Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Market Performance Market Performance and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Performance: The principal focus of competition policy, market performance refers to the degree to which a particular industry or [...]...
2. Market Disruption A condition in which foreign imports of a given product increase in quantity so rapidly as to cause, or threaten to cause, material injury to a competing domestic industry. A finding of market disruption before the International Trade Commission may result in retaliatory actions against the [...]...
3. Market Power Market Power and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Power: The ability of an individual firm to exert control over prices prevailing in the markets for its products or services. The highest [...]...
4. Tying Contract Tying Contract and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Tying Contract: (Also known as a tie-in contract or bundling.) A restraint of trade ~ arrangement by which a product can be purchased only [...]...
5. Quota Rents Quota Rents and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Quota Rents: The increase in profits that accrue to an import dealer (under an import quota) or an exporting firm (under an export quota or [...]...
6. Technology Driver Technology Driver and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Technology Driver: A product with a relatively simple design which a manufacturer may produce in high volume in order to hone its skills [...]...
7. Competitive Performance Competitive Performance and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Competitive Performance: The measurable results of competitiveness --i.e., the outcome of a country's or a firm's efforts in [...]...
8. Strategic Partnerships Strategic Partnerships and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Strategic Partnerships: A type of cooperative strategy in which corporate alliances are made between organizations --including between [...]...
9. Comparative Advantage Revealed Comparative Advantage and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Revealed Comparative Advantage: A measure of relative competitive performance of a country's exporters of a particular [...]...
10. Import Surcharge Import Surcharge and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Import Surcharge: A temporary tax on imports over and above established tariffs, usually enacted in times of economic [...]...
11. Soft Loan A loan repayable by a foreign borrower in a Soft Currency (read this and related legal terms for further details). Such loans usually have been the product of long-term sales to countries without hard currency repayment ......
12. Import Licensing Import Licensing and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Import Licensing: Procedures requiring the submission of an application or other documentation (other than those [...]...
13. Import Quota Import Quota and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Import Quota: A means of restricting or controlling imports by specifying the quantity or value of a commodity, which may [...]...
14. Injury Test Injury Test and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Injury Test: An administrative determination establishing that injury to a domestic industry has occurred as a result of an [...]...
15. Shakeout Shakeout and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Shakeout: A condition that may occur as a result of innovation or technological change in a competitive industry. Because the introduction of new [...]...
16. Market Failure Market Imperfections or Market Failure and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Imperfections or Market Failure: Often refers to two sources of departure from perfect competition, i.e., [...]...
17. Deadweight Loss Deadweight Loss and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Deadweight Loss: The net cost to society due to market imperfections or government interventions such as trade restrictions --i.e., losses by [...]...
18. Allocation Cartel An agreement among firms in a particular industry by which each participant is assigned certain customers or areas within which it will be the exclusive or principal supplier.......
19. TSUSA TSUSA and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of TSUSA (Tariff Schedules of the United States, Annotated): The classification system in which US import data are recorded according to 10,500 [...]...
20. Excess Capacity Excess Capacity and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Excess Capacity: Occurs when a firm or industry is operating below cost-minimizing levels of output. "Permanent excess capacity" is [...]...
21. Industry Policy Advisory Committee Industry Policy Advisory Committee (IPAC) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Industry Policy Advisory Committee (IPAC): A policy-level committee that forms part of the private sector advisory [...]...
22. Rent-Seeking Rent-Seeking and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Rent-Seeking: In international trade contexts, refers to the economically unproductive practice of individuals, firms, and industries investing [...]...
23. Adjustment Costs Adjustment Costs and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Adjustment Costs: The economic and social costs of reallocating resources from .domestic industries forced to contract as a result of [...]...
24. Forfeiting Forfeiting and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Forfeiting: A means of financing foreign trade based upon the transfer of debt obligations arising from the sale of goods and services, usually exports....
25. Economic Vulnerability Economic Vulnerability and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Economic Vulnerability: In the context of trade relations, the proportion of a country's GNP accounted for by exports and imports [...]...
26. Track Track I and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Track I: Designation for consolidated negotiating activities in the final phase of the Uruguay Roundconcerning market access in goods....
27. Sensitive Products Sensitive Products and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Sensitive Products: Goods produced by a domestic industry employing large numbers of workers, for which the costs of [...]...
