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List of International Business Law Selected Court Decisions, by Topic
- Legal Status of Eastern Greenland: Treaties and Conventions (Sources of International Law)
- The Asylum Case : Custom (Sources of International Law)
D.THE SCOPE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW IN ACTUAL PRACTICE
The Practice in International Tribunals
The Practice in Municipal Courts
Case 1-3. Sei Fjujii v. State
E.INTERNATIONAL PERSONS
States
Case 1-4. Matimak Trading Co. v. Khalily and D.A.Y. Kids Sportswear Inc.
Case 1-5. The Trail Smelter Arbitration
Case 1-6. Arab Republic of Syria v. Arab Republic of Egypt
Case 1-7. Arab Monetary Fund v. Hashim and Others (No. 3)
Case 1-8. Eunomia di Porro & Co. v. Italian Ministry of Public Education
F.THE RIGHTS OF INDIVIDUALS UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW
Case 1-9. De Sanchez v. Banco Central de Nicaragua
G.COMPARISON OF MUNICIPAL LEGAL SYSTEMS
Reading 1-1. The Clash of Civilizations
The Romano-Germanic Civil Law System
Case 1-10. Raulin v. Fischer
The Anglo-American Common law System
The Islamic Law System
Case 1-11. – Libyan American Oil Company (Liamco) v. Government of the Libyan Arab Republic
CHAPTER QUESTIONS
REVIEW PROBLEM
Chapter 2 STATE RESPONSIBILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION
Introduction
A.STATE RESPONSIBILITY
Doctrine of Imputability
Case 2-1. Sandline International Inc. v. Papua New Guinea
Nonimputable Acts
Case 2-2. Home Missionary Society Case
Case 2-3. Flatow v. The Islamic Republic of Iran
Fault and Causation
B.STANDARD OF CARE
The National Standard of Care
Case 2-4. Cantero Herrera v. Canevaro & Co.
The International Standard of Care
Expropriation
Case 2-5. ACSYNGO v. Compagnie de Saint-Gobain (France), SA
Case 2-6. Case Concerning Barcelona Traction, Light, and Power Company , Ltd. (Second Phase)
Denial of Justice
Case 2-7. Chattin v. United Mexican States
C.OBJECTIONS
Lack of Standing
Lack of Nationality
Lack of a Genuine Link
Failure to Exhaust Remedies
Case 2-8. The M/V “SAIGA”(No. 2) Case
Other Objections
D.RELIEF
Case 2-9. Re LETELIER and MOFFITT
E.INSURANCE
Private Insurers
National Investment Guaranty Programs
Case 2-10. In the Matter of Revere Copper and Brass, Inc. and Overseas Private Investment Corporation
Multilateral Investment Guaranty Programs
F.ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
Regulation of Pollution
Case 2-11. Southern Bluefin Tuna Cases: Provisional Measures
Reading 2-1. The U.S. View: Kyoto Protocol is Fundamentally Flawed
Protection of Natural Resources
Liability for Environmental Damage
CHAPTER QUESTIONS
REVIEW PROBLEM
Chapter 3 DISPUTE SETTLEMENT
A. Settlement of Disputes THROUGH Diplomacy
Negotiation
Mediation
Inquiry
B. Settlement of Disputes IN INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNALS
International Court of Justice
Case 3-1. Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Jurisdiction and Admissibility) (Dissenting Opinion)
World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement Procedures
Case 3-2. European Communities-Customs Classification of Certain Computer Equipment
Case 3-3. Japan-Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages
International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes
Case 3-4. Fedax N.V. v. The Republic of Venezuela
Other Arbitration Tribunals
C.SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES IN MUNICIPAL COURTS
Jurisdiction in Criminal Cases
Case 3-5. Attorney -General of the Government of Israel v. Eichmann
Jurisdiction in Civil Cases
Case 3-6. Bumper Development Corp., Ltd. v. Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis and Others (Union of India and Others, Claimants)
Case 3-7. Shell v. R.W. Sturge, Ltd.
D.IMMUNITIES OF STATES FROM THE JURISDICTION OF MUNICIPAL COURTS
Sovereign or State Immunity
Case 3-8. Abbott v. Republic of South Africa
Act of State Doctrine
Case 3-9. Regina v. Bartle and the Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis and Others (Ex Parte Pinochet)
E.CHOOSING THE GOVERNING LAW
Agreement of the Parties
Statutory Choice of Law Provisions
Most Significant Relationship
Case 3-10. Bank of India V. Gobindram Naraindas Sadhwani and Others
Governmental Interest
Case 3-11. REYNO v. PIPER AIRCRAFT COMPANY
F.REFUSAL TO EXERCISE JURISDICTION
G.OPPOSTION TO THE EXERCISE OF JURISDICTION
Case 3-12. Airbus Industrie G.I.E v. Patel
H.PROVING Foreign Law
I.RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS
CHAPTER QUESTIONS
REVIEW PROBLEM
Chapter 4 THE MULTINATIONAL ENTERPRISE
Introduction
A.THE BUSINESS FORM
Business Forms in Civil Law States
Business Forms in Common law States
Case 4-1. Puerto Rico V. Russell & Co. et al.
