Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Currency Adjustment Factor A surcharge imposed on ocean freight by a carrier to offset or mitigate the impact of exchange rate fluctuations upon his freight revenue.......
2. Differential Exchange Rates A scheme in which a government prescribes different rates of exchange for the local currency, depending upon the transaction involved. The government may assign its currency a given value in terms of gold for capital transfers, for example, but provide for a less favorable rate of exchange for impor......
3. Rationing Of Exchange An exchange control imposed by governmental authority to regulate transactions in foreign exchange. Under a rationing of exchange scheme, only the government may issue exchange to importers, and holders of bills of exchange denominated in a foreign currency must surrender them to the government in e......
4. Key Currency The currency of a major trading nation widely accepted in settlement of international accounts. At present, eight currencies are regarded as key currencies and are known as the Big Eight ("https://lawin.org/list-of-international-trade-law-terms/">read this and related legal [...]...
5. Tariff (Freight) A document issued, usually in booklet form, by a Common Carrier (read this and related legal terms for further details) listing its charges for transportation services. Commonly, the rate, or cost of transportation, vari......
6. Freight Tariff Not Otherwise Specified (NOS) in International Trade Meaning of Not Otherwise Specified (NOS), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): This expression and abbreviation is often applied to air freight tariffs, indicates that the rate stated in the tariff applies [...]...
7. Exchange Control The system by which a government regulates possession of and dealings in foreign exchange. The principal objective of exchange control is to allocate foreign exchange to necessary imports and expenditures. Normally, the finance ministry or central bank is invested with the authority to issue [...]...
8. Forward Exchange Contract An agreement to exchange, at a specified future date, a fixed number of units of one currency for a fixed number of units of another currency. Such contracts are often procured by merchants when they must settle future accounts in a foreign currency and wish to protect against possible losses [...]...
9. Multiple Currency System Synonymous with Differential Exchange Rates (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
10. Guest Currency The currency in which a Eurobond (read this and related legal terms for further details) or other financial obligation is issued. The currency is selected to be acceptable to both the foreign borrower and the lender, and......
11. Blocked Exchange An exchange restriction, imposed by governmental authority, that forbids the unlicensed purchase of bills of exchange, currency, or negotiable instruments denominated in a foreign currency. The object of this measure is to prevent transmission of foreign currency reserves out of the country. [...]...
12. Fiduciary Currency A currency backed solely by the faith of the government that issues it. The term does not carry the negative import often associated with fiat money (read this and related legal terms for further details). See also Money......
13. Purchasing Power Parity An equal relationship of prices between two countries. Price levels in both countries are substantially the same, considering the rate of exchange.......
14. Exchange Rates Multiple Exchange Rates (also known as Differential Exchange Rates) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Multiple Exchange Rates (also known as Differential Exchange Rates): [...]...
15. Covered Transaction A transaction denominated in terms of a foreign currency, payable at a future date, in which protection against loss on exchange has been procured, usually in the form of a Forward Exchange Contract (read this and related le......
16. Credit Currency Synonymous with Fiduciary Currency (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
17. Unilinear Tariff Synonymous with general TARIFF (read this and related legal terms for further details). Union D'Assureurs Des Credits Inter- Nationaux. The full, formal name of the Berne Union (...
18. Divergence Threshold Within the euro Pean Monetary System (read this and related legal terms for further details), each participating currency is assigned a value in terms of the European currency unit (ECU). The participating currency is pe......
19. Roosa Bonds Bonds sold by the U.S. Treasury in the 1960s to foreign central banks for dollars as part of a Swap Arrangement (read this and related legal terms for further details) to relieve exchange rate instability. The bonds prov......
20. Currency Currency in International Trade Meaning of Currency, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The circulating media of exchange in a country. Includes money and such financial instruments as checks. Resources See Also Public Finance Public Policy Tax Law [...]...
21. Floor In the case of a variable rate loan (read this and related legal terms for further details), a prearranged minimum rate of interest that will be imposed, irrespective of how low the money market index falls.......
22. Freight Broker Synonymous with Cargo Broker (read this and related legal terms for further details), in vessel charter transactions.......
23. Ocean Freight Differential A sum rep resenting the difference in freight costs associated with moving subsidized agricultural exports on American rather than cheaper foreign vessels. The differential is provided for shipments under the Agricultural Trade Development And Assistance Act (...
