Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. List of international arbitration topics Contents List of international arbitration topics Investment Treaty Cases: ICSID Additional Facility arbitration rules Investment Treaty Cases: SCC arbitration rules ... Read more...
2. Arbitration Organizations worldwide Contents Arbitration Organizations worldwide Arbitration Organizations worldwide: web resources Abu Dhabi Commercial Conciliation and Arbitration Center (ADCCAC) www.adcci-uae.com ADR Institute ... Read more...
3. List of international trade topics Contents List of international trade topics . Absolute advantage Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Asia-Pacific Economic ... Read more...
4. Arbitration resources Contents Arbitration resources See...
5. London Court of International Arbitration London Court of International Arbitration (LCIA) in International Trade Meaning of London Court of International Arbitration (LCIA), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The LCIA is one of the world's leading international institutions for commercial [...]...
6. Arbitration: Consequences of the non-application of the New York Convention Contents Arbitration: Consequences of the non-application of the New York Convention   The non-application or incorrect application of the New ... Read more...
7. Foreign Trade Arbitration Commission The Foreign Trade Arbitration Commission (USSR) Name of this Court The Foreign Trade Arbitration Commission (USSR) is the standarized name of one of the National Courts - see the entries in the corresponding legal Encyclopedia (of this project) about court rules and procedural law for more [...]...
8. Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce (SCC) This section provides an overview of arbitration institute of the stockholm chamber of commerce (scc) within the legal context of Investment Arbitration Fora in international economic law, with coverage of Adjudication and [...]...
9. Arbitral Institutions Contents Arbitral Institutions American Arbitration Association (AAA) Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce (SCC) Australian Centre for International ... Read more...
10. International Arbitration Treaties Contents International Arbitration Treaties Legal Materials The U.S. Department of State posts links to UNCITRAL materials and other treaties concerning ... Read more...
11. United States Arbitration Act An act of Congress that prescribes the basis for arbitration of commercial disputes arising from maritime contracts and contracts involving foreign entities. The act is divided into two chapters.Chapter I, dealing with maritime transactions, was enacted in 1947 and based upon an earlier ......
12. Jurisdiction in International Arbitration This section provides an overview of jurisdiction in international arbitration within the legal context of Procedural Aspects in international economic law, with coverage of Adjudication and Enforcement (Principles). Resources Further Reading Jan Paulsson, "Jurisdiction in International [...]...
13. Admissibility in International Arbitration This section provides an overview of admissibility in international arbitration within the legal context of Procedural Aspects in international economic law, with coverage of Adjudication and Enforcement (Principles). Resources Further Reading Veijo Heiskanen, "Admissibility in [...]...
14. Resistance to Arbitration Resistance to Arbitration (Adjudication and Enforcement) This section provides an overview of resistance to arbitration (adjudication and enforcement) within the legal context of Resistance to Arbitration in international economic law, with coverage of Adjudication and Enforcement [...]...
15. Hague Court of Arbitration The Hague Court of Arbitration as a Permanent Institution Lassa Oppenheim, in the book entitled The Future of International Law, about The Hague Court of Arbitration as a Permanent Institution, wrote in 1921: 51. Until the end of the nineteenth century the society of states possessed no organ [...]...
16. Trade Institutions General, Trade and Investment Related Institutions in International Economic Law In international economic law, general, trade and investment related institutions includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal encyclopedia: li> World Trade Organization (WTO) United [...]...
17. List of International Business Law Landmark Cases Contents List of International Business Law Landmark Court Cases List of Selected International Business Law Court Decisions, by Subject Introduction ... Read more...
18. Investment Arbitration Contents Investment Arbitration Symposia “Symposium on international investment law and the European Union” in Karl P. Sauvant, Yearbook on International ... Read more...
19. Foreign Investment Review Act An act of the Canadian Parliament directed toward protection of Canada's economy from domination by foreign direct and portfolio investment. The act is concerned with the establishment or takeover of Canadian businesses only; the acquisition of shares in Canadian firms, where such acquisition do......
