Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Development Development Research, Development Theories Further Reading A concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including Development, H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including Development, Boczek, Boleslaw Adam [...]...
2. Deprivation Deprivation (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Deprivation means: loss of economic fundamentals (food, shelter, etc.), social (health, education, etc.) and other benefits....
3. Standard of Living Standard of Living (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Standard of Living means: integrated index of socio-economic development, measured by aggregate data such as real per capita income, poverty rate, access to health care, the uneven growth of incomes, standards of education, [...]...
4. Gross Domestic Product Summary of Gross Domestic Product The aggregate value, expressed in monetary terms, of all goods and services produced within a national economy during a given time period, usually one year.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Gross Domestic Product (gdp) (in the Human Development [...]...
5. Development Assistance Official Development Assistance (oda) to Basic Social Services (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Official Development Assistance (oda) to Basic Social Services means: ODA directed to basic social services, which include basic education (primary education, early childhood [...]...
6. Basic Needs Summary of Basic Needs A code word for official development ASSISTANCE (read this legal term for further details) programs aimed toward the improvement of health care, education, nutrition, and like fundamental services in poorer nations. The basic needs concept has been criticized by some [...]...
7. Enrolment Enrolment Rate, Net (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Enrolment Rate, Net means: the number of pupils of the theoretical school-age group for a given level of education level who are enrolled in that level, expressed as a percentage of the total population in that age Gross [...]...
8. Reproduction Reproduction of the Population (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Reproduction of the Population means: one of the main processes of reproduction of society - can be viewed as a combination of three types of "movement" of the population, "natural" (biology and [...]...
9. Value Added Value Added (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Value Added means: is the net output of an industry after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. Resources See Also National Income National Accounts Expenditure Gross National Income Net National Income...
10. National Accounts National Accounts (in the Human Development Area) In this context, National Accounts means: is a system table in the form of accounts, which characterize the process of production, distribution and end use of the gross domestic product (GDP), as a rule, for the year. System of National [...]...
11. Human Development Human Development in United Nations Activities In this context, Human Development means: is the expansion of people's freedoms to live long, healthy and creative lives; to advanceother goals they have reason to value;and to engage actively in shaping development equitably and sustainably [...]...
12. World Bank World Bank and the World Bank Group Further Reading A concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including World Bank , H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including World Bank , Boczek, Boleslaw Adam -2005) [...]...
13. Density Physical Density (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Physical Density means: number of medical doctors (physicians), including generalist and specialist medical practitioners, expressed per 10,000 people....
14. Depopulation Depopulation (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Depopulation means: is the reduction of population over time in a region's census Resources See Also Population Population Planning Population Dynamics Population Structure...
15. Health Expenditure Health Expenditure Per Capita (ppp Us$) (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Health Expenditure Per Capita (ppp Us$) means: the sum of public and private expenditure (in purchasing power parity terms in US dollars), divided by the mid-year population. Health expenditure includes [...]...
16. Demography Demography (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Demography means: science that studies the patterns of its population and development in the socio-historical implications; description of statistical data on age and sex composition of the population of the Earth, its regions and [...]...
17. United Nations Economic and Social Council (ecosoc) United Nations Economic and Social Council (ecosoc) (in the Human Development Area) In this context, United Nations Economic and Social Council (ecosoc) means: of the United Nations constitutes one of the six (one is not active at the moment) principal organs of the United Nations and it is [...]...
18. Water Source Population Not Using Improved Water Source (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Population Not Using Improved Water Source means: _alculated as 100 minus the percentage of the population using an improved water source. Unimproved sources include vendors, bottled water, tanker [...]...
19. Adjusted Net Savings Adjusted Net Savings (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Adjusted Net Savings means: rate of savings in an economy after taking into account investments in human capital, depletion of natural recourses and damage caused by pollution, expressed as a percentage of gross national [...]...
20. Health Indicator Health Indicator (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Health Indicator means: a health indicator is a characteristic of an individual, population, or environment which is measured (directly or indirectly) and could be used to describe one or more aspects of the health based on [...]...
