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1. Ancient Greek Law Ancient Greek Law Overview and Historical SurveyFor more information about this section, in the context of legal history, see the main entry in this legal encyclopedia. SourcesFor more information about this section, in the context of legal history, see the main entry in this [...]...
2. Byzantium Early ByzantiumFor more information about this section, in the context of legal history, see the main entry in this legal encyclopedia. Later Byzantium to 1453For more information about this section, in the context of legal history, see the main entry in this legal encyclopedia. [...]...
3. Chinese Law History of Chinese Law See the main entry for information about the legal developments in the Shang Dynasty, Western Chou Dynasty, Eastern Chou, Spring and Autumn, Eastern Chou, Warring States, and Qin State and Empire, Han Empire, Three Kingdoms, Chin, and Southern Dynasties, The Northern [...]...
4. Slavery The Legal History of Slavery This general section provides an overview of Slavery and its historical context. Slavery in the Ancient Greek Law See the main entry of this legal history topic. Slavery in the Roman Law See the main entry of this legal history topic. Slavery in the English [...]...
5. Procedure Practice and Procedure Introduction to Procedure "Practice and Procedure, the legal profession's established set of procedural rules - said, about Procedure, the Encarta Online Encyclopedia -and methods. Specialized areas of law have their own rules of practice and procedure." (1) [...]...
6. Ancient Near Eastern Law The Legal History of Ancient Near Eastern LawThis section provides an overview of Ancient Near Eastern Law ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Ancient Near Eastern Law in the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History (Oxford [...]...
7. Company Law The Legal History of Company Law This section provides an overview of Company Law Applied Company Law Contents of Applied Company Law Contents of this subject matter include: Introduction; Alternative Business Structures Characteristics of a Company Company's liability in Crime, Contract [...]...
8. Women Women and the United Nations This general section provides an overview of the relationship of Women and the United Nations (UN). See, for example, the entry about the United Nations Development Fund For Women. The Legal History of Women This general section provides an overview of Women in [...]...
9. Political Question Doctrine In the United States For information about Political question doctrine in the context of international trade, click here Alaska v. Kerry: Act of State and Political Question Doctrines in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to Alaska v. Kerry: Act of State and [...]...
10. Divorce Introduction to Divorce Divorce, or dissolution, as it is increasingly becoming known, a legislatively created, judicially administered process that legally terminates a marriage no longer considered viable by one or both of the spouses and that permits both to remarry. Until the divorce [...]...
11. African Law History of the African Law African Law in the Precolonial Period For more information about this section, in the context of the legal history, see the main entry in this legal encyclopedia. African Law in the Colonial Period For more information about this section, in the context of the [...]...
12. Greece The Legal History of Literature and Law in Ancient Greece This section provides an overview of Literature and Law in Ancient Greece Greece in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): On July 17, 2011, the [...]...
13. Oaths The Legal History of Oaths in Ancient AthensThis section provides an overview of Oaths in Ancient Athens ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Oaths in Ancient Athens in the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History (Oxford [...]...
14. Rhetoric The Legal History of Rhetoric in Ancient Greek LawThis section provides an overview of Rhetoric in Ancient Greek Law ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Rhetoric in Ancient Greek Law in the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal [...]...
15. Cambodia The Legal History of Cambodia This section provides an overview of Cambodia Resources See Also Legal System Country Jurisdiction Immigration Consulate Resources See Also Legal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Cambodia in the Oxford International [...]...
16. Witness The Legal History of Witnesses in Ancient AthensThis section provides an overview of Witnesses in Ancient Athens ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Witnesses in Ancient Athens in the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal [...]...
17. History of International Law ...
18. Moral The Legal History of Sexual and Moral Regulation in Ancient GreeceThis section provides an overview of Sexual and Moral Regulation in Ancient Greece ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Sexual and Moral Regulation in Ancient Greece in [...]...
