Lloyd's Of London A major world insurance market, which arose to provide coverage of marine risks but which now insures against virtually any loss or calamity. Contrary to popular belief, Lloyd's is not an insurance company; it has no shareholders and assumes no liability for insurance contracts written by its me......
62. Central Market A spot commodity market that serves as a national or regional center of trading activity, and often large-scale distribution of the products as well. Transactions are usually performed by dealers who serve as intermediary brokers between buyers and sellers.......
63. Common Market Summary of Common Market A supranational organization of trading nations, created to promote economic collaboration and minimize constraints on the free movement of goods among the member states. Features of a common market include elimination of tariffs on goods moving between member [...]...
64. Fair Market Value The value an imported product would fetch, under similar circumstances of sale, were the goods sold in the country of origin. Customs authorities are usually interested in the fair market value of imported merchandise inasmuch as sales below such value may serve as the basis of a Dumping (...
65. Free Market The economic system of a nation in which market forces determine which goods and services are produced, and at what price they are offered. Free market economies do not contain substantial government controls on resource availability, price levels, or central planning of economic objectives.......
66. Interbank Market A market for the purchase and sale in the spot and forward markets for foreign exchange among major commercial banks. Very often, these banks will offer to purchase or sell exchange through brokers, thereby initially protecting the identity of the market participants in a given currency at a point i......
67. Market Access Summary of Market Access The degree of participation in the domestic market that a nation allows to foreign suppliers. Tariffs, quotas, and similar protective devices are devices imposed to limit market access. (Main Author: William J. Miller) Market Access and National Treatment in the [...]...
68. Market Disruption A condition in which foreign imports of a given product increase in quantity so rapidly as to cause, or threaten to cause, material injury to a competing domestic industry. A finding of market disruption before the International Trade Commission may result in retaliatory actions against the [...]...
69. Andean Common Market Considered in Andean Group.......
70. Carribbean Community And Common Market Commonly known as Caricom, the successor organization to the defunct Caribbean Free Trade Association (Carifta). The object of CARICOM was to stimulate regional development through the adoption of a common external tariff and uniform protectionist measures, harmonization of fiscal affairs, and conce......
71. Central American Common Market Summary of Central American Common Market A free trade area among the nations of Central America, established in 1960 by a treaty between El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. The common market began operations in 1961, and Costa Rica joined the group in 1962. Honduras dropped [...]...
72. Dual Exchange Market A governmentally mandated system for the handling of foreign exchange transactions under which officially sanctioned imports or other approved transactions are accommodated at a given, prescribed rate of exchange while other transactions employ the market rate of exchange. For a listing of countries......
73. Foreign Market Price For purposes of customs valuation comparisons, generally the price of like merchandise sold for consumption in the country of origin.......
74. Declaration of London Resources See Also International Law; World War I study by N. Bentwich (1911). Further Reading (Books) International Naval Conference. The Declaration of London, February 26, 1909: A Collection of Official Papers and Documents Relating to the International Naval Confer......
75. London Boutique ...
76. International Underwriting Association of London International Underwriting Association of London (IUA) in International Trade Meaning of International Underwriting Association of London (IUA), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Entity that publishes the most known marine cargo insurance conditions [...]...
77. Amendments to the 1996 Protocol to the London Convention Amendments to the 1996 Protocol to the London Convention in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to Amendments to the 1996 Protocol to the London Convention: At a meeting in October 2013, the Contracting Parties to the 1996 Protocol to the 1972 Convention on the [...]...
78. Primary Market A spot commodity market dealing in a local producing area. Ordinarily such markets develop around local transportation centers.......
79. Single Market Summary of Single Market A component feature of the Common Agricultural policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Single Market and Europe There is an entry on single market in the European [...]...
80. Spot Market A market for commodities or currency in which the sale results in an immediate or nearly immediate exchange of the goods or instruments for cash, as compared with a futures market, which trades in contracts for the future delivery of the product.......
81. Labor Market Resources See Also Labor Employment Law International Labor Law Industrial Safety Labour Labor Right Labor Policy...
82. European Common Market European Common MarketCross-reference: European Economic Community and European Union.......
83. Market-Oriented Distribution Center A product distribution center located close to the point of consumption rather than the point of manufacture. For example, an American manufacturer of a product sold in Europe might supply European customers from a (market-oriented) distribution center in Rotterdam, rather than directly from the U.S......