21. Fertility Fertility (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Fertility means: a woman's reproductive ability, ie the ability of women to bear children in the physiological period, called the fertile age. In demographic statistics taken from the fertile age 15 to 49 years. Total Fertility [...]...
22. Wealth Distribution Gini Index (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Gini Index means: _easures the extent to which the distribution of income (or consumption) among individuals or households within a country deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. A Lorenz curve plots the cumulative percentages [...]...
23. Contraceptive Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Contraceptive Prevalence Rate means: the percentage of women of reproductive age (15 - 49 years) who are using, or whose partners are using, any form of contraception, whether modern or traditional. Resources See [...]...
24. Mortality Maternal Mortality Ratio (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Maternal Mortality Ratio means: the number of female deaths per year due to pregnancy or for reasons connected with childbirth per 100 000 live births. Resources See Also Population Population Planning Population [...]...
25. Unemployment Unemployment (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Unemployment means: refers to all people above a specified age who are not in paid employment or self-employed, but are available for work and have taken specific steps to seek paid employment or self-employment. Long-term [...]...
26. Tertiary Schools Enrolment Ratio, Gross Combined, For Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Schools (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Enrolment Ratio, Gross Combined, For Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Schools means: the number of students enrolled in primary, secondary and tertiary levels of [...]...
27. Poverty The Legal History of Poverty This section provides an overview of Poverty Human Poverty Index For Selected High-incomeoecd Countries (hpi-2) (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Human Poverty Index For Selected High-incomeoecd Countries (hpi-2) means: _ composite index measuring [...]...
28. Absolute Poverty Absolute Poverty (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Absolute Poverty means: number of persons or households whose level of consumption or income below the poverty line....
29. Poverty Assessments Ppa (participatory Poverty Assessments) (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Ppa (participatory Poverty Assessments) means: _ method of using participatory research methodologies to capture qualitative dimensions of poverty, such as people's perceptions of powerlessness and [...]...
30. Poverty Gap Poverty Gap (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Poverty Gap means: the aggregate shortfall of the expenditure or income of poor households from the poverty line....
31. Relative Poverty Relative Poverty (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Poverty (Relative) means: supposes a certain percentage of poor individuals or households (for example, 10%, 20%, 30%, etc.) or the binding of poverty to the middle, or median income in the country....
32. Economic Growth Futureless Economic Growth (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Futureless Economic Growth means: Futureless growth that is accompanied by a waste of economic and natural resources needed to sustain life for future generations. Ruthless Economic Growth (in the Human Development [...]...
33. Labour Force Participation Labour Force Participation (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Labour Force Participation means: the percentage of the working-age population (ages 15 — 64) that actively engages in the labour market, by either working or actively looking for work.....
34. Human Development Reports Human Development Reports Further ReadingA concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including Human Development Reports , H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including Human Development Reports , Boczek, [...]...
35. Human Expenditure Human Expenditure Ratio (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Human Expenditure Ratio means: the percentage of national income devoted to human priority concerns....
36. Social Inclusion Social Inclusion (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Social Inclusion means: the European commission defines social inclusion as "a process which ensures that those at risk of poverty and social exclusion gain the opportunities and resources necessary to participate fully in [...]...
37. Bruntland Commission Bruntland Commission or World Commission on Environment and Development (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Bruntland Commission (also World Commission on Environment and Development) means: stands for the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), known by the name [...]...
38. Civilization Civilization (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Civilization means: broad term characterizing particularities and levels of development in a society. It includes culture, religion, and the character of social and economic relations. Accordingly, civilizations differs by applied [...]...
39. Health System Health System (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Health System means: _onsists of all actors, institutions and resources that undertake health activities whose primary purpose is to promote, restore or maintain health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. [...]...
40. Life Expectancy Health-adjusted Life Expectancy (hale) (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Health-adjusted Life Expectancy (hale) means: an indicator that firstly was introduced by WHO as average number of years that a person can expect to live in "full health" by taking into account [...]...
