Historical Capitals of the World

List of Historical World Capitals by Continents since 1800

List of Historical World Capitals by Countries in America since 1800

United States of America

• COW Number: 2 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: US/U.S./United States; USA/U.S.A.
• Capital(s) since 1800: Washington D.C.
• Name of United States of America in Spanish: Estados Unidos de America

Canada

• COW Number: 20 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: British possessions: British North America. French possessions: New France
• Capital(s) since 1800: Ottawa (Kingston 1841-1843, Montreal 1843-1849, Toronto 1849-1859, Quebec City 1859-1865)
• Name of Canada in Spanish: Canadá

Bahamas

• COW Number: 31 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Bahama Islands; Lucayos
• Capital(s) since 1800: Nassau
• Name of Bahamas in Spanish: Bahamas

Cuba

• COW Number: 40 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: (None)
• Capital(s) since 1800: Havana
• Name of Cuba in Spanish: Cuba

Haiti

• COW Number: 41 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Ayiti (native); Hayti; Saint-Domingue
• Capital(s) since 1800: Port-au-Prince
• Name of Haiti in Spanish: Haití

Dominican Republic

• COW Number: 42 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Republica Dominicana; Saint Domingo; San Domingo; Santo Domingo
• Capital(s) since 1800: Santo Domingo (renamed as Ciudad Trujillo from 1930-1967 until Trujillo’s death)
• Name of Dominican Republic in Spanish: República Dominicana

Jamaica

• COW Number: 51 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: St. Jago; Santiago; Xaymaca
• Capital(s) since 1800: Kingston (Santiago de la Vega in colonial times)
• Name of Jamaica in Spanish: Jamaica

Trinidad & Tobago

• COW Number: 52 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Trinidad: Bella Forma; Trinity. Tobago: Tapuago (native)
• Capital(s) since 1800: Port-of-Spain
• Name of Trinidad & Tobago in Spanish: Trinidad y Tobago

Barbados

• COW Number: 53 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Barbadoes
• Capital(s) since 1800: Bridgetown
• Name of Barbados in Spanish: Barbados

Dominica

• COW Number: 54 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Isla Dominga
• Capital(s) since 1800: Roseau
• Name of Dominica in Spanish: Dominica

Grenada

• COW Number: 55 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Concepcion; Granada; La Grenade
• Capital(s) since 1800: St. George’s
• Name of Grenada in Spanish: Granada

Saint Lucia

• COW Number: 56 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Hewanorra (native); Sainte Lucie; Santa Lucia
• Capital(s) since 1800: Castries
• Name of Saint Lucia in Spanish: Santa Lucía

Saint Vincent & Grenadines

• COW Number: 57 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: St. Vincent: Hairoun (native); Grenadines: Grenadilles
• Capital(s) since 1800: Kingstown
• Name of Saint Vincent & Grenadines in Spanish: San Vicente y las Granadinas

Antigua & Barbuda

• COW Number: 58 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Santa Maria de Antigua
• Capital(s) since 1800: St. John’s
• Name of Antigua & Barbuda in Spanish: Antigua y Barbuda

Saint Kitts & Nevis

• COW Number: 60 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: St. Kitts-Nevis; St. Kitts: Liamuiga (native); St. Christopher; San Cristobal
• Capital(s) since 1800: Basseterre
• Name of Saint Kitts & Nevis in Spanish: San Cristóbal y Nieves

Mexico

• COW Number: 70 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Estados Unidos Mexicanos; Mejico; Mexican Empire; Mexican Republic; United Mexican States
• Capital(s) since 1800: Mexico City
• Name of Mexico in Spanish: Méjico

Belize

• COW Number: 80 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Balize; Belice; British Bay Settlement; British Honduras
• Capital(s) since 1800: Belmopan (Belize City until 1970)
• Name of Belize in Spanish: Belice

Guatemala

• COW Number: 90 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: (none)
• Capital(s) since 1800: Guatemala City
• Name of Guatemala in Spanish: Guatemala

