Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. International Trade Center International Trade Center (ITC) This section provides an overview of international trade center (itc) within the legal context of Development Institutions in international economic law, with coverage of Architecture. Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations [...]...
2. International Labour Organization ILO – International Labour Organization Further Reading A concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including International Labour Organization , H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including [...]...
3. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, abbreviated as UNECE, is one of five regional commissions of the United Nations. UNECE was set up in 1947 to promote pan-European economic integration. To do so, it groups 56 countries [...]...
4. United Nations Economic and Social Development Functions of the UN: Economic and Social DevelopmentIntroduction to United Nations Economic and Social DevelopmentThe second major function of the UN is to promote economic and social development worldwide. The UN engages in a myriad of activities and sponsors a large number of age......
5. United Nations Economic and Social Council (ecosoc) United Nations Economic and Social Council (ecosoc) (in the Human Development Area) In this context, United Nations Economic and Social Council (ecosoc) means: of the United Nations constitutes one of the six (one is not active at the moment) principal organs of the United Nations and it is [...]...
6. International law index U Contents International law index U   Ultimatum Underwater Cultural Heritage Unfriendly Act UNIDROIT Unification and Harmonization of Laws Uniform Sales ... Read more...
7. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Organization United Nations United Nations System...
8. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Organization United Nations United Nations System...
9. United Nations Economic and Social Council Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Organization United Nations United Nations System...
10. National Institute of Economic and Social Research National Institute of Economic and Social Research in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of National Institute of Economic and Social Research: A privately funded British ..research institute [...]...
11. International organizations articles of conventions Contents International Organizations articles of conventions Agreement Establishing the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development 29.5.1990 Convention Establishing the Multilateral ... Read more...
12. International Trade Organizations Contents International Trade Organizations Introduction This entry concentrates on the structure, role and competence of the World Trade Organization (WTO) ... Read more...
13. International Organization for Standardization International Organization for Standardization; sometimes referred to as the International Standards Organization (ISO) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of International Organization for [...]...
14. International Organizations Cross References International Organizations Cross-References International Organizations are Institutions which have membership from several states, and they are usually international in scope. ... Read more...
15. International Jute Organization International Jute Organization in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of International Jute Organization: An international commodity organization (Sec. I) established in 1984 to administer the [...]...
16. United Nations Economic Commission for Africa Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Organization United Nations United Nations System...
17. United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Organization United Nations United Nations System...
18. United Nations and Economic Development Functions of the UN: Economic and Social Development Economic DevelopmentIntroduction to United Nations and Economic DevelopmentThe UN operates under the principle that promoting economic and social development will help bring about lasting world peace. The organization's chart......
19. Industrial Relations Industrial relations in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of Industrial relations provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: The individual and collective relations and dealings between workers and employers at the workplace, as well as the institutional interaction between unions, employers [...]...
20. International Organization Introduction to International Organization International Organization, a membership group that operates across national borders for specific purposes. Scholars of international relations consider international organizations to have growing importance in world politics. Examples of [...]...
21. International Natural Rubber Organization International Natural Rubber Organization in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of International Natural Rubber Organization: An international commodity organization (Sec.l)formed in 1980 to [...]...
22. Council on Mutual Economic Assistance Council on Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA, CMEA or COMECON) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Council on Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA, CMEA or COMECON): Formed in 1949, CEMA was a [...]...
23. International Clearing Union An international credit-creating institution proposed by John Maynard Keynes as a prime vehicle for reestablishing postwar liquidity. During World War II, Keynes proposed the clearing union, suggesting it would extend overdraft rights to member nations suffering payment deficits. It was anticipated ......
24. Social Dialogue Social dialogue in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of Social dialogue provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: Discussion and co-operation between the social partners on matters of common interest, such as economic and social policy. Involves participation by the state where tripartism [...]...
25. List of international public law topics Contents List of international public law topics This is a comprehensive list of entries dealing with public international law, including ... Read more...
26. European Free Trade Association Summary of European Free Trade Association A free trade area consisting of seven European countries among which tariffs and quantitative restrictions on industrial imports have been eliminated. Established in 1960 by the Stockholm Convention, EFTA originally included Austria, Denmark, [...]...