24. General Tariff A tariff schedule in which a single rate of duty applies to a given commodity irrespective of the country of origin. A general tariff makes no provision for preferential duties.......
25. Memorandum Tariff An abstract of a freight tariff. This document, usually published by carriers in a given trade, contains selected rates and other information extracted from the official tariff. The purpose of a memorandum tariff is to highlight information of wide interest.......
26. Devaluation Summary of Devaluation The official reduction of the value of a nation's money in relation to a standard (usually gold), special drawing rights, or the U.S. dollar. Inasmuch as all currencies are ultimately valued in terms of some standard, devaluation results in the conscious increase [...]...
27. Financial Accounting Standards Board Statement No 8 A far-reaching and controversial pronouncement by the Financial Accounting Standards Board governing accounting practices used by American firms in transactions involving foreign currencies. The pronouncement, known commonly as FASB 8, came into effect for fiscal years beginning January 1, 1976. Am......
28. Freight-Allowed Pricing Synonymous with zone-delivered pricing (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
29. Freight of All Kinds Freight of All Kinds in International Trade Meaning of FAK (Freight of All Kinds), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Freight rate applicable to all types of goods and therefore is not restricted to a particular commodity. FAK freight rates are quoted [...]...
30. Gold Standard Summary of Gold Standard A system under which a nation's currency is freely convertible into gold. The quantity of gold per unit of currency is fixed by law. Most major trading nations, however, abandoned the gold standard because of the constraints it imposes upon liquidity, although [...]...
31. Dirty Float Also known as managed float, the process whereby national monetary authorities intercede in the foreign exchange markets to prevent significant fluctuations in the values of their own or other currencies. The process is accomplished by selling reserves of currencies rising in value, or the [...]...
32. Par Value The nominal value assigned to a currency by its issuing authority. Normally, this value is expressed as a quantity of gold, or another currency convertible into gold. When the market value of a currency, expressed in terms of other convertible currencies, deviates significantly from its par [...]...
33. Sliding Scale Tariff A customs tariff in which rates of DUTY (read this and related legal terms for further details) vary according to the price of a given import. Usually, as the price of the item declines, the duty is reduced. Duties may b......
34. Tariff Quota Tariff Quota and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Tariff Quota: A two-stage tariff, providing a base tariff rate that applies to goods up to a specified quantity imported [...]...
35. Local and Municipal Law Contents$City Content:Municipal LawOrdinance CodificationSecondary SourcesLocal and Municipal Law in Comparative LawSee AlsoReferences and Further Reading $City Content: $City Charter $City ... Read more...
36. Local Carrier A motor carrier that operates wholly within a single or contiguous commercial zone but is still subject to Interstate Commerce Commission authority because of other motor carriage business, for example, because it handles interstate interline business or hauls certain regulated commodities.......
37. Local Government Introduction to Local Government Local Government, agency organized to provide and supervise administrative, fiscal, and other services to the people who reside within its territorial boundaries. It is the level of government most directly accountable to the public. In the U.S. local [...]...
38. Local Government Law The Legal History of Local Government LawThis section provides an overview of Local Government Law ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Local Government Law in the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History (Oxford University [...]...
39. Local Law Spanish Translation of provincial law or local law This is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to provincial law or local law and / or a definition of this topic: Derecho Foral (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry). Introduction This entry provides an [...]...
40. Local Union Local union in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of Local union provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: A local branch of a higher-level trade union such as a national union. Resources Trade Union Topics Trade Union Act Trades Union Congress (TUC) Trade Union Density Definition of Trade [...]...
41. Local Geographic Indications and International Trade Resources See Also Appellations of origin...
42. Local Elections Local Elections in Election Law Elections held to elect the representatives of a regional or local assembly or any other regional, infra-state body. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
43. Local Communities Cloud Governance at the Local Communities, the Law and other Social Sciences This book chapter conceptualizes the plan of an autonomous community to cover the information technology needs by adopting cloud computing on a community level. Community cloud computing is a solution with many [...]...
44. Local Custom Embracing mainstream international law, this section on local custom explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "local custom" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (currently, the [...]...
45. Local Data Local Data in Private International Law This section contain conflict of laws information and cross references related to local data on some major countries and additional jurisdictions. It covers key issues involved when citizens face international situations. Information on private [...]...
46. Local Rules Sample Local Rules on Financing in relation with Debtor-in-possession Financing This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of Sample Local Rules on Financing covered in connexion with Debtor-in-possession Financing and banking / lending Institutions....