Honduras

• COW Number: 91 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: (none)
• Capital(s) since 1800: Tegucigalpa
• Name of Honduras in Spanish: Honduras

El Salvador

• COW Number: 92 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Saint Salvador; Salvador; San Salvador
• Capital(s) since 1800: San Salvador
• Name of El Salvador in Spanish: El Salvador

Nicaragua

• COW Number: 93 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Nicarahua
• Capital(s) since 1800: Managua
• Name of Nicaragua in Spanish: Nicaragua

Costa Rica

• COW Number: 94 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Rich Coast
• Capital(s) since 1800: San Jose
• Name of Costa Rica in Spanish: Costa Rica

Panama

• COW Number: 95 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Castilla de Oro/Castilla del Oro; State of the Isthmus
• Capital(s) since 1800: Panama City
• Name of Panama in Spanish: Panamá

Colombia

• COW Number: 100 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Columbia; Gran Colombia; Granadine Confederation; Great Colombia; Greater Colombia; Grenadine Confedaration; New Granada; Nueva Granada
• Capital(s) since 1800: Bogota
• Name of Colombia in Spanish: Colombia

Venezuela

• COW Number: 101 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
• Capital(s) since 1800: Caracas
• Name of Venezuela in Spanish: Venezuela

Guyana

• COW Number: 110 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: British Guiana; Guayana. Included Berbice, Demerara, Essequibo
• Capital(s) since 1800: Georgetown
• Name of Guyana in Spanish: Guayana

Suriname

• COW Number: 115 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Dutch Guiana; Netherlands Guiana; Surinam; Willoughbyland
• Capital(s) since 1800: Paramaribo
• Name of Suriname in Spanish: Surinam

Ecuador

• COW Number: 130 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Estado del Ecuator; State of the Equator
• Capital(s) since 1800: Quito
• Name of Ecuador in Spanish: Ecuador

Peru

• COW Number: 135 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Perou; Peruvian Republic. Part of Peru-Bolivia Confederation 1839-1839
• Capital(s) since 1800: Lima
• Name of Peru in Spanish: Perú

Brazil

• COW Number: 140 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Brasil
• Capital(s) since 1800: Brasilia (Rio de Janeiro until 1960)
• Name of Brazil in Spanish: Brasil

Bolivia

• COW Number: 145 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Charcas; Upper Peru. Part of Peru-Bolivia Confederation (1836-1839)
• Capital(s) since 1800: Sucre (official), La Paz (administrative)
• Name of Bolivia in Spanish: Bolivia

Paraguay

• COW Number: 150 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Guaira; Paraguai
• Capital(s) since 1800: Asuncion
• Name of Paraguay in Spanish: Paraguay

Chile

• COW Number: 155 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Chili, Chilli
• Capital(s) since 1800: Santiago (official), Valparaiso (legislative)
• Name of Chile in Spanish: Chile

Argentina

• COW Number: 160 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Argentine Confederation; Argentine Nation; Argentine Republic; Platine Republic; United Provinces of La Plata; United Provinces of Rio de la Plata; United Provinces of South America
• Capital(s) since 1800: Buenos Aires
• Name of Argentina in Spanish: Argentina

Uruguay

• COW Number: 165 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Banda Oriental; Estado Oriental del Uruguay; Province of Montevideo; Provincia Oriental del Rio de la Plata; República Oriental del Uruguay
• Capital(s) since 1800: Montevideo
• Name of Uruguay in Spanish: Uruguay

List of Historical World Capitals by Countries in Europe since 1800

United Kingdom

• COW Number: 200 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Albion; Britain; Britannia; England; Great Britain (1707+); UK/U.K.; United Kingdom of Great Britain (1707-1801); United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801-1927); United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1927+)
• Capital(s) since 1800: London
• Name of United Kingdom in Spanish: Reino Unido

Ireland

• COW Number: 205 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Eire (1937-1948); Erin; Hibernia; Irish Free State; Irish Republic; Saorstat Eireann. Part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801-1922)
• Capital(s) since 1800: Dublin
• Name of Ireland in Spanish: Irlanda