84. Open Market Operations A principal vehicle of the Federal Reserve system in expanding or contracting bank reserves. The Federal Open Market Committee, consisting of the entire Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve system, plus representatives of five of the twelve regional Federal Reserve banks (the New York Federal R......
85. Arab Common Market Arab Common Market Outline The ACM came into existence in 1965, pursuant to an agreement signed in 1964 by the Arab League states. Its initial members included Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Mauritania, Palestine Liberation Organisation, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, United Arab Emirates, Yeme......
86. Labor Market Segmentation Resources See Also Economy Economic System Legal System Capitalism...
87. Labor Market Analysis Resources See Also Labor Employment Law International Labor Law Industrial Safety Labour Labor Right Labor Policy...
88. Labor Market Information System Resources See Also Labor Employment Law International Labor Law Industrial Safety Labour Labor Right Labor Policy...
89. Labor Market Policy Resources See Also Labor Employment Law International Labor Law Industrial Safety Labour Labor Right Labor Policy...
90. Market Market Reserve Policies and International Trade Resources See Also Economy Economic System Legal System Capitalism Resources See Also Law of Similars...
91. Market Value Embracing mainstream international law, this section on market value explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "market value" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (currently, the [...]...
92. At the Market Resources See Also Market order...
93. Market-Inalienability Contents Market-Inalienability   Margaret Jane Radin   Things that may be given away but not sold are market-inalienable. In this ... Read more...
94. Black Market Black Market Definition Black Market is the term designating the illicit sale of commodities in violation of government rationing and price-fixing. The term originated in Europe during World War I, when the introduction of rationing in belligerent countries tempted some persons with access [...]...
95. Bonds Market Bonds in this SectionBondHow Bonds WorkTypes of BondsIssu......
96. Market Failure Market Imperfections or Market Failure and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Imperfections or Market Failure: Often refers to two sources of departure from perfect competition, i.e., [...]...
97. Market Structure Market Structure and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Structure: Refers to the structure of an industry or market, as reflected in the number and size distribution of sellers and buyers, [...]...
98. Market Power Market Power and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Power: The ability of an individual firm to exert control over prices prevailing in the markets for its products or services. The highest [...]...
99. Market Performance Market Performance and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Performance: The principal focus of competition policy, market performance refers to the degree to which a particular industry or [...]...
100. Grey Market Grey Market in International Trade Meaning of Grey Market, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A situation that consists of unauthorized traders buying and selling a company's product in different countries. Companies confronted with a grey situation can [...]...
101. Market Risk Market Risk in International Trade Meaning of Market Risk, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The possibility that results at the time a product is delivered may differ from expectations held at a time it was ordered. For instance, the market price may have [...]...
102. Market Intelligence Improving Competitiveness Through Organizational Market Intelligence: Market Intelligence, the Law and other Social Sciences Market intelligence (MI) is a concept that results in real opportunities for knowledge management in organizations. MI is a cyclic process to deliver knowledge for [...]...
103. Internal Market Meaning of Internal market Here is a very short concept of internal market in the European Union framework: Another term for the single market; also known as the common market, although that expression has wider connotations. Resources Notas y References See Also...
104. Over-the-counter Market Resources See Also NASD NASDAQ...
105. Actual Market Value Resources See Also Market volume...
106. Cornering the Market Resources See Also Corner...
107. Clear Market Value Resources See Also Fair market value...
108. Current Market Value Resources See Also Fair market value...
109. Agricultural Market Resources See Also Farming Farm Bill Agricultural Law Agriculture Reform Agriculture...
110. Market Economy Resources See Also Economy Economic System Legal System Capitalism...
111. Capital Market Resources See Also Finance Consumer Credit Negotiable Instrument Securities Financial Regulation Corporate Finance...
112. Market Research Resources See Also Price Policy Price Control Pricing Strategy Dumping...
113. Commodity Market Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
114. Domestic Market Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
115. Financial Market Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
116. International Market Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
117. Market Planning Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
118. Market Stabilization Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
119. Market Study Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
120. Market Definition Resources See Also Business Law Antitrust Laws...