28. Specific Limitations on Trade Specific Limitations on Trade and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Specific Limitations on Trade: Measures that limit imports or exports of a product during a specified [...]...
29. Commodity Summary of Commodity A nondifferentiated product produced with commonly available technology.(Main Author: William J. Miller) The Legal History of Commodity in Islamic Law This section provides an overview of Commodity in Islamic Law Commodity in International Trade Meaning of [...]...
30. Consortium Summary of Consortium A multiparty commercial undertaking, differing from a joint venture by virtue of the comparatively large number of participants.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Consortium and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, [...]...
31. Fair Trade Fair Trade and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Fair Trade: International trade involving shipments that do not benefit from government assistance. Fair trade --and the related concept of unfair [...]...
32. Tariff Schedules Tariff Schedules of the United States, Annotated, and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of TSUSA (Tariff Schedules of the United States, Annotated): The classification system in which US import data [...]...
33. Turnover Summary of Turnover The rate at which sales occur, relative to the capital employed. For example, if sales are one million dollars, and capital employed is one hundred thousand, the capital turnover is ten.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Turnover and International Trade Economy [...]...
34. Technology Policy Technology Policy and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Technology Policy: Government measures or programs to promote innovation and adoption of new technologies in key industries. Such tools [...]...
35. Product Cycle Product Cycle and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Product Cycle: The evolution of a production process from innovation through obsolescence, constituting a fundamental dynamic element in [...]...
36. Absolute Advantage Absolute Advantage and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Absolute Advantage: The ability of a country to supply a particular product or class of goods at lower costs than competing nations. See [...]...
37. Entente Literally, "an agreement." In political usage, an understanding among governments as represented by accords on important areas. Commercially, the term is used on the Continent as a synonym for a cartel.......
38. Cross-subsidization Cross-subsidization and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Cross-subsidization: The use of financial resources accumulated by a multinational f1rn1 in one part of the world to fight a competitive [...]...
39. Rebalancing Rebalancing and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Rebalancing: A term used in GATT agriculture negotiations, referring to the ability to shift import protection from one [...]...
40. Industry Functional Advisory Committee Industry Functional Advisory Committee (IF AC) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Industry Functional Advisory Committee (IF AC): One of more than 30 technical, sectoral, and functional [...]...
41. Unrequited Transfer A transfer payment, ie., the transfer of assets from one nation to another without expectation of recompense.......
42. Textiles Textiles and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Textiles: Historically, one of t e most politically sensitive and contentious sectors of international trade. As define in the Multifiber [...]...
43. Dumping Margin In those instances where a product has been dumped, that is, sold abroad at a price below the fair market value in the country of origin, the dumping margin is the difference between the home market price and the price at which the goods are sold abroad less incidental charges, such as export [...]...
44. Political Risk An economic risk assumed by foreign creditors that political or military conditions in a debtor's country may preclude settlement of the obligation when due.......
45. Industry Sector Advisory Committee Industry Sector Advisory Committee (ISAC) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Industry Sector Advisory Committee (ISAC): One of more than 30 technical, sectoral, and functional committees [...]...
46. Barriers to Trade Technical Barriers to Trade (also referred to as Standards) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Technical Barriers to Trade (also referred to as Standards): [...]...
47. Trade Diversion The shift in purchases from sources outside a free-trade area (within which tariffs have been eliminated) to a union member, even though the cost of purchasing outside the union (before duty) is less than procuring from within. The absence of duty among members of the free- trade area more than [...]...
48. Commodity Agreement Commodity Agreement and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Commodity Agreement: A formal international arrangement among exporters and importers of a commodity. Such [...]...
49. Compensatory Tax A special import levy imposed by the European Economic Community upon certain agricultural imports when the entry price of such products falls below a reference, or minimum target, price and the import is priced so as to reflect an export subsidy. Compensatory taxes are institutionalized in the [...]...
50. Short-Term Capital Short-Term Capital Transactions and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Short-Term Capital Transactions: An element of a country's balance of payments that reflects loans granted to or received [...]...
51. Import Licensing Code Import Licensing Code and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Import Licensing Code: Formally known as the Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures. A GAIT Code negotiated [...]...
52. Administrative Guidance Administrative Guidance (Gyosei-Shido) and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Administrative Guidance (Gyosei-Shido): A system of industrial policy used in Japan since the early 1960s. The term [...]...