19. United Dredging Company (united States) V. United Mexican States United Dredging Company (united States) v. United Mexican States Embracing mainstream international law, this section on united dredging company (united states) v. united mexican states explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The [...]...
20. Search and Seizure The Legal History of Search and Seizure This section provides an overview of Search and Seizure Search and Seizure Explained References See Also Criminal Law (in international or comparative law) Criminal Procedure (in international or comparative law) Resources See Also Criminal Law [...]...
21. Southeast Asian Law The Legal History of Southeast Asian LawThis section provides an overview of Southeast Asian Law ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Southeast Asian Law in the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History (Oxford University [...]...
22. Humanism Liberalism: HumanismIntroduction to HumanismIn postmedieval European culture liberalism was perhaps first expressed in humanism, which redirected thinking in the 15th century from the consideration of the divine order of the world and its reflections in the temporal social order to......
23. Inheritance Introduction to InheritanceInheritance, in law, succession to the real and personal property of a deceased individual. Inheritance may be by will or, in the absence of a will, by operation of the statutes governing intestacy. The transfer of property by testate and intestate succession is o......
24. Iran The Legal History of Islamic Law in Iran This section provides an overview of Islamic Law in Iran Iran in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): See information on Nationality, Citizenship and Immigration [...]...
25. Peru The Legal History of Peru This section provides an overview of Peru Implementation: United States-Peru Trade Promotion Agreement ("ptpa") In relation to the international law practice and Implementation: United States-Peru Trade Promotion Agreement ("ptpa") in this world [...]...
26. Enforcement The Legal History of Enforcement in Islamic Law This section provides an overview of Enforcement in Islamic Law Federal Trade Commission Act and Enforcement Under the FTC Act and the Electronic Commerce Federal Trade Commission Act and Enforcement Under the FTC Act in the Online Business Law [...]...
27. Export Companies In the United States For information about Export Companies in the context of international trade, click here...
28. Adultery Adultery, voluntary sexual intercourse between a married person and someone other than the lawful spouse. (1) Description of Adultery Resources See Also Illicit cohabitation Resources See Also Fornication; Infidelity Adultery Divorce Resources Notes and References Encarta Online [...]...
29. Political Parties Introduction to Political PartiesPolitical Parties, organizations that mobilize voters on behalf of a common set of interests, concerns, and goals. In many nations, parties play a crucial role in the democratic process. They formulate political and policy agendas, select candidates, conduct......
30. Usury A rate of interest in excess of that permitted by law. Usury may negate repayment of the excessive interest, or even the principal. In many jurisdictions usury statutes do not apply to corporate borrowings. ......
31. Hungary Legal Materials: English translations of key Hungarian laws are published in theCentral & Eastern European Legal Materials (Juris Publishing) series by Columbia University's Parker School of Foreign and Comparative Law. For information about Hungarian legal resources, see [...]...
32. Litigation The Legal History of Public Interest Litigation In India This section provides an overview of Public Interest Litigation In India Main Elements in the United States Law Litigation Defined The American legal Ecyclopedia (including defining Litigation) offers a fundamental understanding of this [...]...
33. South Asian Law The Legal History of South Asian LawThis section provides an overview of South Asian Law ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading South Asian Law in the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History (Oxford University Press) The [...]...
34. Torture Introduction to Torture Torture, the infliction of bodily pain or mental suffering either as punishment, to compel a person to confess to a crime or provide information, or to intimidate, coerce, discriminate against, or repress a person or group of people for political purposes. The methods [...]...
35. Constitution The Legal History of Constitution This section provides an overview of Constitution Constitution in Election Law Set of fundamental texts which establish a form of government, regulate the relationship between the governing and the governed and define the public power structure. A constitution [...]...
36. Islamic Schools The Legal History of Islamic Schools of Sacred LawThis section provides an overview of Islamic Schools of Sacred Law ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Islamic Schools of Sacred Law in the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal [...]...
37. Export Control Export Control and the Laws of International Trade Export control reform initiative Export Administration System Commerce control list Export Control in Merger and Acquisitions Dual use items End-use-based controls Reexports Software and technology Regulatory requirements for all [...]...
