Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Gold Bullion Standard A monetary policy that permits redemption of currencies into gold, but only for significant amounts. Under a true gold standard, all currency is redeemable into gold on demand; under a gold bullion standard, gold might be redeemable only in minimum lots of one ingot.......
2. Standard Bullion Gold or silver in bars of the same composition as gold or silver coins. Since gold and silver coins consist of 90 precent precious metal and 10 percent base metal (usually copper), standard bullion would consist of a like mixture of precious and base metals. In effect, the bullion is suitable for im......
3. Gold Standard Summary of Gold Standard A system under which a nation's currency is freely convertible into gold. The quantity of gold per unit of currency is fixed by law. Most major trading nations, however, abandoned the gold standard because of the constraints it imposes upon liquidity, although [...]...
4. Monetary Unit The unit of account established by law in terms of which transactions are expressed. In the United States the monetary unit is the dollar, which, although no longer officially converted into gold, is tied to gold at the rate of $42.22 per fine ounce.......
5. Gold Exchange Standard A condition in which a nation maintains its reserves in a currency convertible into gold rather than in the metal itself. Since August 15, 1971, the U.S. dollar has not been freely convertible into gold by foreign central banks; it therefore does not qualify as a reserve currency for a nation on a g......
6. International Trade Organization International Trade Organization (ITO) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of International Trade Organization (ITO): (Not to be confused with Multilateral Trade "Organization, Sec. I). An [...]...
7. International Trade Center International Trade Center (ITC) This section provides an overview of international trade center (itc) within the legal context of Development Institutions in international economic law, with coverage of Architecture. Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations [...]...
8. Credit Tranche A lending facility at the International Monetary Fund for nations suffering balance of payments difficulties. Before borrowing in the credit tranche, a nation must have exhausted its gold tranche facility. The gold tranche is equivalent to the amount of gold that a nation has deposited with the IMF,......
9. Par Value The nominal value assigned to a currency by its issuing authority. Normally, this value is expressed as a quantity of gold, or another currency convertible into gold. When the market value of a currency, expressed in terms of other convertible currencies, deviates significantly from its par [...]...
10. Familiar Drawing Techniques process within the international monetary FUND (read this and related legal terms for further details) whereby a member nation suffering balance of payments problems may obtain foreign currencies from the IMF in exchange......
11. International Standards Organization International Standards Organization (ISO) This section provides an overview of international standards organization (iso) within the legal context of Standard-Setting Organizations in international economic law, with coverage of Architecture. Resources Further Reading Olia Kanevskaia, [...]...
12. International law tags Related Tags about International law ”New York Convention 1958” – ”pacta sunt servanda” – Andes Mountains – Bolivia – Burundi ... Read more...
13. International Organization of Securities Commissions International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) This section provides an overview of international organization of securities commissions (iosco) within the legal context of Monetary Institutions in international economic law, with coverage of Architecture. Resources Further [...]...
14. International law index U Contents International law index U   Ultimatum Underwater Cultural Heritage Unfriendly Act UNIDROIT Unification and Harmonization of Laws Uniform Sales ... Read more...
15. Bretton Woods Agreement The product of an international conference on monetary and economic affairs held at the end of World War II, from which resulted the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank; the term is used most commonly in reference to a program for world monetary affairs that emerged from the conference an......
16. International Law Framework Architecture in International Economic Law In international economic law, architecture includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal encyclopedia: li>Intellectual Property Institutions Monetary Institutions Energy Institutions International Tax Institutions General, [...]...
17. International Minimum Standard Embracing mainstream international law, this section on international minimum standard explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "international minimum standard" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary [...]...
18. Intergovernmental Organizations A list of some Intergovernmental Organizations is the following: Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization ( CTBTO ) Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) Global Environment Facility ( GEF ) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) International Atomic [...]...
19. Mint Ratio The ration of the amount of gold in a nation's monetary unit to the amount of silver in the same unit, when the nation is on a bimetallic standard. See bimetallism.......
20. International Labour Organization ILO – International Labour Organization Further Reading A concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including International Labour Organization , H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including [...]...
21. International Standard Classification of Occupations Resources See Also Worker Employee Benefits Employ Employment White Collar Worker Blue Collar Worker Labor Right Employee...
22. Encyclopedia of Public International Law update in August Contents Encyclopedia of Public International Law update in August The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (MPEPIL) is a ... Read more...
