Independent Criminology

Independent Criminology

Development of Criminology: Independent Criminology

Introduction to Independent Criminology

In the late 1960s and early 1970s criminology began to emerge from the more established social sciences and became a discipline in its own right. The number of instructional programs in criminology and criminal justice by themselves increased significantly. Existing professional associations, such as the American Society of Criminology (ASC), grew substantially, new professional organizations such as the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences (ACJS) were formed, and the number of criminology journals increased. Much of this development was due to the availability of government funding for criminological research and statistical analysis.

The evolution toward an independent criminology freed the discipline from the dominance of sociology. Theories of criminal behavior became more multidisciplinary and included a greater variety of causal factors, including biological, psychological, and sociological factors. New technologies helped increase the emphasis on empirical testing of theories, which had begun in the era of modern criminology. Large-scale surveys of victims and self-report surveys of criminals provided data on crime and criminals independent of police and correctional records. In keeping with the new multidisciplinary nature of criminology, public and private funding encouraged the formation of multidisciplinary groups of researchers to engage in data collections. ” (1)

Resources

Notes and References

Guide to Independent Criminology

In this Section

Criminology, Criminology Development (including Classical Criminology, Modern Criminology, Criminology Italian School and Independent Criminology), Criminology Goals, Biological Theories of Crime (including Crime Genetic Factors and Neurological Abnormalities), Psychological Theories of Crime (including Moral Development Theories, Social Learning Theories and Personality Theories), Environmental and Social Theories of Crime (including Social Causes, Social-Structural Theories, Subcultural Theories and Economic Causes of Crime) and

Criminal Opportunity.


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