38. History of International Law Ancient History The need for some principles and rules of conduct between independent states arises whenever such states enter into mutual relations. Rules governing the treatment of foreign traders, travelers, and ambassadors, as well as the conclusion and observance of treaties, [...]...
39. History of Censorship Contents History of Censorship Early History Censorship and the ideology supporting it go back to ancient times. Every society has ... Read more...
40. History of Diplomacy Contents History of Diplomacy Introduction to the History of Diplomacy As soon as people organized themselves into separate social groups, ... Read more...
41. History of Government Contents History of Government Introduction The despotic empires of Egypt, Sumer, Assyria, Persia, and Macedonia were followed by the rise ... Read more...
42. History of Courts Contents History of Courts Legal History of the Courts Ancient Greek: Courts and Magistrates in Ancient Athens See the main ... Read more...
43. Civil Liberties The Legal History of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties in United States Law This section provides an overview of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties in United States Law Embracing mainstream international law, this section on civil liberties explores the context, history and effect of the area of [...]...
44. Equal Protection The Legal History of Equal Protection This section provides an overview of Equal Protection Due Process and Equal Protection: An Overview: Main Elements in the United States of America (In the U.S. law) The coverage of Due Process and Equal Protection: An Overview includes the following main [...]...
45. Somalia The Legal History of Somalia This section provides an overview of Somalia Contact Group on Piracy Off the Coast of Somalia In relation to the international law practice and Contact Group on Piracy Off the Coast of Somalia in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: [...]...
46. History of Law Enforcement Most Popular Entries related to History of Law Enforcement Law Enforcement (in the World) Law Enforcement Careers (in the World) Law Enforcement Definition (in the World) Law Enforcement Officers (in the World) Law Enforcement Agency (in the World) History of Law Enforcement (in the World)...
47. Chinese Resources See Also Population Population Group Ethnic Group Minority Group...
48. History The Legal History of Uses of History This section provides an overview of Uses of History Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to history in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom Resources See Also Legal Biography Legal [...]...
49. History of Legal Treatises Contents History of Legal Treatises In the United States While the earliest law treatises predate the systematic dissemination of court ... Read more...
50. History of Citation Indexing Contents History of Citation Indexing Legal Citation indexing originated with a table of cases that Joseph Story began in 1743. ... Read more...
51. History of Year Books Contents History of Year Books English-language first case reports, Year Books, were manuscript law reports prepared from 1292 to 1535.[1] ... Read more...
52. History of the State of Exception History of the State of Exception A Brief History of the State of Exception by Giorgio Agamben An excerpt from ... Read more...
53. History of Taxation Other Popular Tax Definitions in the World Legal Encyclopedia Adjusted Gross Income (sometimes, including History of Taxation) ...
54. History Of the United Nations History of the Foundation of the United Nations Further ReadingA concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including History of the United Nations , H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including History of the [...]...
55. History of Economic Law International Economic Law Historical Perspective In international economic law, historical perspective includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal encyclopedia: li> Mercantilism Sovereignty Bilateralism in International Economic Law Multilateralism in International [...]...
56. History of the Law of the Sea Law of the Sea and Related Boundary Issues In relation to the international law practice and law of the sea and related boundary issues in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: Territorial Regimes and Related Issues About this subject:Maritime Security and Law [...]...
57. History of Yugoslavia Contents Introduction This is the first part of the history of Yugoslavia, which has had hugue implications in international law, ... Read more...
58. History of Trade Unions Contents History of Trade Unions Trade Unions was defined as “combinations for regulating the relations between workmen and masters, workmen ... Read more...
59. History of Nationalization Contents History of Nationalization Introduction The fact that “Nationalization” had become in 1916-21 one of the burning political questions of ... Read more...
60. History of Industrial Councils Contents History of Industrial Councils History of Industrial Councils in the United Kingdom The formation of joint industrial councils (or, ... Read more...