20. Arbitration Rules Contents Arbitration Rules Rules from International Institutions International Arbitration institutions have led the way in rulemaking for international commercial arbitration ... Read more...
21. Investment Arbitration Fora Investment Arbitration Fora in International Economic Law In international economic law, investment arbitration fora includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal encyclopedia: li> Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) ICC International Court of Arbitration Arbitration [...]...
22. Investment treaty law and arbitration books Contents Investment treaty law and arbitration books See: Arbitral Institutions – Arbitration Organizations worldwide – Books by year: Andrea Bianchi ... Read more...
23. Investment treaty law and arbitration reports Contents Investment treaty law and arbitration reports See: Investment treaty law and arbitration books Investment treaty law and arbitration books ... Read more...
24. Investment treaty law and arbitration articles Contents Investment treaty law and arbitration articles See: Investment treaty law and arbitration books Investment treaty law and arbitration books ... Read more...
25. International Organization Introduction to International Organization International Organization, a membership group that operates across national borders for specific purposes. Scholars of international relations consider international organizations to have growing importance in world politics. Examples of [...]...
26. Investment treaty law and arbitration books reviews Contents Investment treaty law and arbitration books reviews See: Investment treaty law and arbitration books Investment treaty law and arbitration ... Read more...
27. Investment treaty law and arbitration books chapters Contents Investment treaty law and arbitration books chapters See: Investment treaty law and arbitration books Investment treaty law and arbitration ... Read more...
28. Investment Treaty Cases: SCC arbitration rules Contents Investment Treaty Cases: SCC arbitration rules   See: Investment Treaty Cases: ICSID arbitration rules A-E Investment Treaty Cases: ICSID ... Read more...
29. Investment Treaty Cases: arbitration rules Contents Investment Treaty Cases: arbitration rules See: Investment Treaty Cases: ICSID Additional Facility arbitration rules Investment Treaty Cases: SCC arbitration ... Read more...
30. Air Transport Arbitration France–United States Air Transport Arbitration Embracing mainstream international law, this section on france–united states air transport arbitration explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "france–united states [...]...
31. Investment Treaty Cases: ICSID arbitration rules A-E Contents Investment Treaty Cases: ICSID arbitration rules A-E See: Investment Treaty Cases: ICSID arbitration rules F-Q Investment Treaty Cases: ICSID ... Read more...
32. Investment Treaty Cases: ICSID arbitration rules F-Q Investment Treaty Cases: ICSID arbitration rules F-Q See: Investment Treaty Cases: ICSID arbitration rules A-E Investment Treaty Cases: ICSID arbitration ... Read more...
33. Investment Treaty Cases: ICSID arbitration rules R-Z Contents Investment Treaty Cases: ICSID arbitration rules R-Z See: Investment Treaty Cases: ICSID arbitration rules A-E Investment Treaty Cases: ICSID ... Read more...
34. Investment Treaty Cases: UNCITRAL arbitration rules Contents Investment Treaty Cases: UNCITRAL (1976) arbitration rules See: Investment Treaty Cases: SCC arbitration rules Investment Treaty Cases: ICSID arbitration ... Read more...
35. Open-end Investment Company Resources See Also Mutual fund...
36. Investment Treaty Cases: ICSID Additional Facility arbitration rules Contents Investment Treaty Cases: ICSID Additional Facility arbitration rules See: Investment Treaty Cases: SCC arbitration rules Investment Treaty Cases: UNCITRAL ... Read more...
37. Bryan Arbitration Treaties Definition of Bryan Arbitration TreatiesIn accordance with the work A Dictionary of Law, this is a description of Bryan Arbitration Treaties : (Bryan Treaties, Bryan Arbitration Treaties) (named after William Jennings Bryan, US Secretary of State 1913-15) The series of treaties, signed at [...]...