53. Snapback Snapback and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Snapback: Provisions in a trade agreement that allow a signatory to temporarily rescind concessions under specified [...]...
54. Competitive Competitive and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Competitive: As applied to internationally traded goods, refers to a country's or a firm's products being preferred by a significant [...]...
55. Tariff Schedule Tariff Schedule and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Tariff Schedule: A comprehensive list of the goods, which a country imports, and the import duties applicable to each [...]...
56. Cutthroat Competition A discriminatory pricing practice whereby one vendor deliberately reduces prices to a low level with the object of driving out competition, thereby creating a monopoly or dominant market share. In the United States such practices are banned, although they are often employed in foreign countries.......
57. Competition Policy Competition Policy and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Competition Policy: A broad category encompassing antitrust and other policies to remedy the imperfectly competitive nature of key [...]...
58. Competition Law Anti-Dumping and Competition Law and the World Trade Organization Anti-Dumping and Competition Law in relation to the World Trade Organization (WTO) covers several issues. Competition Law in a Global Context Contents of Competition Law in a Global Context Contents of this subject matter [...]...
59. Unfair Competition Unfair Competition and International Trade California's Unfair Competition Law and the Electronic Commerce California's Unfair Competition Law in the Online Business Law New York Unfair Competition Law and the Electronic Commerce New York Unfair Competition Law in the Online Business [...]...
60. Trade Competition Patent, copyright, and trademark laws ...
61. International Competition Network International Competition Network (ICN) This section provides an overview of international competition network (icn) within the legal context of Competition Law and Policy in international economic law (Main Regulatory Areas). Resources Further Reading Mitsuo Matsushita, "International [...]...
62. Competition The Legal History of Competition This section provides an overview of Competition Concept of Competition Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Introduction This entry provides an overview of the legal framework of competition, with a description [...]...
63. Perfect Competition Perfect Competition in International Trade Meaning of Perfect Competition, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A market situation where a large number of suppliers have equal opportunity to offer comparable goods or services to a large number of buyers. It [...]...
64. Competition Law (Antitrust) Competition Law (Antitrust) in Private International Law This section contain conflict of laws information and cross references related to competition law (antitrust) on some major countries and additional jurisdictions. It covers key issues involved when citizens face international [...]...
65. Regulatory Competition Regulatory Competition in Private International Law This section contain conflict of laws information and cross references related to regulatory competition on some major countries and additional jurisdictions. It covers key issues involved when citizens face international situations. [...]...
66. Skill Competition Resources See Also Educational Appraisal Educational Assessment Education...
67. Intellectual Property Competition Contents Intellectual Property Competition How do Patent and Copyright Protection restrict Competitors Both patent and copyright protection, though particularly the ... Read more...
68. Role of the WTO in Competition Policy The Role of the WTO in Competition Policy This section provides an overview of the role of the wto in competition policy within the legal context of Competition Law and Policy in international economic law (Main Regulatory Areas)....
69. Role of UNCTAD in Competition Law The Role of UNCTAD in Competition Law and Policy This section provides an overview of the role of unctad in competition law and policy within the legal context of Competition Law and Policy in international economic law (Main Regulatory Areas)....
70. Role of the OECD in Competition Policy The Role of the OECD in Competition Policy This section provides an overview of the role of the oecd in competition policy within the legal context of Competition Law and Policy in international economic law (Main Regulatory Areas). Resources Further Reading Robert D Anderson and Nivedita [...]...
71. Monopolistic Competition A condition in the marketplace wherein there are several producers of a product of a given class, but purchasers perceive differences in quality or value among the products of the various manufacturers, thereby according a unique character to each manufacturer's products. For example, there are ......
72. Competition and Merger Policy Competition and merger policy and the European Union Resources See Also Mergers...
73. Import Substitution Summary of Import Substitution The act of eliminating imports of a given product by commencing production locally, often accompanied by controls such as increased duties, quotas, or outright bans to discourage or prevent continued foreign imports. This approach is fairly common on the part [...]...
74. Invisibles Synonymous with Invisible Exports And Imports (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
75. Innovation Innovation and the Laws of International Trade The relationship between antitrust law and intellectual property Intellectual Property and Competition Law Three general principles When antitrust concerns arise The three markets The horizontal/vertical distinction Rule of [...]...
