Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. International Finance Corporation International Finance Corporation Outline The IFC is part of the World Bank. It came into force in 1956 pursuant to the Articles of Agreement of the International Finance Corporation of 1955. Its main function is to facilitate the supply of funds to private enterprises in order to encourage or [...]...
2. Federation Of American Controlled Shipping An association of American firms that operate Liberian- and Panamanian-registered tankers, bulk carriers, and specialized vessels. Currently, federation member firms control over forty-three million deadweight tons of foreign shipping. In addition, federation members control approximately one-half t......
3. Subpart F A provision of the Internal Revenue Code (Sections 951-64) that imposes U.S. income taxes on the undistributed earnings of "controlled foreign corporations." Subpart F was incorporated into the Code by the Revenue Act of 1962; prior to that time, earnings by foreign subsidiaries of U.S. fi......
4. International Trade Center International Trade Center (ITC) This section provides an overview of international trade center (itc) within the legal context of Development Institutions in international economic law, with coverage of Architecture. Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations [...]...
5. World Bank World Bank and the World Bank Group Further Reading A concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including World Bank , H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including World Bank , Boczek, Boleslaw Adam -2005) [...]...
6. Multinational Corporation Multinational Corporation in International Trade Meaning of Multinational Corporation (MNC), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A large commercial organization with affiliates operating companies in a number of different countries. A typically one normally [...]...
7. IMF The International Monetary Fund, abbreviated as IMF, is an international organisation, at present counting 188 member countries, with the mission to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic [...]...
8. Central Bank The principal monetary authority of a nation. In most commercially developed nations the central bank issues the currency and acts as banker for the government and the nation's commercial banks. By setting the rate at which it will lend money to commercial banks, the central bank [...]...
9. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development International Bank For Reconstruction And Development International Bank for Reconstruction and Development Outline The IBRD was established pursuant to the Bretton Woods Agreement of 1944. Its headquarters are in Washington, DC. As its name suggests, it is an intergovernmental (as opposed to [...]...
10. Export-lmport Bank of the United States Export-lmport Bank of the United States (Eximbank) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Export-lmport Bank of the United States (Eximbank): A public corporation created by executive order of the [...]...
11. Associated Foreign Corporation As used in conjunction with the operations of a DOMESTIC INTERNATIONAL SALES CORPORATION (read this and related legal terms for further details), or DISC, a foreign corporation in which neither the DISC nor members of t......
12. International Economic Institutions Institutions Related to International Economic Law In international economic law, institutions related to international economic law includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal encyclopedia: li> International Labour Organization (ILO) Food and Agriculture Organization [...]...
13. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, abbreviated as UNECE, is one of five regional commissions of the United Nations. UNECE was set up in 1947 to promote pan-European economic integration. To do so, it groups 56 countries [...]...
14. Association of Southeast Asian Nations Association Of Southeast Asian Nations Summary of Association Of Southeast Asian Nations Commonly known by the acronyn ASEAN, a regional cooperation association concerned with the promotion of economic development and trade among the member states. The group was founded at Bangkok in 1967 [...]...
15. International Investment Bank A multinational development bank, membership of which is comprised of the Soviet Union and its allies. The bank was formed in 1970 to foster "economic efficiency and intensification" in the member states. The authorized capital of the bank is 1,071,300,000 transferable rubles, of which 374......
16. Multifiber Arrangement An international agreement among textile-producing and consuming nations to provide a framework for orderly trade in textiles and apparel. For many years, the textile manufacturing industries of the developed nations have been beset by intense competition from lower-cost imports, resulting in unempl......
17. International Labor Organization International Labor Organization Outline The ILO was established in 1919 in Washington. It became a specialized agency of the UN with independent status after the Second World War. The organization has representation from both the governments and trade unions of the member countries, and is a [...]...
18. Foreign Corporation A corporation operating in a jurisdiction other than the one in which it was chartered. For example, a corporation chartered in France and one chartered in Connecticut would be equally foreign in New York. Occasionally the term alien corporation is applied to distinguish corporations chartered in no......
19. Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency: An independent agency of the World Bank group established in 1988 to [...]...
20. Trade Institutions General, Trade and Investment Related Institutions in International Economic Law In international economic law, general, trade and investment related institutions includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal encyclopedia: li> World Trade Organization (WTO) United [...]...