27. Economic Development Economic Development of Society (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Economic Development of Society means: is a multidimensional process, covering economic growth, structural changes in economy, improvement of conditions and quality of life. Legal Issues in the Third World’s [...]...
28. Common Market Summary of Common Market A supranational organization of trading nations, created to promote economic collaboration and minimize constraints on the free movement of goods among the member states. Features of a common market include elimination of tariffs on goods moving between member [...]...
29. International trade law Part 24 Contents International Trade law Part 24   249 The ABCs and NTBs of GMOs: The Great European Union-United States Trade ... Read more...
30. United Nations Industrial Development Organization Introduction to United Nations Industrial Development Organization United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), international agency established by the General Assembly of the United Nations (UN) in 1966 to promote industrialization in developing nations. The organization offers [...]...
31. International Energy Agency Summary of International Energy Agency An autonomous group within the organization for Economic Cooperation And Development (read this and related legal terms for further details) established in 1974 to coordinate the responses of the developed, oil-importing countries to the 1973 oil [...]...
32. Economic and Social Committee Economic and Social Committee (ESC) and Europe There is an entry on economic and social committee (esc) in the European legal encyclopedia. Economic and Social Committee and the European Union Resources See Also ESC Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Economic and Social [...]...
33. International trade law Part 18 Contents International trade law Part 18   201 The Administration of Justice in International Disputes: The Dynamics of NAFTA Chapter ... Read more...
34. International Cocoa Organization International Cocoa Organization in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of International Cocoa Organization: An international commodity organization (Sec. I) established in 1973 to implement the [...]...
35. Japan Center for Economic Research Japan Center for Economic Research (JCER) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Japan Center for Economic Research (JCER): A nongovernmental economic forecasting organization funded primarily by [...]...
36. International Tropical Timber Organization International Tropical Timber Organization in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of International Tropical Timber Organization: An international commodity organization (Sec. I)established in 1985 to [...]...
37. Economic Rights and Duties of States Embracing mainstream international law, this section on economic rights and duties of states explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "states, economic rights and duties of" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic [...]...
38. International Standards Organization International Standards Organization (ISO) This section provides an overview of international standards organization (iso) within the legal context of Standard-Setting Organizations in international economic law, with coverage of Architecture. Resources Further Reading Olia Kanevskaia, [...]...
39. National Bureau of Economic Research National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER): A private, nonprofit organization engaged in quantitative analysis [...]...
40. Economic Partnership Agreements EPA and the Treaties of the European Union Description of EPA provided by the European Union Commission: Economic Partnership Agreements: The ACP countries and the EU have agreed to enter into economic integration agreements - concluding newWTO compatible trading arrangements, progressively [...]...
41. International trade law Part 17 Contents International trade law Part 17   193 DROIT DU COMMERCE INTERNATIONAL ET DE LA CONCURRENCE/INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND COMPETITION LAW ... Read more...
42. Black Sea Economic Cooperation Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC): A regional cooperation organization including Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, [...]...
43. International trade law Part 11 Contents International trade law Part 11   137 Towards a European White Certificates Scheme: Review under Current National Experiences and ... Read more...
44. Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC): A regional cooperation organization including Australia, Brunei. Canada. [...]...
45. International trade law Part 2 Contents International Trade law Part 2   16 INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND COMPETITION LAW International Business Law Journal Number 3, 2010 ... Read more...
46. International trade law Part 9 Contents International Trade law Part 9   103 THE WTO AND International trade law AFTER DOHA: WHERE DO WE GO ... Read more...
47. International Tea Committee International Tea Committee in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of International Tea Committee: An international organization established in London in 1933 to administer the International Tea [...]...
48. National Economic Council National Economic Council (NEC) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of National Economic Council (NEC): The NEC was established at the outset of the Clinton Administration to coordinate US [...]...
49. Council for Mutual Economic Assistance Embracing mainstream international law, this section on council for mutual economic assistance explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental Organization Regional Organization [...]...
50. International Organization of Securities Commissions International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) This section provides an overview of international organization of securities commissions (iosco) within the legal context of Monetary Institutions in international economic law, with coverage of Architecture. Resources Further [...]...