41. United Nations Economic and Social Development Functions of the UN: Economic and Social DevelopmentIntroduction to United Nations Economic and Social DevelopmentThe second major function of the UN is to promote economic and social development worldwide. The UN engages in a myriad of activities and sponsors a large number of age......
42. Health Promotion Health Promotion (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Health Promotion means: health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health. Health promotion represents a comprehensive social and political process, it not only embraces [...]...
43. Social Health Social Health (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Social Health means: is determined with moral principles that constitute the ground of the social life of the human being, i.e. vital activity in a specific human society. It is primarily characterized with the attitude of the [...]...
44. Exclusions In the United States For information about Exclusions in the context of international trade, click here...
45. Empowerment Women's Empowerment in Election Law Process by which women gain power and control over their own lives. It involves awareness-raising, self-confidence building, expansion of choices, increased access to and control over resources and actions to transform the structures and institutions [...]...
46. Degradation Degradation (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Degradation means: is a quantitative or qualitative deviation of something from its former state. The term is applicable to the components of the ecosystem (eg. D. of forest, D. of animal population of some areas), water bodies (eg, [...]...
47. Household Household (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Household means: a small group of people living in the same territory, who join part or all of their income and property, and consume certain types of products and services, notably housing services and food; there are family and [...]...
48. Unesco Unesco Unesco, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Unesco, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization means: _s specialized agency of the United Nations, UNESCO contributes to the building of [...]...
49. Health Health The Legal History of Health This section provides an overview of Health Health (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Health means: is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity Most Popular Entries related to [...]...
50. Imports of Services Imports of Goods and Services (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Imports of Goods and Services means: the value of all goods and other market services received from the rest of the world. Included is the value of merchandise, freight, insurance, transport, travel, royalties, [...]...
51. Undernourishment Undernourished People (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Undernourished People means: people whose food intake is chronically insufficient to meet their minimum energy requirements....
52. Poverty Reduction Related United Nations Activities More than one billion people live in extreme poverty, surviving on less than one dollar a day. The world’s poor suffer from a lack of adequate shelter, health care, education, protection from violence, and a voice in what happens in their communities. Every [...]...
53. Combating Poverty Combating Poverty in International Economic Law In international economic law, combating poverty includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal encyclopedia: li> Aid for Trade Initiative Technology Transfer IMF Facilities Microfinance Debt Relief Sovereign Debt [...]...
54. Poverty Affidavit Description of Poverty Affidavit Resources See Also Federal Civil Procedure...
55. Lawyers in Progress and Poverty Contents Lawyers in Progress and Poverty Main source: Salvador Trinxet Llorca, “Selected Writings about Lawyers” “Progress and Poverty” was a ... Read more...
56. Income Income or Consumption, Shares of Income (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Income or Consumption, Shares of Income means: the shares of consumption accruing to subgroups of population indicated by deciles or quintiles, based on national household surveys covering various years. [...]...
57. Income Differentiation Decile Ratios of Income Differentiation (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Decile Ratios of Income Differentiation means: ratio between the minimum income 10% of the wealthiest and highest-income families the most low income or people....
58. Population Medium-variant Population Projection (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Medium-variant Population Projection means: _opulation projections by the United Nations Population Fund assuming medium-fertility path, normal mortality and normal international migration. Each assumption [...]...
59. Population Growth Annual Population Growth Rate (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Population Growth Rate (Annual) refers to the average annual exponential growth rate for the period indicated. More People It is true that a country can get into economic trouble if the number of elderly [...]...
60. Urban Population Urban Population (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Urban Population means: refers to the de facto population living in areas classified as urban according to the criteria used by each area or country. Data refer to 1 July of the year indicated. See Population, total. Resources [...]...
61. Indigenous Population Resources See Also Population Population Group Ethnic Group Minority Group...
62. Income Tax Other Popular Tax Definitions in the World Legal Encyclopedia Adjusted Gross Income (sometimes, including Income Tax) Ad Valorem Tax (sometimes, including Income Tax) Alternative Minimum Tax (sometimes, including Income Tax) Big Four (audit firms) (sometimes, including Income Tax) Black [...]...