61. History of Labor Legislation Contents History of Labor Legislation Introduction In comparing legislation affecting factories, mines, shops and truck in the chief industrial countries ... Read more...
62. History of Working Time Contents History of Working Time Regulations History of Working Time until 1920 The decade following 1910 witnessed a rapid advance ... Read more...
63. History of Zionism Contents History of Zionism History of Zionism before 1910 During the middle ages, though the racial character of the Jews ... Read more...
64. History of Social Darwinism Contents History of Social Darwinism Origins Social Darwinism originated in Britain during the second half of the 19th century. Darwin ... Read more...
65. History of Sociology Contents History of the Sociology As a discipline, or body of systematized knowledge, sociology is of relatively recent origin. The ... Read more...
66. History of Migration Contents History of Migration Migration in Ancient History Among the most far-reaching series of ancient migrations were those of the ... Read more...
67. History of Women’s Rights Contents History of Women’s Rights until the 20th Century Traditional Status Some scholars argue that the discovery throughout the European ... Read more...
68. Sovereignty History Legal IssuesThe term 'sovereign' has its origin in the Latin word 'supra' or in medieval times 'superanus'. It was first used in early French as 'sovrains' and appeared later as 'soverain', in Italian as 'sovrano'. The meaning of this early te......
69. Census History Census HistoryCensuses have been taken since ancient times by emperors and kings trying to assess the size and strength of their realms. These early censuses were conducted sporadically, generally to levy taxes or for military conscription. Clay tablet fragments from ancient Babylon indicat......
70. City Planning History City Planning History of City Planning Archaeological excavations of ancient cities reveal evidence of some deliberate planning: the arrangement of housing in regular, rectangular patterns and the prominent location of civic and religious buildings along main thoroughfares. ...
71. Civil Law History Civil Law Historical DevelopmentThe civil law tradition traces its origin to the Roman Republic, a city-state that emerged in the 6th century bc and became an important commercial and military power (see Ancient Rome). The early custom and laws of Rome were put in writing for the first time......
72. Government History Introduction to Government HistoryThe despotic empires of Egypt, Sumer, Assyria, Persia, and Macedonia were followed by the rise of city-states, the first self-governing communities, in which the rule of law predominated and state officials were responsible to the citizens who chose them. T......
73. History of Democracy Democracy in Western Europe and the U.S.Introduction to History of DemocracyBeginning with the first popular rebellion against monarchy in England (1642), which was brought to a climax by the execution of King Charles I, political and revolutionary action against autocratic Europea......
74. Maritime Law History Introduction to Maritime Law HistoryThe origins of maritime law go back to antiquity. Because no country has jurisdiction over the seas, it has been necessary for nations to reach agreements regarding ways of dealing with ships, crews, and cargoes when disputes arise. The earliest agreement......
75. Patriarchy History Patriarchy History of Patriarchy in Political ThoughtIntroduction to Patriarchy HistoryIn the 17th century some political thinkers drew a comparison between the power of the father and the power of the king. For example, English political theorist Sir Robert Filmer argued that sons......
76. Prison History Introduction to Prison HistoryHistorians note the existence of prisons in ancient Greece and Rome. For example, the Mamertine Prison, constructed in Rome in the 7th century bc, consisted of a vast network of dungeons under the city's main sewer. These subterranean cells held political d......
77. Property History Introduction to Property HistoryThe concept of property originated in ancient times. Societies apparently held most property rights-such as the right to hunt or fish in a given area-in common. Although some private ownership of personal property, such as weapons and cooking utensils, existe......
78. Rape History Rape Legal History of RapeIntroduction to Rape HistoryLaws defining and setting punishments for rape have varied enormously among different cultures and during different time periods. Throughout history, rape laws have illustrated a culture's social and political attitudes abo......
79. Legal History Contents Legal History “This abstraction called the Law,” Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., once observed, is “a magic mirror, [wherein] ... Read more...