51. List of United Nations Cross References List of United Nations Cross References Economic and Social Council General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade International Bank for Reconstruction ... Read more...
52. International Bank For Economic Cooperation A clearinghouse for international settlements among COMECON members established at Moscow in 1963. The object of the bank was to eliminate the need for strict bilateral settlement of trade balances among members by use of accounts in "transferable rubles." The tranferable ruble, however, h......
53. International economic law sources Contents International economic law sources Some of these sources pertain specifically to international economic law. Others do not, but offer ... Read more...
54. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights   PART I Article 1. 1. All peoples have the right of self-determination. By virtue of that right they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development. 2. All peoples [...]...
55. International Economic Relations International Economic Relations and New International Economic Order Further ReadingA concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including International Economic Relations, H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary [...]...
56. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 2 Contents International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights   Article 9. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize ... Read more...
57. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 3 Contents International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights   PART IV Article 16. 1. The States Parties to the ... Read more...
58. International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights Part 1 Contents International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights Part 1   1 THE UNITED STATES’ FAILURE TO RATIFY THE ... Read more...
59. International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights Part 2 Contents International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights Part 2   12 Mental health and human rights: The role ... Read more...
60. New International Economic Order Summary of New International Economic Order A scheme for the restructuring of the world's economy to permit greater participation by and benefit to developing nations. The "new order"is not a specific program, per se, but a declaration of principles and an agenda of topics for [...]...
61. International Economic Law Principles International Economic Law Principles This section provides an overview of principles within the legal context of in international economic law (Principles)....
62. International Economic Institutions Institutions Related to International Economic Law In international economic law, institutions related to international economic law includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal encyclopedia: li> International Labour Organization (ILO) Food and Agriculture Organization [...]...
63. Outline of International economic laws Contents Outline of International economic laws I. Overview a. Intl Economic law is how each government’s regulations affect the market. ... Read more...
64. Economic Union Summary of Economic Union Also known as an economic community, an advanced form of economic integration on the part of several states. The economic union incorporates the features of a Common market (read this and related legal terms for further details)—unrestricted free trade among [...]...
65. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Organization For Economic Cooperation And Development (OECD) Summary of Organization For Economic Cooperation And Development An association of industrial countries formed in 1961 to promote the economic well-being of its member countries while contributing to the development of the world [...]...
66. International Economic Law Foundations This section provides an overview of international economic law foundations within the legal context of in international economic law (Foundations and Architecture)....
67. International Economic Law Framework International Economic Law Framework Architecture This section provides an overview of architecture within the legal context of Architecture in international economic law.....
68. MPEPIL: International economic law and relations Contents MPEPIL: International economic law and relations   Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (MPEPIL) list of articles of ... Read more...
69. Economic Friction Cultural, religious, or ideological perspectives that interfere with and distort opportunities for trade or economic advancement.......
70. Economic Integration Summary of Economic Integration The process of unifying two or more national economies through conscious coordination of trade, fiscal, and monetary activities. Economic integration is normally preceded by the reduction or abolition of tariffs, quotas, and similar constraints upon trade [...]...
71. Economic Mobilization The orchestration and direction of a nation's economic resources under governmental auspices, toward the attainment of a clear national goal, such as the prosecution of a war. Mobilization may involve the allocation of labor and raw materials to essential projects on a priority basis, rationing ......
72. Economic Nationalism A conscious, articulated national drive toward economic self-sufficiency. Economic nationalism is comparable to Autarchy (read this and related legal terms for further details) but does not mandate the economic isolation......
73. Economic Sanctions UN Sanctions against Iran Note: for more information, click here. United Nations Sanctions against Iran by Title, Description and Date: UN Security Council Resolution 1696: Resolution expressing the Security Council's concern about the direction of Iran's nuclear program. (July 31, [...]...
74. European Economic Community Summary of European Economic Community One of the three components of the European Communities. In March 1957, the members of the European Coal and Steel Community (France, Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, and the Benelux countries) expanded the sphere of economic cooperation through the [...]...