76. Industrial Policy Industrial Policy and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Industrial Policy: A program of selective government interventions designed to change the sectoral composition of a country's economy [...]...
77. International Trade Patterns Ricardian Model and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Ricardian Model: A theory for explaining international trade patterns in terms of technological differences among countries and resulting [...]...
78. Increasing-Returns Industry Increasing-Returns Industry and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Increasing-Returns Industry: An industry requiring an exceptionally large or expensive physical plant, so that economies of scale [...]...
79. Intra-Industry Trade Inter-Industry and Intra-Industry Trade and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Inter-Industry and Intra-Industry Trade: Inter-industry trade involves exchanges between countries that link [...]...
80. Industrial Targeting Industrial Targeting and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Industrial Targeting: Selection by a government of industries deemed imponant to the evolution of the economy, and encouraging their [...]...
81. Industries Sunrise vs Sunset Industries and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Sunrise vs Sunset Industries. The term "sunrise" refers to industries with the greatest potential for growth and [...]...
82. Infant Industry Protection Infant Industry Protection and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Infant Industry Protection: Temporary import protection intended to help an industry that is not fully developed become [...]...
83. Innovation Systems Innovation Systems and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Innovation Systems: The network of public- and private-sector institutions that initiate or import, modify, and diffuse new technology in [...]...
84. Internationalization Internationalization and International Trade Economy Resources See Also Economic Development Social development Resources See Also globalization...
85. Administered Pricing A condition in which the prices of certain goods and/or services are determined by governmental authority, supplier cartels (legal or illegal), or trade associations, and not by market forces. The purpose of administered pricing is to eliminate price competition or to maintain price stability [...]...
86. Arbitrage Summary of Arbitrage The practice whereby foreign exchange or commodities are purchased in one market at lower cost and rapidly traded off in another, higher cost market. For example, if the pound sterling sells for $1.50 in Paris, but only $1.45 in New York, an arbitrageur could buy [...]...
87. Balance of Payments Balance Of Payments Summary of Balance Of Payments The sum owed to or by a nation as the result of its international transactions during a given time period, usually one year. The balance of payments is calculated by subtracting the nation's total payments to foreigners from total [...]...
88. Barter Summary of Barter A direct exchange of products without cash. In some cases, a third party is brought into the transaction to dispose of some or all of the goods in a third country; this practice is known as switch trading. See Countertrade.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Barter [...]...
89. Cabotage Summary of Cabotage Literally, coastwise navigation, generally used to denote the proscription of foreign flag vessels in a nation's coastwise trade. Since an act of Congress in 1817 (2 Stat. 351), the coastwise trade of the United States has been reserved exclusively to American [...]...
90. Cartel Summary of Cartel An alliance among firms in the same line of business aimed at controlling or dominating their field on an international basis.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Definition of Cartel In accordance with the work A Dictionary of Law, this is a description of Cartel : [...]...
91. Complementary Exporting An arrangement in which a manufacturer markets his products internationally through the distribution channel of another firm, usually a manufacturer of similar but noncompetitive products.......
92. Conventional International Law International law that has arisen as the product of treaties or formal agreements among nations, as compared with international law that has developed through custom and usage over time.......
93. Convertibility Summary of Convertibility The ability of a currency to be exchanged for other currencies in settlement of current account transactions. Currencies are convertible in varying degrees, although the ability of nonresidents freely to purchase and sell a given currency, without governmental [...]...
94. Cross-licensing An arrangement in which one firm grants to another licenses to exploit proprietary rights in its patents or trademarks, secret processes, et cetera, in return for similar licensure to use the rights or processes of the recipient firm.......
95. Current Account Summary of Current Account An entry in a nation's balance of payments accounts reflecting the purchase of goods or services for consumption immediately or in the near future. See Balance of Payments.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Current Account and International Trade [...]...
96. Defensive Investment An investment undertaken to protect larger commercial interests rather than for the return that the investment itself generates.......
97. Devaluation Summary of Devaluation The official reduction of the value of a nation's money in relation to a standard (usually gold), special drawing rights, or the U.S. dollar. Inasmuch as all currencies are ultimately valued in terms of some standard, devaluation results in the conscious increase [...]...
98. Economic Nationalism A conscious, articulated national drive toward economic self-sufficiency. Economic nationalism is comparable to Autarchy (read this and related legal terms for further details) but does not mandate the economic isolation......