38. Award in Arbitration on Provincial Subsidies Award in Arbitration on Provincial Subsidies: Case no 81010 in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): On January 20, 2011 a tribunal of the LCIA ("Tribunal") issued an award in favor of the [...]...
39. Venture Capital Venture Capital Definition Venture Capital may be defined as money or capital provided for new business ventures by investors other than the original proprietor. The term is sometimes also used for capital provided to rescue or turn around a company. Venture capitalists—that is, [...]...
40. Arbitration: Right to a Fair Hearing Contents Arbitration: Right to a Fair Hearing     Article V(1)(b) requires that parties be afforded a fair hearing that ... Read more...
41. Anti-Trust Rules This section provides an overview of anti-trust rules within the legal context of Competition Law and Policy in international economic law (Main Regulatory Areas). Relation of IPRs to Trade, Investment and Anti-Trust Rules This section provides an overview of relation of iprs to trade, [...]...
42. Pac Rim Cayman LLC v. Republic of El Salvador Pac Rim Cayman LLC v. Republic of El Salvador Pac Rim Cayman LLC v. Republic of El Salvador (ICSID Case ... Read more...
43. Arbitration: Examples of Recognition and Enforcement Contents Arbitration: Examples of Recognition and Enforcement   In a German case before the Court of Appeal of Celle, the ... Read more...
44. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development International Bank For Reconstruction And Development International Bank for Reconstruction and Development Outline The IBRD was established pursuant to the Bretton Woods Agreement of 1944. Its headquarters are in Washington, DC. As its name suggests, it is an intergovernmental (as opposed to [...]...
45. Limits of International Arbitration Limits of International Arbitration...
46. Ad Hoc Investment Arbitration Ad hoc Investment Arbitration This section provides an overview of ad hoc investment arbitration within the legal context of Investment Arbitration Fora in international economic law, with coverage of Adjudication and Enforcement (Principles). Resources Further Reading Ucheora Onwuamaegbu, [...]...
47. International law databases resources Contents Treaty Tools and Databases...
48. Investment Treaty Arbitration Contents Investment Treaty Arbitration History By Susan D. Franck Since at least 1794, arbitration has been used as a mechanism ... Read more...
49. Pig War Arbitration Embracing mainstream international law, this section on pig war arbitration explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "pig war arbitration" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law [...]...
50. Permanent Court of Arbitration Introduction to Permanent Court of Arbitration Permanent Court of Arbitration, panel of arbitrators established by the Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes, signed by 24 nations at the first international peace conference at The Hague, the Netherlands, in 1899. The [...]...
51. Migration Law A Legacy of Fragmentation in Migration, Trade and Investment Law This section provides an overview of a legacy of fragmentation in migration, trade and investment law within the legal context of Trade, Investment and Migration in international economic law, with coverage of Labour Mobility [...]...
52. Amicus Curiae in International Investment Arbitration Contents Amicus Curiae in International Investment Arbitration Note: this entry is a continuation of the entry about the Participation of ... Read more...
53. International Commercial Arbitration See also International business arbitration in this international legal encyclopedia. International Commercial Arbitration Resources Treaties and Conventions on Arbitration See also Treaties in this legal [...]...
54. Investment Law Investment Companies Law......
55. Investment Resources See Also Education Policy Training Policy...
56. International Investment Bank A multinational development bank, membership of which is comprised of the Soviet Union and its allies. The bank was formed in 1970 to foster "economic efficiency and intensification" in the member states. The authorized capital of the bank is 1,071,300,000 transferable rubles, of which 374......
57. Inventory Investment The aggregate national increases or decreases, expressed in monetary terms, of inventories held by the private sector. Also known as inventory change, an increase or decrease in private sector inventories not offset by current consumption is viewed as an investment in the economy.......