75. International Bauxite Association See the International Commodity Organization.......
76. International Boycott Factor An element of Section 999 of the Internal Revenue Code dealing with income derived in support of an international boycott. U.S. policy generally opposes international economic boycotts against friendly nations, and income derived by U.S. firms in furtherance of such boycotts receives adverse tax tre......
77. International Coffee Organization See the International Commodity Organization.......
78. International Cotton Advisory Committee See the International Commodity Organization.......
79. International Sugar Organization See the International Commodity Organization.......
80. International Trade Commission For more details on United States International Trade Commission, click here.......
81. Organization For European Economic Cooperation Organization For European Economic Cooperation Summary of Organization For European Economic Cooperation A post-World War II organization established to coordinate the reconstruction of Europe. The OEEC arose in response to an Anglo-French declaration in 1947 calling for European [...]...
82. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development International Bank For Reconstruction And Development International Bank for Reconstruction and Development Outline The IBRD was established pursuant to the Bretton Woods Agreement of 1944. Its headquarters are in Washington, DC. As its name suggests, it is an intergovernmental (as opposed to [...]...
83. International Development Association International Development Association Outline The IDA is one of the two affiliates of the World Bank. It came into existence in 1962 under the Articles of Agreement of the International Development Association of 1960. Its main function is to provide loans on more favourable and flexible terms [...]...
84. International Finance Corporation International Finance Corporation Outline The IFC is part of the World Bank. It came into force in 1956 pursuant to the Articles of Agreement of the International Finance Corporation of 1955. Its main function is to facilitate the supply of funds to private enterprises in order to encourage or [...]...
85. International Monetary Fund International Monetary Fund Outline The UN Monetary and Financial Conference met in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, United States, from 1 to 20 July 1944. The Bretton Woods Agreement announced the establishment of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for [...]...
86. International Trade Centre International Trade Centre Outline The ITC is a governmental body operating under the joint auspices of GATT and UNCTAD. It initially came into existence in 1964 as an organization supported by GATT and came under the joint auspices of GATT and UNCTAD in 1968. Its main function is to promote......
87. Latin American Economic System Latin American Economic System Outline SELA was established in 1975 for Latin American states only. It is a permanent advisory organization for promoting cooperation between members or between members and non-members. Due to the nature of the organization, it only plays a role at policy level, [...]...
88. West African Economic Community West African Economic Community Outline Also called "Communauté Economique de l'Afrique Occidentale". The CEAO was established in 1973. It consists of a number of West African countries, such as the Ivory Coast, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal and Upper Volta. A Communi......
89. European Economic Area European Economic Area and the Treaties of the European Union Description of European Economic Area provided by the European Union Commission: Agreement Between the Community, and three Member States of the European Free Trade Area (EFTA)(not Switzerland) entered into force on 1 January 2004 [...]...
90. Economic Community of West African States Economic Community Of West African States Summary of Economic Community Of West African States An organization of sixteen West African states committed to the elimination of trade barriers among the member states and the promotion of economic development in the region. Formed at Lagos, [...]...
91. International Lead and Zinc Study Group See the International Commodity Organization.......
92. Central African Customs and Economic Union Central African Customs And Economic Union Central African Customs and Economic Union Outline The Central African Customs and Economic Union (CACEU or UDEAC: Union Douanier et Economique de l'Afrique Centrale) The union came into existence in 1966 pursuant to a treaty signed in 1964 by [...]...
93. Tax in International Economic Law The Importance of Tax in International Economic Law This section provides an overview of the importance of tax in international economic law within the legal context of Tax Law as an Issue of International Economic Law in international economic law (Main Regulatory Areas)....
94. Report To The Council And Commission On Economic And Monetary Union In The Community A report from 1970. See Werner Report Community.......
95. Research in International Economic Law Role of Empirical Research in International Economic Law This section provides an overview of role of empirical research within the legal context of Sources of Law in international economic law . Resources Further Reading Anne Van Aaken, "Role of Empirical Research in International [...]...
96. Economic Analysis and Private International Law This section contain conflict of laws information and cross references related to economic analysis and private international law on some major countries and additional jurisdictions. It covers key issues involved when citizens face international situations. Information on private [...]...