The Importance of the Separate Legal Identity of Juridical Entities
Case 4-2. Case Concerning Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Co. (Second Phase)
B.THE MULTINATIONAL ORGANIZATION
The Parent Company
The Subordinate Structure
C.INTERNATIONAL REGULATION OF MULTINATIONAL ENTERPRISES
Reading 4-1. Proposed ISO Standard for Global Business Conduct
D.HOME STATE REGULATION OF MULTINATIONAL ENTERPRISES
Unfair Competition Laws
Case 4-3. Metro Industries v. Sammi Corp.
Case 4-4. Métropole Télévision (M6) v Commission of the European Communities
Products Liability Laws
Case 4-5. Asahi Metal Industry Co., Ltd. v. Superior Court of California, Solano County
Sharp Practices
Case 4-6. United States v. Blondek, Tull, Castle, and Lowry
E.HOST STATE REGULATION OF MULTINATIONAL ENTERPRISES
Consent to the Jurisdiction of the Host State
Common Enterprise Liability
Case 4-7. Touche Ross and Company v. Bank Intercontinental, Limited
Piercing the Company Veil
Case 4-8. Garden Contamination Case (No. 2)
CHAPTER QUESTIONS
REVIEW PROBLEM
Chapter 5 FOREIGN INVESTMENT
A.FOREIGN INVESTMENT LAWS AND CODES
National Foreign Investment Policies
Screening Foreign Investment Applications
Formal and Informal Application Process
Reading 5-1. The Informal Application Process
Approval of Foreign Investment Applications
Case 5-1. Arab Republic of Egypt v. Southern Pacific Properties, Ltd. et al
Business Forms
Limitations on Foreign Equity
Sectoral Limitations
Geographic Limitations
Case 5-2. Brady v. Brown
Free Zones
Case 5-3. Nissan Motor Mfg. Corp., U.S.A. v. United States
Foreign Investment Guarantees
B.SUPERVISION OF FOREIGN INVESTMENT
Start-Up Standards
Operational Reviews
Modification of Foreign Investment Agreements
Protection of Subsidiaries
Case 5-4. Case Concerning Elettronica Sicula, SpA
Case 5-5. The Bhopal Case
Penalties for Noncompliance
C.SECURITIES REGULATIONS
Securities
Trading in Securities
Securities Exchanges
Issuance of Securities
Clearance and Settlement Procedures
Case 5-6. Batchelder v. Kawamoto
Insider Trading Regulations
Case 5-7. United States v. O’Hagan
Takeover Regulations
D.ENFORCEMENT OF SECURITIES REGULATIONS INTERNATIONALLY
Memorandums of Understanding
The Convention on Insider Trading
Extraterritorial Application of U.S. Securities Laws
Case 5-8. Securities and Exchange Commission v. Knowles
CHAPTER QUESTIONS
REVIEW PROBLEM
Chapter 6 MONEY AND BANKING
A.MONEY
The Value of Money
The Choice of Money
Case 6-1. Republic of Argentina et al. v. Weltover, Inc. et al.
Maintaining Monetary Value
B.THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND
Origin of the IMF
IMF Quotas
Case 6-2. Re Law Authorizing an Increase in the French Quota to the International Monetary Fund
Organization of the IMF
IMF Operations
C.CURRENCY EXCHANGE
Currency Exchange Obligations of IMF Member States
Enforcement of Exchange Control Regulations of IMF Member States
Case 6-3. De Boer, Widow Moojen v. Ducro et al.
Case 6-4. Wilson, Smithett & Cope, Ltd. v. Terruzzi
Enforcement of Exchange Control Laws in the Absence of IMF Membership
Case 6-5. Menendez et al. v. Saks and Company et al.