21. Export-Import Bank Of The United States Commonly known as Eximbank, an independent, self-funding agency of the U.S. government created to facilitate exports of American products. Originally chartered under the laws of the District of Columbia in 1934, Eximbank was rechartered by an act of Congress in 1945. The bank provides short-, medium......
22. Islamic Development Bank A multinational development bank formed by Muslim countries to provide economic development assistance to member states, and to foster economic progress in Muslim communities in nonmember states. The financing practices of the bank are conducted in conformity with the principles and laws of Islam. T......
23. International Development Association International Development Association Outline The IDA is one of the two affiliates of the World Bank. It came into existence in 1962 under the Articles of Agreement of the International Development Association of 1960. Its main function is to provide loans on more favourable and flexible terms [...]...
24. UN The United Nations, abbreviated as UN, was established on 24 October 1945 by 51 countries committed to preserving peace through international co-operation and collective security. Today, there are 193 member states, or nearly every country in the world When countries join the United Nations [...]...
25. Corporation Sociedad Anónima (s.a.) in International Trade Meaning of Sociedad Anónima (s.a.), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In Spain, México and Latin America designation for a joint stock company with limited personal to shareholders. See [...]...
26. Development Finance Development Finance The U.S. Office of Development Finance The Office of Development Finance, part of the The Bureau of Economic ... Read more...
27. International Monetary Fund International Monetary Fund Outline The UN Monetary and Financial Conference met in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, United States, from 1 to 20 July 1944. The Bretton Woods Agreement announced the establishment of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for [...]...
28. International Organization Introduction to International Organization International Organization, a membership group that operates across national borders for specific purposes. Scholars of international relations consider international organizations to have growing importance in world politics. Examples of [...]...
29. United Nations and Economic Development Functions of the UN: Economic and Social Development Economic DevelopmentIntroduction to United Nations and Economic DevelopmentThe UN operates under the principle that promoting economic and social development will help bring about lasting world peace. The organization's chart......
30. G-77 and G-24 Definition of G-77 and G-24 Within the context of international organizations, the following is a brief meaning of g-77 and g-24: G-77 is a loose coalition of developing nations, designed to promote its members' collective economic interests and create an enhanced joint negotiating [...]...
31. Offshore Finance Company Synonymous with Foreign Base Finance Company (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
32. Domestic International Sales Corporation Commonly known by the acronym DISC, a U.S.-chartered corporation, qualified with the Internal Revenue Service, that derives virtually all of its income from export sales and export-related activities. A properly qualified DISC was permitted to defer indefinitely tax on a portion of its income. The D......
33. Double Taxation Summary of Double Taxation The condition that arises when a multinational firm is taxed on overseas income in both the source country and the country of the corporation's domicile. This problem arises because nations use varying systems of taxation. Recognizing that double taxation is [...]...
34. Bank Holding Companies In the United States For information about bank holding companies in the context of international trade, click here...
35. Branch Rule A provision of the Internal Revenue Code that holds that where a controlled foreign corporation operates outside its country of incorporation through a branch, the branch will be treated as a separate corporation in determining foreign base company income, when the branch's activities have "......
36. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development United Nations Conference On Trade And Development (UNCTAD) Introduction to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, permanent arm of the United Nations General Assembly. The conference, established in December 1964, followed [...]...
37. Association Association in Election Law Group of people working together to achieve common goals on a nonprofit basis. Associations are the most important component of civil society. Description of Association Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental [...]...
38. International Banking ContentsInternational BankingInternational Banking in the United StatesMore about BankingCommercial Banking in the United StatesThrift InstitutionsEuropean BankingRole of Central BankingInternational BankingSee ... Read more...
39. Consortium Bank A bank owned by a group of other banks, usually including foreign banks, with no one member of the group controlling more than 50 percent of the outstanding shares.......
40. Less Developed Country Corporation As provided in the 1980s in U.S. tax laws, a firm that derived at least 80 percent of its income in less developed countries (LDCs) and had at least 80 percent of its assets in LDCs. Dividend and interest income from such corporations was excluded from foreign-base company income to the extent it wa......
41. International organizations articles of conventions Contents International Organizations articles of conventionsConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/sMentioned in these Entries International Organizations articles ... Read more...
42. International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes International Centre For Settlement Of Investment Disputes Summary of International Centre For Settlement Of Investment Disputes An international agency affiliated with the World Bank and serving as a forum for the resolution of international investment disputes. The center was established [...]...