47. Local Administrator Description of Local Administrator In this reference work, local administrator is a sort of the Conflict of laws category. Resources See Also Executor Executors Administrators Conflict of laws...
48. Local Legislation Introduction This entry provides an overview of the legal framework of local legislation, with a description of the most significant features of local legislation at international level. Related Work and Conclusions Resources See Also References (Papers) Legislating In The Shadows, [...]...
49. Local Taxes Introduction This entry provides an overview of the legal framework of local taxes, with a description of the most significant features of local taxes at international level. Related Work and Conclusions Resources See Also References (Papers) The Political Process Argument For Overruling [...]...
50. Local Authority Resources See Also Government Government Contract Local Government Public Administration Administrative Law Public Law...
51. Local Finance Resources See Also Government Government Contract Local Government Public Administration Administrative Law Public Law...
52. Local Currency Resources See Also Public Finance Public Policy Tax Law Financial Regulation...
53. Local Government Law Outline Most Popular Entries related to Local Government Law Outline Government Law (in the World) Government Law College (in the World) Government Law Jobs (in the World) Government Bailout Law (in the World) Local Government Law (in the World) Government Law Enforcement Agencies (in the World) [...]...
54. Local Economic Development Resources See Also Community Collective Right Society Public Law...
55. Local Area Network Resources See Also Computer Fraud Computer Electronic Surveillance Electronic Commerce...
56. Long Rate The rate paid by a bank or foreign exchange broker for long bills of exchange (i.e., those having a tenor of more than thirty days) payable abroad.......
57. London Interbank Offered Rate Often abbreviated as LIBOR, the rate at which major London banks will lend funds to each other. It is used as a money market index, and loans are often expressed in terms of LIBOR plus a percentage. LIBOR is used, in Eurodollar loans, as an equivalent to prime rate in the United States.......
58. Local Action Description of Local Action Resources See Also Courts...
59. Local Assessment Description of Local Assessment Resources See Also Municipal Corporations...
60. Local Agent Description of Local Agent Resources See Also Principal Agent...
61. Local Level Resources See Also Economic Development Social development...
62. Local Content Requirements Local Content Requirements and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Local Content Requirements: Government-imposed conditions on inward direct investments, requiring that a [...]...
63. Leadership in Local Government Literature Review on Leadership in Local Government In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] James H. Svara offers the following summary about the topic of Leadership in Local Government: City managers are executives and city administrators are partial executives [...]...
64. Local Division Courts The Local Division Court (South Africa) Name of this Court The Local Division Court (South Africa) is the standarized name of one of the Commonwealth Courts - see the entries in the corresponding legal Encyclopedia (of this project) about court rules and procedural law for more information on [...]...
65. Lombard Rate The interest rate charged West German commercial banks on loans from the central bank using securities as collateral.......
66. Literacy Rate, Adult Adult Literacy Rate (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Adult Literacy Rate means: the proportion of the adult population aged 15 years and older which is literate, expressed as a percentage of the corresponding population, total or for a given sex, in a given country, territory, [...]...
67. English Local Law The Legal History of English Local LawThis section provides an overview of English Local Law ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading English Local Law in the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History (Oxford University Press) [...]...
68. Local Legislature Resources See Also Local Law Legal Definition Local Lawyers Special Law Enforcement Officer (in United States) Local Law Enforcement (in ... Read more...
69. Exhaustion of Local Remedies Definition of Exhaustion of Local Remedies In accordance with the work A Dictionary of Law, this is a description of Exhaustion of Local Remedies : The rule of customary international law that when an *alien has been wronged, all municipal remedies available to the injured party in the host [...]...
70. Citizen Participation in Local Government Literature Review on Citizen Participation in Local Government In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Anthony J. Nownes offers the following summary about the topic of Citizen Participation in Local Government: Citizens can participate in government and [...]...
71. Policy Making in Local Government Literature Review on Policy Making in Local Government In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Jeremy L. Hall offers the following summary about the topic of Policy Making in Local Government: Local policy making, while similar, differs in important ways from [...]...
72. Exhaustion of Local Remedies Rule Embracing mainstream international law, this section on exhaustion of local remedies rule explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "local remedies, exhaustion of, rule" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic [...]...