Enforcement of Other IMF Member State Currency Exchange Obligations
Exemptions for New Members from IMF Member State Currency Exchange Obligations
D.CURRENCY SUPPORT
IMF Facilities
IMF “Conditionality”
E.DEVELOPMENT BANKS
F.THE BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTS
The Central Banks’ Bank
Promoter of International Monetary Cooperation
Agent for International Settlements
G.REGIONAL MONETARY ORGANIZATIONS
H.NATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEMS
National Monetary Organizations
Bank Deposits
Case 6-6. The Banker’s Case
Reading 6-1. Islamic Banking
Eurocurrency Deposits
The Interbank Deposit Market
The Foreign Exchange Market
Foreign Exchange Contracts
Case 6-7. Hunt et al. c. Alliance North American Government Income Trust, Inc. et al.
Arbitrage
The Transfer of Money
Reading 6-2. The Illicit Transfer of Money
Branch Banking
Case 6-8. In re Sealed Case
Case 6-9. Vishipco Line et al. v. Chase Manhattan Bank, N.A.
Case 6-10. Libyan Arab Foreign Bank v. Bankers Trust Company
CHAPTER QUESTIONS
REVIEW PROBLEM
Chapter 7 TRADE IN GOODS
A.HISTORY OF CONTEMPORARY International trade law
The Bretton Woods System
The 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
Multilateral Trade Negotiations
The Uruguay Round
The Final Act Embodying the Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations
B.THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
The WTO Agreement
The Membership of the WTO
Structure of the WTO
Decision Making within the WTO
Reading 7-1. The Battle for Seattle
Dispute Settlement
Trade Policy Review
C.THE 1994 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
Direct Effect
Case 7-1. Finance Ministry v. Manifattura Lane Marzotto, SpA
Nondiscrimination
Case 7-2. Japan-Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages
Protection through Tariffs
Transparency
Regional Integration
Commodity Arrangements
Escape Clause
Exceptions
Case 7-3. United States-Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products
Export Controls
D.MULTILATERAL TRADE AGREEMENTS
Customs Valuation
Case 7-4. Orbisphere Corp. v. United States
Preshipment Inspection
Technical Barriers to Trade
Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures
Case 7-5. Australia-Measures Affecting Importation of Salmon
Trade-Related Investment Measures
Import Licensing Procedures
Antidumping
Subsidies and Countervailing Measures
Case 7-6. Mukand Ltd. v. Council of the European Union
Safeguards
Agriculture
Textiles and Clothing
Rules of Origin
CHAPTER QUESTIONS
REVIEW PROBLEM
Chapter 8 SERVICES AND LABOR
Introduction
A.THE GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TRADE IN SERVICES
Framework Agreement
Case 8-1. European Communities-Regime for the Importation, Sale, and Distribution of Bananas
GATS Annexes
GATS Schedules of Specific Commitments
B.REGIONAL INTERGOVERNMENTAL REGULATIONS ON TRADE IN SERVICES
European Union law on Trade in Services
Case 8-2. Jany v. Staatssecretaris van Justitie
Provisions Governing Trade in Services in the North American Free Trade Agreement
C.INTERNATIONAL Labor law
International Labor Organization
Case 8-3. Duberg v. UNESCO
The Human Rights of Workers
Case 8-4. Doe v. Unocal Corp.
D.REGIONAL INTERGOVERNMENTAL REGULATIONS ON LABOR
Employment Laws in the European Union
Employment Standards of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
Protection of Workers’ Rights by the Council of Europe
Transnational Organized Labor
E.MOVEMENT OF WORKERS
Case 8-5. State v. Nagami
Visas
Case 8-6. Republic v. Mussa and Five Others
Case 8-7. England and Another v. Attorney -General of St. Lucia
Regulation of Foreign Workers
Case 8-8. George v. International Air Service Co., Ltd.
Case 8-9. Spiess et al. c. C. Itoh & Co. (America), Inc.
Application of Home State Labor Laws Extraterritorially
Case 8-10. Morelli v. Cedel
CHAPTER QUESTIONS
REVIEW PROBLEM
Chapter 9 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
Introduction
A.THE CREATION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
Copyrights
Case 9-1. Performing Right Society, Limited v. Hickey
Case 9-2. Quality King Distributors, Inc. v. L’anza Research International, Inc.
Case 9-3. Monsanto Co. V. Coramandal Indag Products, (P) Ltd.
Trademarks
Case 9-4. Experience Hendrix, L.L.C. v. Hammerton
Know-how
B.INTERNATIONAL INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ORGANIZATIONS
World Intellectual Property Organization
Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
C.INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY Treaties
Comprehensive Agreements
Artistic Property Agreements
Industrial Property Agreements
D.THE INTERNATIONAL TRANSFER OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
E.LICENSING REGULATIONS
Territorial Restrictions
Case 9-5. Consten and Grundig v. Commission
Export Restrictions
Cartels
Exclusive Licenses
Case 9-6. Ransome-Kuti v. Phonogram, Ltd.