Netherlands

• COW Number: 210 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Batavian Republic / Batavian Comonwealth (1795-1806); Holland; Nederland; Republic of the United Provinces; United Netherlands (1813-1815). Part of the Low Countries or Nether Lands
• Capital(s) since 1800: Amsterdam (official); The Hague (administrative, legislative, and judicial)
• Name of Netherlands in Spanish: Países Bajos

Belgium

• COW Number: 211 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Belgie; Belgien; Belgique. Part of the Low Countries or Nether Lands
• Capital(s) since 1800: Brussels
• Name of Belgium in Spanish: Bélgica

Luxembourg

• COW Number: 212 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Letzebuerg; Luxemburg
• Capital(s) since 1800: Luxembourg City
• Name of Luxembourg in Spanish: Luxemburgo

France

• COW Number: 220 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: French Empire; French Republic; L’Hexagone; Republique Francaise
• Capital(s) since 1800: Paris (Vichy was the capital of the Vichy French regime from 1940-1942, while the rest of France was occupied by Germany)
• Name of France in Spanish: Francia

Monaco

• COW Number: 221 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Fort-Hecule/Fort Hecule. Included Menton and Roquebrone
• Capital(s) since 1800: Monaco
• Name of Monaco in Spanish: Mónaco

Liechtenstein

• COW Number: 223 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: (none)
• Capital(s) since 1800: Vaduz
• Name of Liechtenstein in Spanish: Liechtenstein

Switzerland

• COW Number: 225 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Helvetia; Helvetica; Helvetic Republic or Helvetian Republic (under Napoleon); Schweiz; Suisse; Svizzera; Svizra; Swiss Confederation
• Capital(s) since 1800: Bern
• Name of Switzerland in Spanish: Suiza

Spain

• COW Number: 230 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Espainia; Espana; Espanya
• Capital(s) since 1800: Madrid (San Sebastian served as 19th Century summer capital; Valencia served as government of the Second Spanish Republic in the Spanish Civil War from 1936-1939)
• Name of Spain in Spanish: España

Andorra

• COW Number: 232 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: (none)
• Capital(s) since 1800: Andorra la Vella
• Name of Andorra in Spanish: Andorra

Portugal

• COW Number: 235 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: (none)
• Capital(s) since 1800: Lisbon (Rio de Janeiro 1808-1821 while leaders fled to Brazil)
• Name of Portugal in Spanish: Portugal

Hanover

• COW Number: 240 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Hannover
• Capital(s) since 1800: Hannover
• Name of Hanover in Spanish: Hanovre

Bavaria

• COW Number: 245 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Bayern
• Capital(s) since 1800: Munich
• Name of Bavaria in Spanish: Baviera

Germany

• COW Number: 255 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Deutsches Reich; Deutschland; German Empire. The COW project and many scholars consider Prussia (Preussen) to be the predecessor of Germany before unification.
• Capital(s) since 1800: Berlin (Bonn briefly after unification in 1990?)
• Name of Germany in Spanish: Alemania

German Federal Republic

• COW Number: 260 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Federal Republic of Germany (FRG); West Germany
• Capital(s) since 1800: Bonn
• Name of German Federal Republic in Spanish: República Federal de Alemania

German Democratic Republic

• COW Number: 265 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Deutsche Demokratische Republik (DDR); East Germany; German Democratic Republic (GDR)
• Capital(s) since 1800: East Berlin
• Name of German Democratic Republic in Spanish: República Democrática Alemana

Baden

• COW Number: 267 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Aquae Panoniae; Baden bei Wien
• Capital(s) since 1800: Karlsruhe
• Name of Baden in Spanish: Baden

Saxony

• COW Number: 269 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Sachsen
• Capital(s) since 1800: Dresden
• Name of Saxony in Spanish: Sajonia

Wuerttemburg

• COW Number: 271 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Wurttemburg
• Capital(s) since 1800: Stuttgart
• Name of Wuerttemburg in Spanish: Wuerttemburg