97. New Economic Mechanism A technique applied in certain socialist economies, most notably Hungary, in which the management of productive facilities is entrusted to professional managers rather than the bureaucracy or state planning apparatus. The concept is viewed as a movement toward the use of incentive-oriented stimulus......
98. CIS Economic Union CIS Economic Union in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of CIS Economic Union: A prospective customs union among most members of the Commonwealth of Independent States, intended to restore economic [...]...
99. Economic Vulnerability Economic Vulnerability and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Economic Vulnerability: In the context of trade relations, the proportion of a country's GNP accounted for by exports and imports [...]...
100. Economic Profit Economic Profit and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Economic Profit: The amount by which a producer's income exceeds total operating costs, including the cost of capital provided by the [...]...
101. Economic Rent Economic Rent and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Economic Rent: The gain to a producer or resource owner resulting from a trade barrier or other restriction of supply that leads to a higher [...]...
102. Economic Summit Economic Summit and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Economic Summit: Although the term can be used more generally, its most prominent use is in referring to the annual [...]...
103. Economic Order New International Economic Order (NIEO) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of New International Economic Order (NIEO): An agenda for discussions between industrial and [...]...
104. International Commercial Law Contents International Commercial law See also Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, Treaty, Legislation: United Nations Convention ... Read more...
105. International Aviation law Contents International Aviation law See also: International Aviation Law, Convention for the Unification of International Transportation by Air, Treaty, Legislation: ... Read more...
106. International crimes and international law. Bibliography International crimes and international law. Bibliography Core international crimes are crimes against peace, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. Crimes ... Read more...
107. International Criminal Law International Criminal Law International Criminal Law Authority Main source: Duff, Antony, "Theories of Criminal Law", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2008 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = . We have focused so [...]...
108. International Humanitarian Law Treaties International Humanitarian Law Treaties and Conventions Sources of international humanitarian law The sources are: International Humanitarian Law treaties. International Humanitarian Law is based on a number of treaties, in particular the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional [...]...
109. International Commercial Arbitration See also International business arbitration in this international legal encyclopedia. International Commercial Arbitration Resources Treaties and Conventions on Arbitration See also Treaties in this legal [...]...
110. Exclusive Economic Zone Background By Tatjana Rosen Historical Background The expressions “patrimonial sea”, “economic zone” or “exclusive economic zone” were first used in the early 1970s in regional meetings and organizations in Latin America, the Caribbean, Asia and [...]...
111. International Commodity Agreement A multilateral trade agreement aimed at promoting price and supply stability as related to the production of a particular commodity. Such agreements are characterized by the adherence of the principal producing and consuming nations, and the establishment of a commission to ensure the orderly implem......
112. International Commodity Organization An organization of the producing nations of a particular commodity. The principal motive for the organization is to foster price collaboration among the producers; the organization may establish buffer stocks to prevent wide swings in the market price of the commodity. The principal [...]...
113. International Gold Bullion Standard A Gold Bullion standard (read this and related legal terms for further details) that permits redemption of currency into gold only for purposes of export.......
114. International Investment Bank A multinational development bank, membership of which is comprised of the Soviet Union and its allies. The bank was formed in 1970 to foster "economic efficiency and intensification" in the member states. The authorized capital of the bank is 1,071,300,000 transferable rubles, of which 374......
115. International Maritime Organization Summary of International Maritime Organization A specialized agency of the United Nations concerned with maritime safety and protection of the marine environment. The IMO was created as the result of the United Nations Maritime Conference of 1948; the convention creating the IMO did not, [...]...
116. International Olive Oil Council See the International Commodity Organization.......
117. International Price Index A price index that serves as a standard to measure inflation in industrialized countries. The index consists of the C.I.F. value (in U.S. dollars) of exports of industrial country manufactures to developing countries.......
118. International Wheat Organization See the International Commodity Organization.......
119. International Commercial Law Sources Legal IssuesInternational commercial law has come from three sources: customs, domestic legislation and international treaties… It is difficult to set out an order of priority among the sources of international commercial law. Generally speaking, an international convention may prevai......
120. International Law International Law consists of the rules and principles of general application dealing with the conduct of States and of international organizations in their international relations with one another and with private individuals, minority groups and transnational companies. Legal Issues [...]...