23. International Economic Institutions Institutions Related to International Economic Law In international economic law, institutions related to international economic law includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal encyclopedia: li> International Labour Organization (ILO) Food and Agriculture Organization [...]...
24. European Monetary Cooperation Fund The successor to the European payments Union (read this and related legal terms for further details), the EMCF was established by the European Monetary Agreement of 1958 as a vehicle to enhance monetary cooperation among......
25. Good Delivery Bar The standard gold bar used in international transactions, having a purity of at least 99.5 percent pure gold, and weighing between 350 and 430 troy ounces. The shape of the bar is immaterial, although U.S. bars are traditionally brick-shaped, whereas foreign-poured bars are trapezoidal.......
26. Karat A measure of the fineness, i.e., purity, of gold. Pure gold is twenty-four karats; hence, an object that is an alloy of 50 percent gold and 50 percent other metals would be twelve-karat gold.......
27. International Fund for Agricultural Development International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD): A specialized agency of the United Nations [...]...
28. International law index R Contents International law index R   Racial and Religious Discrimination Railway Stations and Airports on Foreign Territory Railway Transport, International ... Read more...
29. Bullion Value The market value of the metal in a coin, as contrasted with the denominational value of the coin as money.......
30. Yo-Yo Effect A condition that arises under the rules of Financial Accounting Standards Board Statement No. 8 (read this and related legal terms for further details) when a foreign company's total monetary assets differ from its t......
31. International Civil Aviation Organization International Civil Aviation Organization Outline The ICAO came into existence in 1947 pursuant to an international agreement signed in 1944 in Chicago. The Chicago Convention sets out international standards and recommended practices for international civil aviation. The ICAO was founded to [...]...
32. International law index W Contents International law index W   Waiver Walvis Bay War Crimes War Graves War Materials War Reparations War Zones War, ... Read more...
33. International Organizations Cross References International Organizations Cross-References International Organizations are Institutions which have membership from several states, and they are usually international in scope. ... Read more...
34. Unparted Bullion A bar of precious metal containing base metal impurities.......
35. International Law: A Dictionary Contents International Law: A Dictionary Author: Boczek, Boleslaw Adam. Publisher and date of Publication: Scarecrow Press, 2005. According to “Introduction ... Read more...
36. International Energy Agency Summary of International Energy Agency An autonomous group within the organization for Economic Cooperation And Development (read this and related legal terms for further details) established in 1974 to coordinate the responses of the developed, oil-importing countries to the 1973 oil [...]...
37. Standard International Trade Classification A system for capture of international trade statistics developed under the auspices of the United Nations. The original SITC was adopted by the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations in July 1950. By 1960 many nations were compiling data on a commodity basis; coincidental with the [...]...
38. United Nations Commission on International Trade Law United Nations Commission On International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) United Nations Commission on International Trade Law Outline The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law was set up in 1966 by the General Assembly of the United Nations to deal with conflicts of national laws [...]...
39. International trade law Part 19 Contents International trade law Part 19   209 Reflections on U.S. International trade law and Practice – Compatibility with the ... Read more...
40. Liquidity Summary of Liquidity The quality of being convertible into monetary wealth; as relates to a given nation's economic condition, liquidity consists of that country's supply of gold, foreign exchange holdings, and Special drawing Rights (read this and related legal terms for further [...]...
41. International Integration Trends in International Political Economy: International IntegrationIntroduction to International IntegrationThe growth of international integration has been equally dramatic, with the most important developments occurring in Europe. The European Union (EU), formed in the 1950s, st......
42. International Organization Introduction to International Organization International Organization, a membership group that operates across national borders for specific purposes. Scholars of international relations consider international organizations to have growing importance in world politics. Examples of [...]...
43. Monetary Affairs Law and Economics in Monetary Affairs in International Economic Law In international economic law, law and economics in monetary affairs includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal encyclopedia: li> Allocation of Powers and Jurisdiction in Monetary Law The Role of [...]...
44. List of international public law topics Contents List of international public law topics This is a comprehensive list of entries dealing with public international law, including ... Read more...
45. Monetary Bloc A group of countries that have in common the use of a particular reserve asset. Traditionally, the U.S. dollar and the pound sterling have served as primary reserve assets for many nations, resulting in monetary blocs arising around the dollar or the pound.......
46. International Jute Organization International Jute Organization in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of International Jute Organization: An international commodity organization (Sec. I) established in 1984 to administer the [...]...
47. International Convention for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas 3 Contents International Convention for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas   Article XI 1. The Contracting Parties agree that there should ... Read more...