Hesse Electoral

• COW Number: 273 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Electoral Hesse; Hesse/Hessen – Kassel/Cassel; Kurhessen
• Capital(s) since 1800: Kassel/Cassel
• Name of Hesse Electoral in Spanish: Hesse electoral

Hesse Grand Ducal

• COW Number: 275 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Ducal Hesse; Hesse/Hessen – Darmstadt
• Capital(s) since 1800: Darmstadt
• Name of Hesse Grand Ducal in Spanish: Hesse Gran Ducal

Mecklenburg Schwerin

• COW Number: 280 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: (none)
• Capital(s) since 1800: Schwerin (Ludwigslust from 1765-1837)
• Name of Mecklenburg Schwerin in Spanish: Mecklenburg-Schwerin

Poland

• COW Number: 290 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Polska; Rceczypospolita Polska
• Capital(s) since 1800: Warsaw (govt in exile during WWII: Paris 1939-1940, London 1940-1990; de facto capital: Lublin 1944-1945, Lodz 1945-1947)
• Name of Poland in Spanish: Polonia

Austria-Hungary

• COW Number: 300 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Dual Monarchy; Hapsburg/Habsburg Empire
• Capital(s) since 1800: Vienna
• Name of Austria-Hungary in Spanish: Austria-Hungría

Austria

• COW Number: 305 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Osterreich
• Capital(s) since 1800: Vienna
• Name of Austria in Spanish: Austria

Hungary

• COW Number: 310 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Magyar Nepkoxtarsasag; Magyar Republic; Magyarorszag; Ungarn
• Capital(s) since 1800: Budapest
• Name of Hungary in Spanish: Hungría

Czechoslovakia

• COW Number: 315 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Ceskoslovensko; Czecho-Slovakia
• Capital(s) since 1800: Prague
• Name of Czechoslovakia in Spanish: Checoslovaquia

Czechia / Czech Republic

• COW Number: 316 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Bohemia and Moravia; Ceska Republika
• Capital(s) since 1800: Prague
• Name of Czechia / Czech Republic in Spanish: Chequia / República Checa

Slovakia

• COW Number: 317 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Slovak Republic; Slovenska Republika; Slovensko
• Capital(s) since 1800: Bratislava
• Name of Slovakia in Spanish: Eslovaquia

Italy

• COW Number: 325 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Italia. The COW project and many scholars consider Piedmont-Sardinia (Savoy/Savoie/Savoia, Sardinia/Sardegna, Piedmont/Piemonte, or Piedmont-Sardinia/Sardinia-Piedmont) to be the predecessor of Italy before unification.
• Capital(s) since 1800: Rome (Torino 1861-1865, Florence 1865-1871)
• Name of Italy in Spanish: Italia

Papal States

• COW Number: 327 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Lo Stato della Chiesa; Roman Republic; States of the Church; Stati Pontificii
• Capital(s) since 1800: Rome
• Name of Papal States in Spanish: Estados Papales

Two Sicilies

• COW Number: 329 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Included Sicily and Naples
• Capital(s) since 1800: Naples
• Name of Two Sicilies in Spanish: Dos Sicilias

San Marino

• COW Number: 331 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: (none)
• Capital(s) since 1800: San Marino
• Name of San Marino in Spanish: San Marino

Modena

• COW Number: 332 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: (none)
• Capital(s) since 1800: Modena
• Name of Modena in Spanish: Módena

Parma

• COW Number: 335 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: (none)
• Capital(s) since 1800: Parma
• Name of Parma in Spanish: Parma

Tuscany

• COW Number: 337 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Toscana
• Capital(s) since 1800: Florence
• Name of Tuscany in Spanish: Toscana

Malta

• COW Number: 338 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: (none)
• Capital(s) since 1800: Valletta
• Name of Malta in Spanish: Malta

Albania

• COW Number: 339 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Shqiperi; Shqipni; Shqipri
• Capital(s) since 1800: Tirana (Vlore from 1912-1920)
• Name of Albania in Spanish: Albania