58. Investment Bill A bill of exchange purchased at a discount and held to maturity.......
59. Investment Fund Spanish Translation of investment fundThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to investment fund and / or a definition of this topic: Fondo de Inversión (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
60. Investment Trusts Spanish Translation of investment trustsThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to investment trusts and / or a definition of this topic: Instituciones de Inversión Colectiva (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
61. Investment Requirements International investment is a cornerstone of the world economy: it creates jobs, economic growth and prosperity at home, and supports development and stability worldwide. United States Office of Investment Affairs (OIA) The Office of Investment Affairs works to improve the climate for [...]...
62. Investment Measures The Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures and the World Trade Organization The Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures in relation to the World Trade Organization (WTO) covers several issues....
63. Investment Dispute Settlement Investment Dispute Settlement Under Chapter 11 of the North American Free Trade Agreement Involving the United States in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to Investment Dispute Settlement Under Chapter 11 of the North American Free Trade Agreement Involving the [...]...
64. Investment Dispute Resolution Investment Dispute Resolution Under Free Trade Agreements In relation to the international law practice and investment dispute resolution under free trade agreements in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: Trade, Commercial Relations, Investment, and [...]...
65. International Investment Law Embracing mainstream international law, this section on international investment law explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "investment law, international" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of [...]...
66. Investment Rules Relationship of Competition Law to Trade and Investment Rules This section provides an overview of relationship of competition law to trade and investment rules within the legal context of Competition Law and Policy in international economic law (Main Regulatory Areas). Resources Further [...]...
67. Investment Regulation Impact of Domestic Regulation on Trade in Goods, Services and on Investment in International Economic Law In international economic law, impact of domestic regulation on trade in goods, services and on investment includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal [...]...
68. Investment Protection Investment Protection in International Economic Law In international economic law, investment protection includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal encyclopedia: li> Coverage in Investment Protection Right to Use and Direct Expropriation Indirect Expropriation...
69. Investment Barriers-to-Entry This section provides an overview of investment barriers-to-entry within the legal context of Market Access (Quantitative Restrictions in Goods and Services) in international economic law (Main Regulatory Areas). Resources Further Reading Wolfgang Alschner, "Investment [...]...
70. Investment Policy Resources See Also Economic Development Social development...
71. Investment Guaranty Resources See Also Finance Consumer Credit Negotiable Instrument Securities Financial Regulation Corporate Finance...
72. Investment Incentive Resources See Also Finance Consumer Credit Negotiable Instrument Securities Financial Regulation Corporate Finance...
73. Investment Promotion Resources See Also Finance Consumer Credit Negotiable Instrument Securities Financial Regulation Corporate Finance...
74. Investment Return Resources See Also Income Distribution Bankruptcy Inequality...
75. Industrial Investment Resources See Also Industry Industrial Unionism Labor Law Industrial Disputes Business Law...
76. Arbitration: Basic features of the convention's regime on arbitration agreements Contents Arbitration: Basic features of the convention’s regime on arbitration agreements Arbitration agreements are presumed valid The drafters of the ... Read more...
77. Investment Policy Advisory Committee Investment Policy Advisory Committee (INPAC) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Investment Policy Advisory Committee (INPAC): A policy-level committee that forms part of the private sector [...]...
78. Investment Dispute Settlements under the Nafta Investment Dispute Settlement Under Chapter 11 of the North American Free Trade Agreement Involving the United States in 2013 (Continuation) United States views on international law [1] in relation to Investment Dispute Settlement Under Chapter 11 of the North American Free Trade Agreement [...]...
79. Investment Treaty Cases: U.S.as respondent State Contents Investment Treaty Cases: United States as respondent State See: Bilateral Investment Treaties by countries Investment treaty law and arbitration ... Read more...
80. International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes International Centre For Settlement Of Investment Disputes Summary of International Centre For Settlement Of Investment Disputes An international agency affiliated with the World Bank and serving as a forum for the resolution of international investment disputes. The center was established [...]...