48. International law index M Contents International law index M   Macau Macedonia Maffezini v Spain Case Malacca, Straits of Malta, Order of Mandates Manuals ... Read more...
49. International trade law Part 25 Contents International Trade law Part 25   260 Schmitthoff’s Export Trade, The Law and Practice of International Trade (10th edn, ... Read more...
50. Bimetallism A system in which a nation defines its monetary unit in terms of a specified quantity of gold and silver, in a specific ratio of one metal to the other (mint ratio). Both metals are minted in unlimited quantities and each enjoys legal tender status.......
51. Devaluation Summary of Devaluation The official reduction of the value of a nation's money in relation to a standard (usually gold), special drawing rights, or the U.S. dollar. Inasmuch as all currencies are ultimately valued in terms of some standard, devaluation results in the conscious increase [...]...
52. International Natural Rubber Organization International Natural Rubber Organization in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of International Natural Rubber Organization: An international commodity organization (Sec.l)formed in 1980 to [...]...
53. International Organization for Standardization International Organization for Standardization; sometimes referred to as the International Standards Organization (ISO) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of International Organization for [...]...
54. Trade Liberalization Introduction Trade liberalisation involves removing or reducing barriers to trade between different countries. One of the opposing forces that have shaped the changing pattern of world trade over the last 200 years was the promotion of free trade. The Relative Impact of Trade Liberalization [...]...
55. International law index O Contents International law index O   Objective Regime Observers Occupation, Belligerent Occupation, Military, Termination of Occupation, Pacific Oder-Neisse Line Oil ... Read more...
56. International Chamber of Commerce International Chamber Of Commerce International Chamber of Commerce Outline The ICC was established in 1919 as a non-governmental organization. Its main purposes are to facilitate international trade and commerce, serve the needs of the international business community (for example, in 1989 [...]...
57. United Nations Conference on International Organization Embracing mainstream international law, this section on united nations conference on international organization explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "united nations conference on international organization" [...]...
58. Earmarked Gold Bullion or coin gold held by a nation, within its monetary reserves, in trust for another government.......
59. Gold Clause A provision in a debt instrument defining the monetary obligation in terms of gold, or a dollar of a prescribed weight and fineness of gold......
60. Gold Crisis A condition that arises when a nation exports so much gold as to draw close to the amount legally required as a reserve for currency outstanding. Often this condition is the product of a severe and protracted deficit in balance of payments.......
61. Gold Franc A unit of exchange employed in certain international financial transactions. The gold franc contains .2903 grams of fine gold; it is identical with the Swiss franc prior to its 1936 devaluation.......
62. Gold Inflation A condition that arises in a nation where holdings of gold are tied to money supply, and excessive stocks of monetary gold increase the creation of money, resulting in inflation. The remedy for this condition is to remove gold from the treasury, thereby reducing the quantity of money available.......
63. Gold Points A variation in the value of two gold standard currencies against the value of physical gold so as to warrant the export of gold. For example, if the exchange rate for French francs rose above a certain point, it would be more profitable to export gold to France and sell it for francs than to exchang......
64. Gold Sterilization A governmental policy to prevent the expansion of a nation's money supply by preventing the accumulation of gold. In the case of a nation on the Gold Standard (read this and related legal terms for further details), ......
65. Gold Stock A nation's supply of monetary gold.......
66. Gold Tranche Position A drawing of foreign exchange from the international monetary FUND (read this and related legal terms for further details), by a member nation up to or equal with that country's gold on deposit with the IMF. In effec......
67. Paper Gold A common reference to Special Drawing Rights (read this and related legal terms for further details) issued by the International Monetary Fund.......
68. Super Gold Tranche A condition in which drawings by a member of the international Monetary Fund (read this and related legal terms for further details) cause fund holdings of the member's currency to fall below 75 percent of the member......
69. Two-Tier Gold Mart A system under which gold is traded at two distinct prices. A fixed price is set for transactions among governments, while a market price (subject to the supply and demand mechanism) is established for public-sector transactions. This system was reestablished in the United States in 1968. In those c......
70. Double Standard A program of precious metal coinage in which the nation employs two standards of value, usually gold and silver, each having a fixed ratio of value (the mint ratio). Under this system, either metal, in coined form, stands as legal tender. The double standard differs from bimetallism, with which it i......
71. Fiat Standard A monetary system in which the money in circulation is not redeemable in any other form of money (e.g., gold) but has value simply by virtue of its issuance by governmental authority.......