43. G-77 G-77 (Group of Seventy Seven) in International Law Meaning of G-77 Group of Seventy Seven, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A grouping of developing countries founded in 1964. This numerical designation persists, although membership has increased to more [...]...
44. Foreign Bank United States Offices of Foreign Bank in relation with Foreign Banks This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of United States Offices of Foreign Bank covered in connexion with Foreign Banks and banking / lending Institutions....
45. Commercial Bank Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to commercial bank in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
46. Trade Agreement See information on the case Grand River Enterprises Six Nations, Ltd v United States of America. Resources See Also Trade Commercial Relations Investment Transportation North American Free Trade Agreement Investment Dispute Settlements Resources See Also International Organization [...]...
47. Developed Countries Summary of Developed Countries A generalized grouping of the industrialized nations. Customarily, the term is applied to those nations that are members of the organization for economic cooperation And Development (read this and related legal terms for further details) plus the [...]...
48. United Nations Commission on International Trade Law United Nations Commission On International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) United Nations Commission on International Trade Law Outline The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law was set up in 1966 by the General Assembly of the United Nations to deal with conflicts of national laws [...]...
49. Trade Agreements Commercial Treaties: Trade Agreements In addition to formal agreements between modern states having important economic ties with each other, less formal and durable agreements relate to such matters as tariff rates, navigation dues, customs formalities, air-transport clearance arrangements, [...]...
50. G-7 G-7 (Group of Seven) in International Law Meaning of G-7 Group of Seven, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Group comprising the major industrialized nations in economic terms, which in view if the global importance of the member states have made in their [...]...
51. Bank Resources See Also Credit Union Cooperative Collective Resources See Also Banking Banc Resources See Also Teller Resources See Also Pass-book Resources See Also National bank Resources See Also Mutual savings bank Savings and loan association. Compare Commercial bank [...]...
52. International Energy Agency Summary of International Energy Agency An autonomous group within the organization for Economic Cooperation And Development (read this and related legal terms for further details) established in 1974 to coordinate the responses of the developed, oil-importing countries to the 1973 oil [...]...
53. International Trade Organization International Trade Organization (ITO) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of International Trade Organization (ITO): (Not to be confused with Multilateral Trade "Organization, Sec. I). An [...]...
54. Aktiengesellschaft A form of corporate organization employed in Germany for large or publicly held companies. Identified by the letters A.G. at the end of a company's name, this form of incorporation requires the filing of a registration statement with the commercial registrar at the court having jurisdiction over......
55. Organization Of Eastern Caribbean States Organization Of Eastern Caribbean States Organization of Eastern Caribbean States Outline The organization was established in 1981 for the purpose of improving political and economic cooperation between its members and attracting investment to the region. It consists of Antigua, Dominica, [...]...
56. Joint Resources See Also As to joint Annuity Ballot Committee Contract Covenant Creditor Custody Fiat Fine Indictment Obligation Obligee Obligor Owner Rate Resolution Session Tenancy Tenant Trespass Trespasser Trustee Will, see those titles. As to joint-stock banks, see Bank joint-stock company, [...]...
57. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Organization United Nations United Nations System...
58. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Organization United Nations United Nations System...
59. United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Organization United Nations United Nations System...
60. Nationality of Company Nationality of Company/corporation Embracing mainstream international law, this section on nationality of company/corporation explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "nationality of company/corporation" in the [...]...
61. United Nations Economic and Social Council Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Organization United Nations United Nations System...
62. International Lead and Zinc Study Group See the International Commodity Organization.......
63. Andean Group Originally a subgroup within the now defunct Latin American Free Trade Area (LAFTA), the Andean Group was established by the Cartagena Agreement of 1969. The purpose of the group (also known as the Andean Common Market and the Andean Subgroup) is to foster economic integration of the member states. ......
64. Andean Subregional Group Considered in Andean Group.......
65. Group Of Twenty Group Of Twenty Summary of Group Of Twenty A committee established by the International Monetary Fund (read this and related legal terms for further details) to recommend reforms in the world monetary order. On July 26, 1972, the IMF adopted resolution 27-10, establishing the Committee on [...]...
66. Group Of Twenty-Four A block of less developed nations that has called for the allocation of 45 percent of the voting quota at the international Monetary Fund (read this and related legal terms for further details) to Third World nations. Cu......