73. Strengthening Cve Efforts by Sub-National, City, and Local Partners Strengthening Cve Efforts By Sub-National, City, And Local Partners in 2016 The United States supports the Strong Cities Network, a global network of municipal and other sub-national leaders and local government practitioners involved in building community resilience. The United States also [...]...
74. Tax Rate Other Popular Tax Definitions in the World Legal Encyclopedia Adjusted Gross Income (sometimes, including Tax Rate) Ad......
75. Rate Spanish Translation of tariff and rateThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to tariff or rate and / or a definition of this topic: Tarifa (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
76. Actual Value Rate A freight rate applicable to certain commodities where, depending upon the actual goods, value may vary greatly. For example, the classification "scientific instruments" may embrace low-value laboratory glassware or high-value precision instruments. In such cases, the shipper must declare ......
77. Any Quantity Rate A freight rate applicable to a specific commodity irrespective of the quantity shipped, without provision for quantity discounts.......
78. Bank Rate The rate at which the Bank of England and the Bank of Canada lend to commercial banks.......
79. Base Rate The specific commodity or general class rate applicable to a product in a common carrier's tariff. Various surcharges, fuel adjustments, currency adjustment factors, et cetera, may be imposed on top of the base rate; they are often expressed as a percentage of the base rate.......
80. Cable Rate The exchange rate quoted for a given currency transferred by cable. The cable rate is higher than the rate for checks or bills of exchange denominated in the same currency because cable transfers are virtually instantaneous, thereby denying the bank or broker use of the funds during the collection p......
81. Central Rate Each currency affiliated with the EUROPEAN monetary system (read this and related legal terms for further details) is assigned a value in terms of the European currency unit (ECU). The central rate is the range within wh......
82. Check Rate The rate of exchange applicable to bankers' checks. This rate is lower than the cable rate but higher than the rate applicable to time bills of exchange, owing to the time value of money.......
83. Column 1 Rate The rate of duty applied by U.S. Customs to imports from nations enjoying Most Favored Nation (read this and related legal terms for further details) status. See TARIFF (CUSTOMS); Tariff Schedules of the United States.......
84. Column 2 Rate The rate of duty applied by U.S. Customs to imports from nations not enjoying Most Favored Nation (read this and related legal terms for further details) status. The Column 2 rate is the statutory rate of duty provided i......
85. Combination Rate An inland freight rate from point of origin to destination derived by adding two or more intermediate rates.......
86. Contract Rate In the steamship industry, the freight rate applicable to goods shipped by a firm that has executed an exclusive patronage contract (read this and related legal terms for further details) with a Conference (...
87. Customs Rate The rate of exchange employed by U.S. Customs in converting foreign currency invoices for the purpose of arriving at a value, in U.S. dollars, for imported merchandise. Ad valorem duties are applied on the dollar value. In accordance with the Customs Simplification Act of 1956, the secretary of the......
88. Differential Rate A freight rate derived by compiling existing intermediate rates; this process is used where no through rate exists between the points of origin and destination.......
89. Directional Rate A freight rate reduced for cargo moving in a direction where cargo is light, for the purpose of stimulating movements. Under such circumstances, it is quite possible that the rate for the same product moving in the other direction (where tonnage is heavy) may be significantly higher.......
90. Discount Rate Also known as the re-discount rate, the rate of interest charged by the Federal Reserve to member banks for advances. The rates are set every fourteen days by the regional Federal Reserve banks upon approval of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve system.The discount rate is a p......
91. Effective Interest Rate Also known as the real interest rate, the return to capital derived by adjusting the nominal rate of interest for inflation. For example, a bond may bear a nominal rate of interest (the rate that the instrument pays) of 10 percent; by deducting the rate of inflation—say, 4 percent—we derive the ......
92. Effective Lending Rate The actual cost of a loan when such factors as commitment fees and compensating balances are computed on top of the interest rate.......
93. Effective Rate Of Exchange The true cost of acquiring a unit of a given currency in terms of another currency. The effective rate includes taxes and other costs that are factored into the price of the currency converted.......
94. Effective Rate of Protection The net protection afforded by a nation's tariff system to any given domestic product. For example, the higher the rate of duty, the greater the protection against foreign imports; conversely, as rates are increased on raw materials or production inputs, the costs of domestic production are [...]...
95. Freight, All Kinds Rate A fixed charge levied by a carrier to ship a container, trailer, car, et cetera, from one point to another, irrespective of the contents. A FAK rate supersedes class or commodity rates. The shipper, in effect, pays a flat charge to move the unit and may ship whatever he wishes up to the rated capaci......