Montenegro

• COW Number: 341 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Crno Gora; Tsernagora
• Capital(s) since 1800: Podgorica (Cetinje until 1946)
• Name of Montenegro in Spanish: Montenegro

Macedonia

• COW Number: 343 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM); Makedonija
• Capital(s) since 1800: Skopje
• Name of Macedonia in Spanish: Macedonia

Croatia

• COW Number: 344 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Hrvatska
• Capital(s) since 1800: Zagreb
• Name of Croatia in Spanish: Croacia

Yugoslavia

• COW Number: 345 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Serbia (pre-1919 and 2006+); Serbia & Montenegro (1990s); Srbija i Crna Gora; Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (official name 1918-29); Jugoslavia
• Capital(s) since 1800: Belgrade
• Name of Yugoslavia in Spanish: Yugoslavia

Bosnia and Herzegovina

• COW Number: 346 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Bosna i Hercegovina / BiH; Bosnia and Hercegovina
• Capital(s) since 1800: Sarajevo
• Name of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Spanish: Bosnia y Herzegovina

Kosovo

• COW Number: 347 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Kosova; Kossovo
• Capital(s) since 1800: Pristina
• Name of Kosovo in Spanish: Kosovo

Slovenia

• COW Number: 349 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Slovenija
• Capital(s) since 1800: Ljubljana
• Name of Slovenia in Spanish: Eslovenia

Greece

• COW Number: 350 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Ellada; Ellas; Hellas
• Capital(s) since 1800: Athens (Nafplion 1821-1836)
• Name of Greece in Spanish: Grecia

Cyprus

• COW Number: 352 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Kibris; Kypros
• Capital(s) since 1800: Nicosia
• Name of Cyprus in Spanish: Chipre

Bulgaria

• COW Number: 355 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Balgarija; Republika Bulgariya
• Capital(s) since 1800: Sofia
• Name of Bulgaria in Spanish: Bulgaria

Moldova

• COW Number: 359 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Bessarabia; Moldau; Moldavia; Moldavian Republic
• Capital(s) since 1800: Chisinau (Iasi capital of Moldavia until 1862 when unified with Wallachia to form Romania)
• Name of Moldova in Spanish: Moldavia

Romania

• COW Number: 360 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Dacia (ancient); Roumania; Rumania
• Capital(s) since 1800: Bucharest (Iasi capital of Moldavia until 1862 when unified with Wallachia to form Romania; Bucharest was capital of Wallachia; Cluj capital of Transylvania until unified with Romania in 1918)
• Name of Romania in Spanish: Rumania

Russia

• COW Number: 365 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Rossija; Rossiya; Rus; Russian Federation; Soviet Union; Union of Soviet Socialist Republics/USSR/CCCP
• Capital(s) since 1800: Moscow (Saint Petersburg 1712-1914 – renamed Petrograd 1914-1918)
• Name of Russia in Spanish: Rusia

Estonia

• COW Number: 366 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Eesti; Esthonia
• Capital(s) since 1800: Tallinn
• Name of Estonia in Spanish: Estonia

Latvia

• COW Number: 367 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Latvija; Lettland
• Capital(s) since 1800: Riga
• Name of Latvia in Spanish: Letonia

Lithuania

• COW Number: 368 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Lietuva
• Capital(s) since 1800: Vilnius (Kaunas 1922-1940)
• Name of Lithuania in Spanish: Lituania

Ukraine

• COW Number: 369 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Ukrajina; Ukrayina
• Capital(s) since 1800: Kyiv/Kiev
• Name of Ukraine in Spanish: Ucrania

Belarus

• COW Number: 370 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Belarus; Belarusia; Bielarus; Bielorussia; Byelorussia; White Russia
• Capital(s) since 1800: Minsk
• Name of Belarus in Spanish: Bielorrusia

Armenia

• COW Number: 371 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Hayasdan; Hayastan
• Capital(s) since 1800: Yerevan
• Name of Armenia in Spanish: Armenia

Georgia

• COW Number: 372 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Gruziya; Sakartvelo
• Capital(s) since 1800: Tbilisi
• Name of Georgia in Spanish: Georgia