72. Fiduciary Standard Synonymous with FIDUCIARY CURRENCY (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
73. Gma Standard Pallet A widely used variety of wooden pallet adopted in the 1960s by the Grocery Manufacturers of America to overcome logistical problems associated with a lack of uniformity of pallet sizes. The GMA pallet measures forty-eight by forty inches and permits four-way entry.......
74. Qparallel Standard A system under which a nation coins at least two metals, usually gold and silver, without establishing an exchange ratio between the metals. See bimetallism, mint par of Exchange.......
75. Single Standard A condition in which a nation endows a single metal as the basis of the monetary stock. This system is also known as monometallism. As a practical matter, virtually all commercial nations use gold as the standard.......
76. Standard Money Units of exchange created by lawful authority, i.e., legal tender.......
77. Gold Certificates Paper currency issued by the U.S. Treasury denominated in dollars and freely convertible by the bearer into gold at the fixed rate. When the United States went off the gold standard in 1933, gold certificates were removed from circulation, except for use by Federal Reserve banks.......
78. Gold Flow Also known as gold movements, the pattern by which monetary gold enters and leaves a country. Theoretically, an inflow of gold should expand the national monetary supply; conversely, an export of gold should contract the money supply, thus eliminating imbalances in international payments over time. ......
79. Gold Reserves The gold held by a nation as reserves for currency issued. After U.S. abandonment of the gold standard in 1933, Congress mandated that the Federal Reserve banks would have to hold gold certificates, reflecting gold on deposit with the U.S. Treasury equivalent to at least 25 percent of currency [...]...
80. Gold Wire The telegraphic transfer of gold among Federal Reserve banks to clear interbank balances. The gold is physically on deposit with the treasurer of the United States.......
81. London Gold Pool An arrangement among certain European central banks and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York designed to maintain stability in the market price of gold in private transactions. The United States had been committed to buy and sell gold in official transactions at thirty-five dollars per ounce; a priv......
82. ISO Standard Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental Organization Regional Organization Regional Integration...
83. Standard Price The target price (read this and related legal terms for further details) for tobacco under the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Economic Community.......
84. Monetary Gold Case Embracing mainstream international law, this section on monetary gold case explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "monetary gold case" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law [...]...
85. International crimes and international law. Bibliography International crimes and international law. Bibliography Core international crimes are crimes against peace, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. Crimes ... Read more...
86. International Bank For Economic Cooperation A clearinghouse for international settlements among COMECON members established at Moscow in 1963. The object of the bank was to eliminate the need for strict bilateral settlement of trade balances among members by use of accounts in "transferable rubles." The tranferable ruble, however, h......
87. International Banking Facilities Expanded powers granted to U. S. banks to participate in offshore financing, largely beyond domestic U. S. banking regulation. Recognizing that American reserve requirements and other regulatory factors were inhibiting the competitiveness of U. S. banks in international transactions, the Federal Res......
88. International Bauxite Association See the International Commodity Organization.......
89. International Boycott Factor An element of Section 999 of the Internal Revenue Code dealing with income derived in support of an international boycott. U.S. policy generally opposes international economic boycotts against friendly nations, and income derived by U.S. firms in furtherance of such boycotts receives adverse tax tre......
90. International Clearing Union An international credit-creating institution proposed by John Maynard Keynes as a prime vehicle for reestablishing postwar liquidity. During World War II, Keynes proposed the clearing union, suggesting it would extend overdraft rights to member nations suffering payment deficits. It was anticipated ......
91. International Coffee Organization See the International Commodity Organization.......
92. International Commodity Agreement A multilateral trade agreement aimed at promoting price and supply stability as related to the production of a particular commodity. Such agreements are characterized by the adherence of the principal producing and consuming nations, and the establishment of a commission to ensure the orderly implem......
93. International Cotton Advisory Committee See the International Commodity Organization.......
94. International Investment Bank A multinational development bank, membership of which is comprised of the Soviet Union and its allies. The bank was formed in 1970 to foster "economic efficiency and intensification" in the member states. The authorized capital of the bank is 1,071,300,000 transferable rubles, of which 374......
95. International Olive Oil Council See the International Commodity Organization.......
96. International Price Index A price index that serves as a standard to measure inflation in industrialized countries. The index consists of the C.I.F. value (in U.S. dollars) of exports of industrial country manufactures to developing countries.......
97. International Reserves Gold, hard currencies, and special drawing rights (read this and related legal terms for further details) issued by the international monetary fund (...