96. Green Rate A special rate of exchange used in converting agricultural prices fixed in units of account into national currencies, within the framework of the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further deta......
97. Interest Rate Risk The risk borne by the holder of fixed rate securities that interest rates will rise above those paid by his holdings, thereby depriving him of interest that might otherwise have been earned.......
98. Minimum Lending Rate The rate at which the Bank of England lends to members of the discount market against the security of treasury bills or other government paper with less than five years to mature.......
99. Nominal Interest Rate The rate of interest earned by an investment, without adjustment for inflation. Deducting the inflation factor from the nominal rate yields the effective or real interest rate, which is a more accurate reflection of the return on the investment.......
100. Noncontract Rate The freight rate applicable to commodities shipped by a firm that has not executed an exclusive patronage contract (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
101. Paper Rate A rate in a tariff under which no cargo moves.......
102. Predatory Rate An ocean freight rate set intentionally low so as to drive out competition. Soviet flag carriers, animated by motives other than commercial profit, were widely criticized for establishing predatory rates. Certain noncommunist carriers, enjoying heavy state subsidies, were also suspected of setting p......
103. Prime Rate The rate of interest on business loans by commercial banks to their most creditworthy customers. The maintenance of a COMPENSATING BALANCE (read this and related legal terms for further details) by the borrower is custom......
104. Proportional Rate A freight rate that is constructed by adding separate joint or local rates applying to a through movement. A proportional rate, unlike a Combination rate (read this and related legal terms for further details), is applic......
105. Real Interest Rate Synonymous with effective interest Rate (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
106. Released Valuation Rate A lower tariff rate provided by a common carrier to a shipper in return for a reduced claim liability on the part of the carrier. For example, a carrier may offer a reduced rate if the shipper agrees to release the value of the product at fifty cents per pound. The Interstate Commerce Commission mus......
107. Riskless Rate Of Return The rate of interest paid by government securities; it constitutes a base against which other rates of return may be judged in assessing the effective use of capital.......
108. Royalty Rate The return that a firm receives from granting license for the use of its processes, trademarks, et cetera, to another firm.......
109. Sight Rate The rate of exchange used by a bank or foreign exchange dealer in purchasing a sight bill of exchange or similar instrument denominated in a foreign currency.......
110. Statutory Rate Of Duty The rate of duty on the given product specified by the Smoot- Hawley Act (read this and related legal terms for further details) of 1930. The rates established by this act are applied to Column 2 countries, i.e., those t......
111. Step-Down Rate A financing agreement in which a lower rate of interest is charged later in the life of the loan than at the beginning.......
112. Tariff Rate A rate for insurance coverage specifically prescribed by local regulation. Usually the rate is higher than might be derived through negotiations with a nonadmitted (read this and related legal terms for further details) ......
113. Time Volume Rate A contract between a shipper of cargo and a steamship line or conference in which the shipper pledges to ship a specific quantity of cargo aboard the carrier's vessels between agreed ports, during a given time period for a fixed sum of money per freight unit.......
114. Variable Rate Loan A loan on which the rate of interest is adjusted periodically in accordance with market rates.......
115. Rate Schedule Other Popular Tax Definitions in the World Legal Encyclopedia Adjusted Gross Income (sometimes, including Rate Schedule) ...
116. Applied Tariff Rate Applied Tariff Rate and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Applied Tariff Rate: The tariff rate actually used to determine the amount of duty owed on a particular import [...]...
117. Abstention Rate Abstention Rate in Election Law Percentage of voters who did not go to the polls on election day. This percentage is highly important in that it is an indication of the degree of citizens' lack of interest in an election. It may also be an indication of how confident citizens are in the [...]...
118. Exchange Rate Exchange Rate in International Trade Meaning of Exchange Rate, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The price of one currency expressed in terms of another, i.e., the number of units of one currency that may be exchanged for one unit of another currency. [...]...
119. Floating Exchange Rate Floating Exchange Rate in International Trade Meaning of Floating Exchange Rate, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A rate of exchange that is determined by market forces. See also clean float and dirty float. Concept of Floating Exchange Rate An [...]...
120. Freight Rate LCL/fcl in International Trade Meaning of LCL/fcl, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A way of quoting container freight rates in which the carrier agrees to pack the container at the outset (LCL) but unpacking at destination must be carried out by the [...]...