Azerbaijan

• COW Number: 373 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Azerbaidjan; Azerbaycan
• Capital(s) since 1800: Baku
• Name of Azerbaijan in Spanish: Azerbaiyán

Finland

• COW Number: 375 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Suome Tasavalta; Suomi
• Capital(s) since 1800: Helsinki (Turku until 1812)
• Name of Finland in Spanish: Finlandia

Sweden

• COW Number: 380 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Sverige
• Capital(s) since 1800: Stockholm
• Name of Sweden in Spanish: Suecia

Norway

• COW Number: 385 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Noreg; Norge
• Capital(s) since 1800: Oslo (known as Christiania 1624-1924)
• Name of Norway in Spanish: Noruega

Denmark

• COW Number: 390 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Danmark
• Capital(s) since 1800: Copenhagen
• Name of Denmark in Spanish: Dinamarca

Iceland

• COW Number: 395 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Island
• Capital(s) since 1800: Reykjavik
• Name of Iceland in Spanish: Islandia

List of Historical World Capitals by Countries in Africa since 1800

Cape Verde

• COW Number: 402 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Cabo Verde; Ilhas do Cabo Verde
• Capital(s) since 1800: Praia
• Name of Cape Verde in Spanish: Cabo Verde

Sao Tome and Principe

• COW Number: 403 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Sao Tome e Principe
• Capital(s) since 1800: Sao Tome
• Name of Sao Tome and Principe in Spanish: Santo Tomé y Príncipe

Guinea-Bissau

• COW Number: 404 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Guine-Bissau; Portuguese Guinea
• Capital(s) since 1800: Bissau (Bolama 1879-1941, Boe 1973-1974)
• Name of Guinea-Bissau in Spanish: Guinea-Bissau

Equatorial Guinea

• COW Number: 411 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Guinea Ecuatorial; Spanish Guinea
• Capital(s) since 1800: Malabo
• Name of Equatorial Guinea in Spanish: Guinea Ecuatorial

Gambia

• COW Number: 420 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Part of Senegambia confederation (1982-89)
• Capital(s) since 1800: Banjul
• Name of Gambia in Spanish: Gambia

Mali

• COW Number: 432 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: French Sudan; Haut Senegal; Sudanese Republic (1958-60); Upper Senegal; Upper Senegal & Niger (through 1920)
• Capital(s) since 1800: Bamako
• Name of Mali in Spanish: Mali

Senegal

• COW Number: 433 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Saint Louis. Part of Senegambia confederation (1982-89)
• Capital(s) since 1800: Dakar
• Name of Senegal in Spanish: Senegal

Benin

• COW Number: 434 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Dahomey
• Capital(s) since 1800: Porto-Novo (official), Cotonou (de facto)
• Name of Benin in Spanish: Benin

Mauritania

• COW Number: 435 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Mauretania; Mauritanie; Muritaniyyah
• Capital(s) since 1800: Nouakchott
• Name of Mauritania in Spanish: Mauritania

Niger

• COW Number: 436 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: (none)
• Capital(s) since 1800: Niamey (Zinder 1899-1926)
• Name of Niger in Spanish: Níger

Ivory Coast

• COW Number: 437 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Cote d’Ivoire; Ivory Coast
• Capital(s) since 1800: Yamoussoukro (official), Abidjan (administrative) (Grand Bassam 1893-1900, Bingerville 1900-1933, Abidjan 1933-1983)
• Name of Ivory Coast in Spanish: Costa de Marfil

Guinea

• COW Number: 438 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: French Guinea; Guine; Guinea-Conacri/Conakri/Conakry; Guinee; Rivieres du Sud
• Capital(s) since 1800: Conakry
• Name of Guinea in Spanish: Guinea

Burkina Faso

• COW Number: 439 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Bourkina-Fasso/Bourkina Fasso; Haute-Volta/Haute Volta; Upper Volta (through 1984); Voltaic Republic
• Capital(s) since 1800: Ouagadougou
• Name of Burkina Faso in Spanish: Burkina Faso