98. International Sugar Organization See the International Commodity Organization.......
99. International Trade Commission For more details on United States International Trade Commission, click here.......
100. International Traffic In Arms Regulations Known commonly by the acronym ITAR, a body of Federal regulations designed to restrain, regulate, and control the manufacture, exportation, and importation of military equipment and weapons. The regulations which derive their authority primarily from which the Arms Export Control Act of 1976 (22 U.S......
101. International Wheat Organization See the International Commodity Organization.......
102. International Commercial Law Scope Legal Issues'International commercial law' appears to be wider because of the unsettled meanings of 'commercial law', which is more or less a mysterious term capable of covering anything relating to commerce. For example, the United Nations Commission on International Trade ......
103. International Commercial Law Sources Legal IssuesInternational commercial law has come from three sources: customs, domestic legislation and international treaties… It is difficult to set out an order of priority among the sources of international commercial law. Generally speaking, an international convention may prevai......
104. International Economic Law Legal Issues International economic law is more likely to fall under the rubric of public international law, as it deals with international economic relationships between states. See, for example, Petersmann, 'International Economic Theory and International Economic Law: On the Tasks of a [...]...
105. International Trade Law Scope Legal IssuesBurnett's The Law of International Business Transactions (The Federation Press, Sydney, 1994) covers the areas of sale of goods, carriage of goods, financing of international transactions, GATT, export and import control, and international services trade. Day's The Law o......
106. International Trade Centre International Trade Centre Outline The ITC is a governmental body operating under the joint auspices of GATT and UNCTAD. It initially came into existence in 1964 as an organization supported by GATT and came under the joint auspices of GATT and UNCTAD in 1968. Its main function is to promote......
107. International Lead and Zinc Study Group See the International Commodity Organization.......
108. International Tanker Nominal Freight Scale A schedule of nominal rates for movements of tankers between world ports. Publication was ceased in 1969; it has been succeeded by Worldscale (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
109. Standard Doctrine, Standard From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Doctrine, Standard (1): To ascertain the tenets and doctrines of a church, resort must be had to history and to prior and contemporary standard writings of its members on theology.31 Resources Notes and References [...]...
110. Lloyd's Standard Policy A form of marine policy adopted by Lloyd's in 1779 and recognized in Britain by the Marine Insurance Bill of 1899 and the Marine Insurance Act of 1906 as the standard policy for Britain; policy forms used in the United States vary from the Lloyd's policy, but significant portions are retaine......
111. International Cocoa Agreement And International Cocoa Organization International Cocoa Agreement and International Cocoa Organization OutlineThe International Cocoa Agreement has been made for the purpose of stabilising the cocoa market and preventing excessive fluctuations in the prices of cocoa. The first agreement was made in the 1972 UN Cocoa Conferenc......
112. Standard Industrial Classification SIC (Standard Industrial Classification) and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of SIC (Standard Industrial Classification): The basic system used by the US Commerce Department to categorize similar [...]...
113. Standard Shipping Note Standard Shipping Note (SSN) in International Trade Meaning of Standard Shipping Note (SSN), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): It is the receiving document for ports and containers bases around the world, and advises of the necessary information to process [...]...
114. Reasonable Person Standard Reasonable Person Standard Explained References See Also Tort (in international or comparative law) Product Liability (in international or comparative law) Duties (in international or comparative law) Resources See Also Tort Product Liability Duties...
115. Standard of Living Standard of Living (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Standard of Living means: integrated index of socio-economic development, measured by aggregate data such as real per capita income, poverty rate, access to health care, the uneven growth of incomes, standards of education, [...]...
116. Common Standard of Civilization Embracing mainstream international law, this section on common standard of civilization explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "common standard of civilization" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary [...]...
117. Minimum Standard Embracing mainstream international law, this section on minimum standard explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "minimum standard" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law [...]...
118. National Treatment Standard National Treatment (standard) Embracing mainstream international law, this section on national treatment (standard) explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "national treatment (standard)" in the Parry and [...]...
119. Standard of Review This section provides an overview of standard of review within the legal context of National Treatment in international economic law, with coverage of Non-Discrimination in Trade of Goods and Services (Principles). Resources Further Reading Petros C Mavroidis, "Standard of Review," [...]...
120. Standard-Setting Organizations Standard-Setting Organizations in International Economic Law In international economic law, standard-setting organizations includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal encyclopedia: li> International Standards Organization (ISO) International Electrotechnical [...]...