81. International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes: An international agency affiliated [...]...
82. International Arbitration International arbitration is the settlement by a mutually acceptable third party of disputes between sovereign states. Modern international arbitration began with the conclusion of Jay's Treaty (1794) by Great Britain and the United States. Numerous disputes were arbitrated during the 19th [...]...
83. Interest Arbitration Description of Interest Arbitration Resources See Also Labor Employment...
84. International Business Arbitration Contents International business arbitration American Arbitration Association International Council for Commercial Arbitration International Chamber of Commerce. Court of Arbitration Permanent ... Read more...
85. Invalidity of Arbitration Agreement Contents Invalidity of Arbitration Agreement     Article V(1)(a) also provides a ground for refusal where the arbitration agreement “referred ... Read more...
86. International Arbitration, Historical Contents International Arbitration International arbitration is a proceeding in which two nations refer their differences to one or more selected ... Read more...
87. International Arbitration Procedures Working Procedures in International Arbitration This section provides an overview of working procedures in international arbitration within the legal context of Procedural Aspects in international economic law, with coverage of Adjudication and Enforcement (Principles)....
88. Commercial arbitration: U.S. Cases on arbitration Contents Commercial arbitration: United States court decisions on arbitration See: Commercial arbitration: U.S. Court decisions applying NY Convention 1958   ... Read more...
89. Arbitration Arbitration, reference of a dispute to an impartial person or persons, called arbitrators, for a decision or award based on evidence and arguments presented by the disputants. The parties involved usually agree to resort to arbitration in lieu of court proceedings to resolve an existing [...]...
90. Maritime Arbitration Maritime Arbitration in Private International Law This section contain conflict of laws information and cross references related to maritime arbitration on some major countries and additional jurisdictions. It covers key issues involved when citizens face international situations. Information [...]...
91. Icc International Court of Arbitration Icc International Court of Arbitration International Court of Arbitration in International Trade Meaning of ICC (International Court of Arbitration), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The ICC International Court of Arbitration was created in 1923 as the [...]...
92. Enforceability of Arbitration Clauses Enforceability of Arbitration Clauses in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): On October 18, 2011, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed a lower court's denial of a motion to [...]...
93. Implementation in International Arbitration Implementation and Enforcement in International Arbitration This section provides an overview of implementation and enforcement in international arbitration within the legal context of Procedural Aspects in international economic law, with coverage of Adjudication and Enforcement (Principles). [...]...
94. Arbitration, Recognition of Awards Arbitration, Recognition Of Awards in Private International Law This section contain conflict of laws information and cross references related to arbitration, recognition of awards on some major countries and additional jurisdictions. It covers key issues involved when citizens face [...]...
95. Arbitration, (UNCITRAL) Model Law Arbitration, (UNCITRAL) Model Law in Private International Law This section contain conflict of laws information and cross references related to arbitration, (uncitral) model law on some major countries and additional jurisdictions. It covers key issues involved when citizens face [...]...
96. Removal From State Court of Case Related to an Arbitration Removal From State Court of Case Related to an Arbitration Removal From State Court of Case Related to an Arbitration in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): On February 7, 2011 in the case Infuturia [...]...
97. Rules on Transparency in Treaty-based Investor-state Arbitration Rules on Transparency in Treaty-based Investor-state Arbitration in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to Rules on Transparency in Treaty-based Investor-state Arbitration: As mentioned in Mr. Arbogast's statement above, UNCITRAL finished negotiations on a set [...]...
98. Bilateral Investment Treaties Contents Bilateral Investment Treaties Bilateral Investment Treaties resources • unctad bilateral investment Treaties online (searchable database) Free trade/sectoral agreements with ... Read more...
99. List of Investment Law e-Journals Contents List of Investment Law e-Journals 401(k) advisor 1080-2142 Accounting and business research 0001-4788 Accounting forum 0155-9982 The American Bankruptcy ... Read more...
100. Defensive Investment An investment undertaken to protect larger commercial interests rather than for the return that the investment itself generates.......