63. Income Tax Law Other Popular Tax Definitions in the World Legal Encyclopedia Adjusted Gross Income (sometimes, including Income Tax Law) ...
64. Income Taxation Contents Income Taxation Income Taxation as a Specialized Area of Accounting One of the specialized area of accounting is income ... Read more...
65. Income Statement Contents The Income Statement The traditional activity-oriented financial statement issued by business enterprises is the income statement. Read about income ... Read more...
66. Income Explosion A dramatic increase in per capita income, especially where the income increases are well dispersed throughout the population. Such income increases will stimulate consumer demand, usually reflected in an increase of imports.......
67. Disposable Income Gross National Disposable Income (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Gross National Disposable Income means: derived from gross national income by adding current transfers from the rest of the world minus current transfers to the rest of the world (including net value of [...]...
68. Earned Income Earned Income (ppp Us$), Estimated (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Earned Income (ppp Us$), Estimated means: derived on the basis of the ratio of the female nonagricultural wage to the male nonagricultural wage, the female and male shares of the economically active population, [...]...
69. Income Distribution Related Fields Related topics include: Disposable Income Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Bankruptcy Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Inequality Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Wage Find this subject in this World legal [...]...
70. Income Maintenance Resources See Also Social Assistance Welfare Social Protection Social Services Social work...
71. Income Redistribution Resources See Also Social Protection Social Security Employment Affairs Welfare State...
72. Gross National Income Gross National Income (gni) (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Gross National Income (gni) means: comprises the market value of all products and services generated regardless of where the output is produced in given period (i.e., its gross domestic product, plus net receipts of [...]...
73. Income Generating Activities Resources See Also Income Distribution Bankruptcy Inequality...
74. United Nations Population Fund UNFPA – United Nations Population Fund Further Reading A concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including United Nations Population Fund , H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including United [...]...
75. Population by Age Resources See Also Population Population Planning Population Dynamics Population Structure...
76. Population by Sex Resources See Also Population Population Planning Population Dynamics Population Structure...
77. Population Groups Population Groups Related Fields Related topics include: Population Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Population Group Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Ethnic Group Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Minority Group Find this subject in this [...]...
78. Population Education Resources See Also Legal Education Education Education Law Higher Education Vocational Training Training...
79. Population Census Resources See Also Housing Housing Discrimination Limited Equity Housing Habitability Urban Development Cooperative Housing...
80. Ageing Population Resources See Also Population Population Planning Population Dynamics Population Structure...
81. Population Change Resources See Also Population Population Planning Population Dynamics Population Structure...
82. Population Density Resources See Also Population Population Planning Population Dynamics Population Structure...
83. POPULATION DYNAMICS Resources See Also Population Population Planning Population Dynamics Population Structure...
84. Population Projection Resources See Also Population Population Planning Population Dynamics Population Structure...
85. School Age Population Resources See Also Population Population Planning Population Dynamics Population Structure...
86. Population Policy Resources See Also Population Population Planning Population Dynamics Population Structure Social Policy Social Development Sociology Public Policy Social Law...
87. Agricultural Population Resources See Also Rural Development Rural Community Land Law Farm Agricultural Law Agriculture...
88. Rural Population Resources See Also Rural Development Rural Community Land Law Farm Agricultural Law Agriculture...
89. Net Line The face value of all insurance policies that an insurer has in force, less any amounts reinsured.......
90. Line Spanish Translation of lineThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to line and / or a definition of this topic: Línea (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
91. Above-the-line Description of Above-the-line Resources See Also Below-The-Line Internal Revenue...
92. Accommodation Line Summary of Accommodation Line The acceptance by an insurance company of substandard risks as an accommodation to a particular broker who has previously provided, and is expected to continue to provide, attractive underwriting business.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Description [...]...