Sales and Distribution Arrangements
Price Fixing
Noncompetition Clauses
Challenges to Validity
Tying Clauses
Quantity and Field-of-use Restrictions
Restrictions on Research and Development
Quality Controls
Grant-back Provisions
Restrictions that Apply After the Expiration of Intellectual Property Rights
Restrictions that Apply After the Expiration of the Licensing Agreement
F.COMPULSORY LICENSES
Reading 9-1. Compulsory Patent Licenses in the Fight Against AIDS
Copyrights
CHAPTER QUESTIONS
REVIEW PROBLEM
Chapter 10 SALES
A. United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods
B.TRANSACTIONS COVERED IN CISG
Opting In and Out
Case 10-1. Asante Technologies, Inc. v. PMC-Sierra, Inc.
Sales Defined
Goods Defined
Mixed Sales
C.CONTRACTUAL ISSUES EXCLUDED FROM THE COVERAGE OF CISG
Illegality and Incompetency
Third-Party Claims and Personal Injuries
Preemption
D.INTERPRETING CISG
The Convention
General Principles
Rules of Private International Law
E.INTERPRETING SALES CONTRACTS
Statements and Conduct of the Parties
Negotiations
Case 10-2. MCC Marble Ceramic v. Ceramica
Practices and Usages
Form
F.FORMATION OF THE CONTRACT
The Offer
Effectiveness of an Offer
Acceptance
Case 10-3. United Technologies International, Inc. v. Magyar Légi Küzlekedési Vállalat
Acceptance with Modifications
Case 10-4. Filanto, SpA v. Chilewich International Corp.
G.GENERAL STANDARDS FOR PERFORMANCE
Fundamental Breach
Avoidance
Requests for Specific Performance
H.SELLER’S OBLIGATIONS
Place for Delivery
Time for Delivery
The Turning Over of Documents
Conformity of Goods
I.BUYER’S OBLIGATIONS
Payment of the Price
Case 10-5. The Natural Gas Case
Taking Delivery
J.THE PASSING OF RISK
Agreement of the Parties
Means of Delivery
Breach of Contract
K.REMEDIES
Buyer’s Remedies
Reading 10-1. The Buyer’s Right to Avoid the Contract
Case 10-6. The Shoe Seller’s Case
Seller’s Remedies
Remedies Available to Both Buyers and Sellers
Case 10-7. Downs Investments Pty. Ltd. v. Perwaja Steel SDN BHD
L.EXCUSES FOR NONPERFORMANCE
Force Majeure
Case 10-8. Nuova Fucinati, S.p.A. v. Fondmetall International, A.B.
Dirty Hands
CHAPTER QUESTIONS
REVIEW PROBLEM
Chapter 11 TRANSPORTATION
A.TRADE TERMS
Case 11-1. St. Paul Guardian Insurance Company v. Neuromed Medical Systems & Support, GmbH
A Note on the Incoterms
“Free”Terms
FOB-Free On Board
Case 11-2. Pyrene Co., Ltd. v. Scindia Navigation Co., Ltd.
FAS-Free Alongside Ship
CIF-Cost, Insurance, and Freight
CFR-Cost and Freight
Case 11-3. Phillips Puerto Rico Core, Inc. v. Tradax Petroleum, Ltd.
DES-Delivered Ex Ship
FCA-Free Carrier
EXW-Ex Works
B.TRANSPORTATION
C.INLAND CARRIAGE
D.CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY SEA
Common Carriage
The Bill of Lading
Case 11-4. M. Golodetz & Co., Inc. v. Czarnikow-Rionda Co., Inc. (The Galitia)
Case 11-5. Barclays Bank, Ltd. v. Commissioners of Customs and Excise
The Carrier’s Duties Under a Bill of Lading
The Carrier’s Immunities
Case 11-6. Great China Metal Industries Co. Ltd. v. Malaysian International Shipping Corp.
Liability Limits
Case 11-7. Croft & Scully Co. v M/V Skulptor Vuchetich et al.
Time Limitations
Third-Party Rights (Himalaya Clause)
E.CHARTERPARTIES
Voyage Charterparties
Time Charterparties
Charterparties and Bills of Lading
F.MARITIME LIENS
Case 11-8. The Chinese Seamen’s Foreign Technical Services Co. v. Soto Grande Shipping Corp., SA
G.MARITIME INSURANCE
Perils
Case 11-9. Western Assurance Co. of Toronto v. Shaw
Average Clauses
H.CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY AIR
Case 11-10. Abnett v. British Airways Plc.