99. Effective Rate of Protection The net protection afforded by a nation's tariff system to any given domestic product. For example, the higher the rate of duty, the greater the protection against foreign imports; conversely, as rates are increased on raw materials or production inputs, the costs of domestic production are [...]...
100. Oligopoly Summary of Oligopoly Literally, a market in which there are only a few sellers of a given product or service. Under oligopolistic conditions, no one seller can establish market prices, except in concert with the other suppliers; if such concerted action develops, the suppliers are operating [...]...
101. Patent Summary of Patent A grant issued by a governmental authority to an inventor permitting, for a fixed number of years, an exclusive right to the invention. The grant includes the prerogative of preventing others from making, using, or selling the invention covered. Through various [...]...
102. Repatriation Summary of Repatriation The transfer of investment proceeds or the return of capital from a foreign country back to the home country of the investor.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Repatriation and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, [...]...
103. Specialization Agreement Also known as a rationalization agreement, an arrangement among competing manufacturers of like products that each will sell only certain products, thereby providing each participant in the agreement a dominant position for a given product.......
104. Standardized Product A product marketed worldwide without substantial variation in the product's composition or appearance. Product standardization helps in achieving significant economies of scale. See differentiated product.......
105. Terms of Trade Summary of Terms of Trade An export-import price ratio derived by dividing indices of export prices by indices of import prices. For example, when export indices are 105 percent of a base period, and import indices are 98 percent of the same base period, then the terms of trade [...]...
106. Trade Barrier Summary of Trade Barrier Constraints upon the exchange of goods among nations imposed by governments; such constraints are manifested in the form of tariffs, quotas, exchange controls, and a variety of so-called nontariff barriers. Barriers usually arise to protect domestic industries, [...]...
107. Trade Creation The substitution of lower- cost foreign goods for higher-cost domestic manufactures.......
108. Trading Company A firm engaged in the purchase, distribution, and marketing of products in international trade. Generally, the trading company deals with products of unrelated firms as well as the manufacturers of joint ventures in which it is involved.......
109. Value Added Tax Summary of Value Added Tax A tax imposed upon the value added to a product at each stage of the production process. The tax is applicable to all goods, from primary to consumer products. Each processor in the chain of production pays the tax in the purchase price of the goods, applying the [...]...
110. Vertical Integration Summary of Vertical Integration Also known as vertical expansion, the incorporation into a business or economy of earlier or subsequent stages in the channel of production. For example, a chemical producer may undertake (backward) vertical integration by producing its own petroleum as raw [...]...
111. Importation Importation as an U.S. State Statute Topic This term is one of the topics in some U.S. State Statutes. Other topics of the World Encyclopedia of Law which are topics of some State Statures are: Licensed Public Accountants (Topic) Guardians Ad Litem (Topic) Biological Warfare [...]...
112. Liberalism The Liberals While the adjetive of the term means "Marked by generosity", a used definition of liberal regards the person who is open-minded or not strict in the observance of orthodox, traditional, or established forms or ways. Earl Killian thinks that a liberal is the person [...]...
113. Globalization Globalization Further Reading A concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including Globalization , H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including Globalization , Boczek, Boleslaw Adam -2005) Globalization [...]...
114. Economies of Scale Economies of Scale and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Economies of Scale: (Also known as increasing returns to scale.) Cost savings that occur in production processes where higher output [...]...
115. Competitive Advantage Competitive Advantage and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Competitive Advantage: (Not the same as comparative advantage.) A market position established either by providing comparable buyer [...]...
116. Futures Contract Futures Contract and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Futures Contract: A contract for goods, foreign exchange, or financial assets to be delivered at a certain future date on terms and at [...]...
117. Trade Secret Trade Secret and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Trade Secret: A form of industrial property (Sec. I). Refers to a non-patented process, mechanism, or formula, known only to its owner, that [...]...
118. Differentiation Differentiation and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Differentiation: A key element in firms' competitive advantage. Refers to market conditions in which a product can vary in some [...]...
119. Export-Led Growth Export-Led Growth and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Export-Led Growth: A macroeconomic strategy focusing on expansion of the export sector --such as through export subsidies or competitive [...]...
120. Technology Technology and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Technology: A method for convening resources into goods and services. Introduction This entry provides an overview of the legal framework of [...]...