67. Panlibhon Group An acronym for a group of countries where foreign vessels are registered under flags of convenience, derived from the first letters of Panama, Liberia, and Honduras, where many such vessels are registered. See flag of CONVENIENCE.......
68. Selling Group An arrangement in which several manufacturers collaborate in a joint effort to sell their merchandise overseas. Two common selling group approaches are associations that fall under the Webb-Pomerane Act and Complementary Exporting (qq.v.).......
69. Wisemen's Group Known formally as the Japan-United States Economic Relations Group, a semi-official committee consisting of four members each from Japan and the United States which considers economic relations between the two countries and makes recommendations to their governments. The group was created by joint a......
70. Group Of Ten Also known as the Paris Club, the ten principal trading nations. The group, consisting of the United States, Great Britain, Federal Republic of Germany, France, Japan, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Canada, and Sweden, derived the name from a 1962 General Agreement to Borrow signed to make U.S. $6......
71. Group of Eight Introduction to Group of EightGroup of Eight, economic and political forum for eight of the world's most industrialized nations: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Great Britain, Russia, and the United States. The group arose informally during the 1970s from the meetings of finance ......
72. Group Of 77 Group Of 77 Group of 77 and the United Nations Further Reading A concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including Group of 77, H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including Group of 77, Boczek, Boleslaw [...]...
73. Group of Seven Group of Seven (G- 7) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Group of Seven (G- 7): The seven leading industrial countries of the world: the United States, Japan, Germany, France, the United [...]...
74. Group International Group of P & I Clubs in International Trade Meaning of International Group of P & I Clubs, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The thirteen principal underwriting member clubs of the International Group of P&I Clubs ("the Group"). [...]...
75. Art Group Description of Art Group In this reference work, art group is a sort of the Patents category. Resources See Also Patents...
76. Age Group Resources See Also Group Corporate Group Collective Right...
77. Geneva Group Geneva Group Further ReadingA concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including Geneva Group , H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including Geneva Group , Boczek, Boleslaw Adam -2005) ...
78. Group Pension Plans Spanish Translation of group pension plansThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to group pension plans and / or a definition of this topic: Planes de Pensiones Asociados (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
79. Group Risks Spanish Translation of group/mass risksThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to group/mass risks and / or a definition of this topic: Riesgos de Masa (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
80. Australia Group The Australia Group (AG) is an informal forum of countries which, through the harmonisation of export controls, seeks to ensure that exports do not contribute to the development of chemical or biological weapons. Coordination of national export control measures assists Australia Group [...]...
81. Group of Seventy-Seven Group of Seventy-Seven (G- 77) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Group of Seventy-Seven (G- 77): A caucus for the developing countries on economic matters in the United Nations and subsidiary [...]...
82. Group of Fifteen Group of Fifteen (G-15) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Group of Fifteen (G-15): A group of developing countries seeking recognition as interlocutor for the LDCs in discussions of [...]...
83. Cairns Group Cairns Group in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Cairns Group: A negotiating group of agriculturai exporting countries formed to support agricultural trade reform in GATT. The group advocates [...]...
84. Hexagonal Group Hexagonal Group in International Trade Resources See Also Central European Initiative....
85. Negotiating Group Negotiating Group and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Negotiating Group: A group of country delegates in a GATT Round charged with planning and managing multilateral [...]...
86. World Bank Group World Bank Group in International Trade Meaning of World Bank Group, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The World Bank Group is a specialized United Nations agency dedicated to improving living standards in developing countries through facilitation and [...]...
87. Nuclear Suppliers Group ContentsNuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)HistoryGuidelinesGuidelines for nuclear Transfers Guidelines for transfers of nuclear-related dual-use equipment, materials, software, and related technology (INFCIRC/254, ... Read more...
88. Ethnic Group Concept of Ethnic Group An introductory definition of Ethnic Group is provided here: a group of people who define themselves as distinct from other groups because of cultural differences Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs Resources See Also Community Collective Right Society [...]...
89. Interest Group Concept of Interest Group Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Resources See Also Political Participation Interest Groups Lobbying Resources See Also Government Government Contract Local Government Public Administration Administrative Law [...]...
90. Watchdog Group Concept of Watchdog Group Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Resources See Also Political Participation Interest Groups Lobbying...
91. Un Group of Governmental Experts UN Group of Governmental Experts in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to United Nations Group of Governmental Experts: On July 18, 2013, the State Department issued a press statement on the consensus reached by the UN Group of Governmental Experts on [...]...