80. History of Trials The Legal History of Witch TrialsThis section provides an overview of Witch Trials ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Witch Trials in the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History (Oxford University Press) The Oxford [...]...
81. Legislative History Legislative History as Secondary Authority in Legal Research Federal Legislative History Sources There is more information about this subjet related to the field of legal research in the legal encyclopedia.Researching Federal Legislative History There is more information about this subjet [...]...
82. Political History Contents Political History Introduction From the beginning of recorded history, one aspect of the political world that has become clear ... Read more...
83. History of Intellectual Property History and Theory of Intellectual Property Contents of History and Theory of Intellectual Property Contents of this subject matter include: Introduction to legal history History of Copyright Law History of Trademark Law History of Patent Law History of trade secrets/confidence Overview of IP [...]...
84. History of Emergency History and Concepts of Emergency In relation to the history and concepts of emergency and constitutional law, Giacomo Delledonne[1] made the following observation: According to standard accounts of constitutionalism, a constitutional framework, specifying the allocation of powers and [...]...
85. History of Mixed Governments History and Theory of Mixed Governments In relation to the history and theory of mixed governments and constitutional law, Cesare Pinelli[1] made the following observation: The concept of mixed government originated in the second century BC with the Greek historian Polybius' attempt to [...]...
86. History of Land Use Archaeological Gis for Land Use in South Etruria Urban Revolution in Ix-viii Centuries B.c., the Law and other Social Sciences A GIS is developed for analysis of formation, growth and collapse of past societies. The Urban Revolution in Mediterranean area between IX-VIII centuries B.C. pushed [...]...
87. History of Private International Law History of Private International Law This section contain conflict of laws information and cross references related to history of private international law on some major countries and additional jurisdictions. It covers key issues involved when citizens face international situations. [...]...
88. History of Codification See the information on Codification in France and Louisiana in the legal encyclopedias of Europe and the United States. Resources See Also Civil Code History Codification History...
89. History of the International Labour Organization Contents History of the International Labour Organization (ILO) Origins of the ILO An important part of the scheme for a ... Read more...
90. History of the Church and State Relationship Contents History of the Church and State Relationship Church and State, relationship between the organized church and the government of ... Read more...
91. History of the World Trade Organization Origins of the World Trade Organization: History ...
92. History of Women’s Rights in the 20th Century Contents History of Women’s Rights in the 20th Century Women’s in the 20th-Century Developments Socialists Movements and Communism Governments After ... Read more...
93. History of Foreign Trade until the 20th Century Contents History of Foreign Trade until the 20th Century Although foreign trade was an important part of ancient and medieval ... Read more...
94. Hallam's Constitutional History Contents Lord Macaulay’s Essay on Hallam’s Constitutional History See also Thomas Babington Macaulay and Speech on the Government of India ... Read more...
95. Legal History Resources Contents Legal History Resources Legal History Resources in the Legal encyclopedias Legal history in the International Encyclopedia of Law>: Entries ... Read more...
96. Habeas Corpus History Introduction to Habeas Corpus HistoryThe earliest use of the writ as a constitutional remedy against the tyranny of the Crown took place in the latter part of the 16th century, when it was applied in behalf of persons committed to prison by the Privy Council. Many ways of avoiding the effec......
97. Dictionary of Concepts in History Contents Dictionary of Concepts in History Details of the Dictionary of Concepts in History (Contributions in Legal Studies) Hardcover: 514 ... Read more...
98. History of the Peaceful Means of Settlement Contents Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes Note: this entry is based on the article, authored by Alain Pellet, “Peaceful Settlement ... Read more...
99. List of Legal History Broader Databases Contents List of Legal History Broader Databases The following databases are comprehensive, covering a wide selection of time periods, and ... Read more...
100. Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History Contents Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History Bibliographic Details Title: Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History ISBN: 9780195134056 Author: Katz, ... Read more...
101. Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History Contents The Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History Bibliographic Details Title: The Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History Description: Two ... Read more...