101. European Investment Bank Summary of European Investment Bank A multilateral development bank established in 1958 by the Treaty of Rome for the purpose of assisting in the balanced growth of the European economic community (read this and related legal terms for further details) (EEC). The bank grants long-term loans [...]...
102. Portfolio Investment A minority interest in a foreign venture from which income is derived in the form of dividends; normally such an interest does not convey any significant control over the management or operations of the foreign firm.......
103. Vertical Foreign Investment Investments made by a firm, usually an oligopolistic firm in an industrially advanced nation, in a foreign source of raw or semiprocessed materials that can be used in the manufacture of the investing firm's product. ......
104. Trade and Investment Council Trade and Investment Council in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Trade and Investment Council: A forum for bilateral consultations between the United States and various countries which have [...]...
105. Bilateral Investment Treaty Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT): An agreement between two countries providing for nondiscriminatory [...]...
106. Foreign Direct Investment Foreign Direct Investment in International Trade Meaning of FDI (Foreign Direct Investment), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The controlling ownership in a business enterprise in one country by an entity based in another country. According to balance of [...]...
107. Foreign Investment THE ROLE IN THE PROTECTION AND PROMOTION OF FOREIGN INVESTMENT OF: The World Bank Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID); The Convention establishing the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency; and Bilateral Investment Protection Agreements (IPPAs). (London, 1994) The [...]...
108. Rules Relating to Investment This section provides an overview of rules relating to investment within the legal context of Impact of Domestic Regulation on Trade in Goods, Services and on Investment in international economic law, with coverage of Domestic Regulation (Behind the Borders) (Main Regulatory Areas). Resources [...]...
109. Coverage in Investment Protection This section provides an overview of coverage in investment protection within the legal context of Investment Protection in international economic law, with coverage of The Protection of Property (Main Regulatory Areas). Resources Further Reading Andrew Mitchell and Jacky Mandelbaum, [...]...
110. Standards in Investment Law Minimum Standards in Investment Law in International Economic Law In international economic law, minimum standards in investment law includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal encyclopedia: li> Non-Arbitrariness Fair and Equitable Treatment (FET) Full Protection [...]...
111. National Treatment in Investment Law This section provides an overview of national treatment in investment law within the legal context of Non-Discrimination on Foreign Direct Investment in international economic law (Principles). Resources Further Reading Andrea K Bjorklund, "National Treatment in Investment Law," [...]...
112. Employees Investment Fund Resources See Also Finance Consumer Credit Negotiable Instrument Securities Financial Regulation Corporate Finance...
113. Private Investment Resources See Also Finance Consumer Credit Negotiable Instrument Securities Financial Regulation Corporate Finance...
114. Public Investment Resources See Also Finance Consumer Credit Negotiable Instrument Securities Financial Regulation Corporate Finance...
115. Capital Investment Resources See Also Industry Industrial Unionism Labor Law Industrial Disputes Business Law...
116. Social Investment Fund Resources See Also Poverty Cost of Living Income Minimum Wage Standard of living...
117. Agricultural Investment Resources See Also Rural Development Rural Community Land Law Farm Agricultural Law Rural Institution...
118. Bilateral Investment Treaties by countries Contents Bilateral Investment Treaties by countries See: Investment treaty law and arbitration books Investment treaty law and arbitration books chapters ... Read more...
119. Gross Private Domestic Investment The aggregate value, expressed in monetary terms, of private expenditures, for capital goods (e.g.. physical plant, equipment) adjusted by the inventory investment (the sum of the increase or decrease of merchandise in inventory during a given time period, usually one year). ......
120. Overseas Private Investment Corporation An independent agency of the U.S. government formed in 1971 to stimulate private investment in overseas projects, usually in developing countries. In furthering this objective, OPIC provides: (1) cost assistance, up to 75 percent, in the establishment of the foreign venture; (2) direct loans [...]...