92. Abu Sayyaf Group Abu Sayyaf Group in 2016 aka al Harakat al Islamiyya (the Islamic Movement) Activities The ASG has committed kidnappings-for-ransom, bombings, ambushes of security personnel, public beheadings, assassinations, and extortion. In April 2000, an ASG faction kidnapped 21 people, including 10 [...]...
93. Group Rights Embracing mainstream international law, this section on group rights explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "group rights" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (currently, the [...]...
94. Erste Bank Group Dismissal of the Claims Against Erste Bank Group A.g. and Mkb Bank in This Action Would be in the Foreign Policy Interest of the United States In relation to the international law practice and Dismissal of the Claims Against Erste Bank Group A.g. and Mkb Bank in This Action Would be in the [...]...
95. Affiliated Group Description of Affiliated Group Resources See Also Criminal Law...
96. Group Libel Resources See Also Libel...
97. Group Life Insurance Resources See Also Group policy Insurance...
98. Minority Group Resources See Also Community Collective Right Society Public Law Collective Right Society Public Law...
99. Village Group Resources See Also Credit Union Cooperative Collective...
100. Corporate Group Resources See Also Enterprise Joint Enterprise Joint Venture...
101. Group Discussion Resources See Also Group Corporate Group Collective Right...
102. Group Dynamics Resources See Also Group Corporate Group Collective Right...
103. Group Leader Resources See Also Group Corporate Group Collective Right...
104. Group Training Resources See Also Group Corporate Group Collective Right...
105. Group Work Resources See Also Group Corporate Group Collective Right...
106. Target Group Resources See Also Group Corporate Group Collective Right...
107. Working Group Resources See Also Group Corporate Group Collective Right...
108. Pressure Group Resources See Also Political Movement Social Movement Grassroots Socialism...
109. Autonomous Work Group Resources See Also Working Condition Working Time Occupational Health Work Environment Labor Law Legal Working Age...
110. African Development Bank Group A multilateral development organization, the first component of which, the African Development Bank, was created in 1963 under the auspices of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa. The group provides funding to African states and multinational official bodies in Africa to advance indust......
111. Trade Policy Review Group Trade Policy Review Group (TPRG) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Trade Policy Review Group (TPRG): The subcabinet interagency group responsible for developing and coordinating US policies [...]...
112. African, Caribbean and Pacific Countries Group African, Caribbean and Pacific countries (ACP) Group and the Treaties of the European Union Description of African, Caribbean and Pacific countries (ACP) Group provided by the European Union Commission: The African, Caribbean and Pacific countries (ACP) Group was formed when the first [...]...
113. Nuclear Trafficking Response Group (Ntrg) Nuclear Trafficking Response Group (Ntrg) in 2016 The NTRG is an interagency group focused on coordinating the U.S. government response to incidents of illicit trafficking in nuclear and radioactive materials, including radiation alarms that occur in foreign countries. Elements of the NTRG [...]...
114. African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental Organization Regional Organization Regional Integration...
115. 2016 Foreign Terrorism Organization/Executive Order 13224 Group Designations 2016 Foreign Terrorism Organization/Executive Order 13224 Group Designations in 2016 _ On January 4, the Department of State designated ISIL-Khorasan (ISIL-K) under E.O. 13224 and as a FTO. (See Chapter 6, Foreign Terrorist Organizations, for further information on ISIL-K.) _ On May 19, the [...]...
116. Rio Group Introduction to Rio Group Rio Group, formerly the Group of Eight, an organization of Latin American countries founded in 1986 to formulate joint political policies, deal collectively with other international groups, and strengthen economic and political ties of nations in the region. The Rio......
117. Dismissal of the Claims Against Erste Bank Group Ag and Mkb Bank Dismissal of the Claims Against Erste Bank Group ag and Mkb Bank in This Action Would be in the Foreign Policy Interest of the United States in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): Austria is an [...]...
118. Vise Grad Group Vise grad Group in International Trade Resources See Also Central European Free Trade Agreement....
119. Pentagonal Group Pentagonal Group in International Trade Resources See Also Central European Initiative....
120. Social Group Membership in a particular social group and the Refugee Issues As published by the UNHCR in relation to Membership in a particular social group: Assuming that the acts involved in the trafficking for sexual exploitation are determined to constitute persecution, it must be assessed whether the [...]...