CHAPTER QUESTIONS
REVIEW PROBLEM
Chapter 12 FINANCING
A.FINANCING FOREIGN TRADE
C. Bills OF EXCHANGE
The Law Governing Bills of Exchange
Types of Bills of Exchange
D.PROMISSORY NOTES
E.NEGOTIABILITY OF BILLS AND NOTES
Unconditional Promise or Order to Pay
Definite Sum of Money or Monetary Unit of Account
Payable on Demand or at a Definite Time
Signed by the Maker or Drawer
Case 12-1. Constantaras v. Anagnostopoulos
F.THE NEGOTIATION AND TRANSFER OF BILLS AND NOTES
Assignment
Negotiation
Case 12-2. Miller v. Race
Forged Endorsements
Case 12-3. Mair v. Bank of Nova Scotia
Limitations on the Excuses that Drawers and Makers Can Use to Avoid Paying Off a Bill or Note
Liabilities of Makers, Drawers, Drawees, Endorsers, and Accommodation Parties
Case 12-4. Far East Realty Investment, Inc. v. Court of Appeals et al.
The Role of Banks in Collecting and Paying Negotiable Instruments
Case 12-5. Charles R. Allen, Inc. v. Island Cooperative Services Cooperative Association
G.LETTERS OF CREDIT
Governing Law
Applying for a Letter of Credit
Case 12-6. Trans Trust Sprl v. Danubian Trading Co., Ltd.
Documentary Formalities
Advising and Confirming Letters of Credit
The Obligations of Banks
Case 12-7. Sztejn v. J. Henry Schroeder Banking Corp.
Rights and Responsibilities of the Account Party
Rights and Responsibilities of Beneficiaries
H.FINANCING FOREIGN OPERATIONS
Private Sources of Capital
Governmental Sources of Capital
Regional and International Development Agencies
I.COUNTERTRADE
Reading 12-1. The Pros and Cons of Countertrade
CHAPTER QUESTIONS
REVIEW PROBLEM
Chapter 13 TAXATION
A.PURPOSES OF TAXATION
Case 13-1. In Re Natural Sweet Wines
B.INCOME TAXES
C.TAXPAYERS
Company Taxpayers
Subordinate Business Structures
Case 13-2. Reiss and Company (Nigeria), Ltd. v. Federal Board of Inland Revenue
D.BASES OF INCOME TAXATION
Nationality Principle
Case 13-3. Cook v. Tait, United States Collector of Internal Revenue for the District of Maryland
Residency Principle
Case 13-4. Crown Forest Industries Ltd. v. Canada
Source Principle
Case 13-5. Bank of the Federated States of Micronesia v. Government of the Federated States of Micronesia
Interrelationship of Taxation Bases
Persons Immune from Taxation
E.INCOME
Income Categories
Computation of Income
Income Tax Rates
Case 13-6. Mobil Oil (Nigeria), Ltd. v. Federal Board of Inland Revenue
Integration of Company and Personal Income Taxes
Other Tax Generating Transactions
F.DOUBLE TAXATION
Systems for Relief from Double Taxation
Comparison of the Double Taxation Relief Systems
Case 13-7. Director General of Inland Revenue v. Rothmans of Pall Mall (Malaysia) Bhd.
G.TAX TREATIES
Coverage of Tax Treaties
Basis for Taxation
Double Taxation Provisions
Case 13-8. Johansson v. United States
H.TAX INCENTIVES
Tax Sparing
The Interaction of Tax Systems
I.TAX AVOIDANCE AND EVASION
Tax Avoidance
Reading 13-1. Reincorporating Abroad to Minimize Taxes as an Act of Patriotism
Case 13-9. Barclays Bank, PLC v. Franchise Tax Board of California
Tax Evasion
Case 13-10. Kalo v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue
J.OTHER FORMS OF TAXATION
Turnover Taxes
Reading 13-2. Defining the Value-Added Tax
Conclusion
Notes
See Also
References and Further Reading
About the Author/s and Reviewer/s
Author: international
Mentioned in these Entries
Attorney, Bills of Lading, Bills, Bumper Development Corp., Ltd. v. Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis and Others, Case Concerning Barcelona Traction, Light, and Power Company, Common law, De Sanchez v. Banco Central de Nicaragua, Diplomacy, Education, European Union law, Flatow v. The Islamic Republic of Iran, Foreign Law, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, International Court of Justice, International Organizations, International trade law, Labor law, Matimak Trading Co. v. Khalily, Patents, Private International Law, REYNO v. PIPER AIRCRAFT COMPANY, Regina v. Bartle and the Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis and Others, Settlement of Disputes, The Asylum Case, Treaties, United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, United States-Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products.
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