102. Encyclopedia of Social Welfare History in North America Contents Encyclopedia of Social Welfare History in North America Bibliographic Details Title: Encyclopedia of Social Welfare History in North America ... Read more...
103. Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History Contents Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History Details of the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History Volumes: 6-Volume Set Editor ... Read more...
104. Abridgment of English History “The Saxon laws, imperfect and various as they were, served in some tolerable degree a people who had by their ... Read more...
105. Lawyer’s history Contents Lawyer’s history Ancient Greece The earliest people who could be described as “lawyers”were probably the orators of ancient Athens ... Read more...
106. U.S. Labor law and movement history Contents Labor law and organized labor history of the United States See U.S. Labor law and movement history 2 Labor ... Read more...
107. U.S. Labor law and movement history 2 Contents U.S. Labor law and movement history 2 See U.S. Labor law and movement history World War I During World ... Read more...
108. MPEPIL: History of international law Contents MPEPIL: History of International Law   Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (MPEPIL) list of articles of this ... Read more...
109. Arab League History Arab League HistoryThe Egyptian government first proposed the Arab League in 1943. Egypt and some of the other Arab states wanted closer cooperation without the loss of self-rule that would result from total union. The original charter of the league created a regional organization of sovere......
110. Balance of Power History Balance of Power From Ancient Times to World war IIHistorical examples of power balancing are found throughout history in various regions of the world, leading some scholars to characterize balance of power as a universal and timeless principle. During the Period of the Warring States in Ch......
111. Commercial Treaties History History of Commercial TreatiesCommercial treaties have a history going back to ancient times. With the resurgence of trade in the early medieval period, the commercial treaty began its modern evolution. This early commercial treaty was usually bilateral, and its prime objective was to estab......
112. Censorship Early History Censorship Early HistoryCensorship and the ideology supporting it go back to ancient times. Every society has had customs, taboos, or laws by which speech, play, dress, religious observance, and sexual expression were regulated. (1)Resources......
113. Checks And Balances History Checks and Balances: Origins of the ConceptThe concept of checks and balances can be traced to ancient political philosophers, such as Aristotle and Plato. In their view, the best form of government included a mix of different types of power. An ideal government would include elements of mo......
114. Extradition History Contents Extradition History Introduction The U. S. Supreme Court, in United States v. Rauscher (1886), expressed the dominant doctrine in ... Read more...
115. Copyright History History of Copyright LawIntroduction to Copyright HistoryBefore the invention of the printing press in Europe in the 15th century, copyright law did not exist. Books were expensive and difficult to produce and few people knew how to read, so there was little need for copyright prot......
116. Crime Detection History Crime Detection Historical BackgroundIntroduction to Crime Detection HistoryEarly criminal investigation was a crude process, relying on eyewitnesses, inferences, and confessions extracted under torture. In early 19th-century France, for instance, the principal technique for catchi......
117. Divorce History Introduction to Divorce HistoryBefore 1857 in Britain, freedom to remarry could be obtained only by an act of Parliament following a separation decree given by an ecclesiastical court on the basis of some wrong (such as adultery or abandonment) done by the defendant to the plaintiff. This s......
118. Fingerprinting History Introduction to Fingerprinting HistoryThe first recorded use of fingerprints was by the ancient Assyrians and Chinese for the signing of legal documents. Probably the first modern study of fingerprints was made by the Czech physiologist Johannes Evangelista Purkinje, who in 1823 proposed a ......
119. Forensic Science History Introduction to Forensic Science HistoryThe combination of a medical and legal approach to dealing with crimes used in the United States today had its origin in England in the 12th century, when King Richard I established the Office of the Coroner. Although the coroner's main duty was t......
120. Freedom of Speech History Introduction to Freedom of Speech HistoryThe modern concept of freedom of speech emerged gradually during the struggles of the Middle Ages. In England, for example, the struggle for freedom of speech extended from the 16th through the 18th centuries and was a vital part of the larger strugg......