93. Belt Line A short-line railway operating in and around a city; its function is to transfer cargo between long-haul railroads, and to and from piers to railroads for import/export movements.......
94. Gross Line The face value of all insurance policies that an insurer has in force at any point in time, irrespective of any reinsurance.......
95. Line Breadth The number of products or variations carried in a manufacturer's or marketer's product line.......
96. Load-Line A marking painted on the bow of merchant vessels, denoting how much cargo may be loaded aboard, as determined by how low in the water the ship may ride. The object of the mark is to prevent the overloading of a ship, with attendant risk to its safety. The load-line marks are sometimes known as the P......
97. Member Line A steamship line that is a member of a Conference (read this legal term for further details).......
98. National Line Synonymous with national FLAG CARRIER (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
99. Product Line Cycle The concept that a product undergoes three stages of development: (1) new product (a firm introduces a new product or significant differentiated product and for a period of time enjoys a virtual monopoly), (2) growth product (the product is imitated and produced by several firms; nonprice competitio......
100. Line of Ascent Spanish Translation of line of ascentThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to line of ascent and / or a definition of this topic: Línea Ascendente (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
101. Line of Descent Spanish Translation of line of descentThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to line of descent and / or a definition of this topic: Línea Descendente (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
102. Hindenburg Line History of the Hindenburg Line The following commentary about Hindenburg Line in the Churchill Era is produced by the Churchill College (Cambridge): German defences completed in April 1917, running from Arras to the River Aisne. The Hindenburg Line consisted of an outer network covered by [...]...
103. Bottom Line Bottom Line in International Trade Meaning of Bottom Line, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The last line in a financial statement indicating the profit of a company. In a contract, the line upon which a party signs....
104. Line Haul Line Haul in International Trade Meaning of Line Haul, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The direct movement of cargo on a single ship between two ports of call....
105. Steamship Line Steamship Line in International Trade Meaning of Steamship Line, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A company usually having the following departments: vessel operations, container operations, tariff department, bookings, outbound rates, inward rates, and [...]...
106. Closing Line Embracing mainstream international law, this section on closing line explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "closing line" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (currently, the [...]...
107. Envelope Line Embracing mainstream international law, this section on envelope line explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "envelope line" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (currently, [...]...
108. Low-water Line Embracing mainstream international law, this section on low-water line explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "low-water line" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (currently, [...]...
109. Collateral Line Resources See Also Descent...
110. Credit Line Resources See Also Line (Line of credit)...
111. Line Islands Resources See Also Legal System Country Jurisdiction Immigration Consulate...
112. Net Income Resources See Also Distributable net income Net profits Taxable income...
113. Low Income Resources See Also Income Distribution Bankruptcy Inequality...
114. VISHIPCO LINE AND OTHERS v. THE CHASE MANHATTAN BANK Contents VISHIPCO LINE, HA NAM CONG TY, DAI NAM HANG HAI C.T., RANG DONG HANG HAI C.T., MEKONG SHIP CO. ... Read more...
115. VISHIPCO LINE AND OTHERS v. THE CHASE MANHATTAN BANK 2 DISCUSSION Chase here first contends that plaintiffs’ claims were dismissible for failure to prove that under Vietnamese law they were ... Read more...
116. Gross Income Other Popular Tax Definitions in the World Legal Encyclopedia Adjusted Gross Income (sometimes, including Gross Income) Ad Valorem Tax (sometimes, including Gross Income) Alternative Minimum Tax (sometimes, including Gross Income) Big Four (audit firms) (sometimes, including Gross Income) [...]...
117. Financial Income Spanish Translation of financial incomeThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to financial income and / or a definition of this topic: Renta Financiera (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
118. National Income Related Fields Related topics include: National Income Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. National Accounts Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Expenditure Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Gross National Income Find this subject in this World [...]...
119. Child's Income Tax Resources See Also Clifford trust Kiddie tax...
120. Cash Income Resources See Also Bookkeeping Accounting Accounting Ethics Public Accountant Accounting Principles...