Liberia

• COW Number: 450 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Cape Mesurado Colony; Grain Coast
• Capital(s) since 1800: Monrovia
• Name of Liberia in Spanish: Liberia

Sierra Leone

• COW Number: 451 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Freedom Province
• Capital(s) since 1800: Freetown
• Name of Sierra Leone in Spanish: Sierra Leona

Ghana

• COW Number: 452 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Gold Coast (includes British Togoland)
• Capital(s) since 1800: Accra (Cape Coast until 1877)
• Name of Ghana in Spanish: Ghana

Togo

• COW Number: 461 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: French Togo/French Togoland (British Togoland became part of Ghana); Togoland; Togolese Republic
• Capital(s) since 1800: Lome (Aneho from 1880s-1897)
• Name of Togo in Spanish: Togo

Cameroon

• COW Number: 471 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: British Cameroons / French Cameroons; Cameroons; Cameroun; Kamerun
• Capital(s) since 1800: Yaounde
• Name of Cameroon in Spanish: Camerún

Nigeria

• COW Number: 475 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Federation of Nigeria; Niger Coast Protectorate; Oil Rivers Protectorate
• Capital(s) since 1800: Abuja (Lagos until 1991)
• Name of Nigeria in Spanish: Nigeria

Gabon

• COW Number: 481 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Gabonese Republic; Gaboon; Gabun; Republique Gabonaise
• Capital(s) since 1800: Libreville
• Name of Gabon in Spanish: Gabón

Central African Republic

• COW Number: 482 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Central African Empire/CAE/C.A.E.; CAR/C.A.R.; Kodorosese ti Beafrika; Oubangi-Chari; Republique Centrafricaine; Ubangi-Shari
• Capital(s) since 1800: Bangui
• Name of Central African Republic in Spanish: República Centroafricana

Chad

• COW Number: 483 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Bornu (pre-colonial); Tasad; Tchad
• Capital(s) since 1800: N’Djamena
• Name of Chad in Spanish: Chad

Congo

• COW Number: 484 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Congo-Brazzaville; French Congo; Middle Congo; Moyen Congo; Republic of the Congo
• Capital(s) since 1800: Brazzaville
• Name of Congo in Spanish: Congo

Democratic Republic of the Congo

• COW Number: 490 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Belgian Congo; Congo-Kinshasa; DRC; Zaire (1971-97)
• Capital(s) since 1800: Kinshasa (Renamed from Leopoldville in 1966)
• Name of Democratic Republic of the Congo in Spanish: República Democrática del Congo

Uganda

• COW Number: 500 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: (none)
• Capital(s) since 1800: Kampala
• Name of Uganda in Spanish: Uganda

Kenya

• COW Number: 501 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: British East Africa Protectorate; Kenia
• Capital(s) since 1800: Nairobi
• Name of Kenya in Spanish: Kenia

Tanzania

• COW Number: 510 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: German East Africa; Tanganyika (1920-64)
• Capital(s) since 1800: Dodoma (official), Dar es Salaam (administrative)
• Name of Tanzania in Spanish: Tanzania

Zanzibar

• COW Number: 511 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: (none)
• Capital(s) since 1800: Zanzibar City
• Name of Zanzibar in Spanish: Zanzíbar

Burundi

• COW Number: 516 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Uburundi; Urundi
• Capital(s) since 1800: Bujumbura
• Name of Burundi in Spanish: Burundi

Rwanda

• COW Number: 517 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Ruanda
• Capital(s) since 1800: Kigali
• Name of Rwanda in Spanish: Ruanda

Somalia

• COW Number: 520 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: British Somaliland/Somaliland Protectorate; Italian Somaliland (Somalia Italiana)/Somaliland Trust Territory; Soomalia
• Capital(s) since 1800: Mogadishu
• Name of Somalia in Spanish: Somalia

Djibouti

• COW Number: 522 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: French Somaliland; French Territory of the Afars & Issas; Jibuti
• Capital(s) since 1800: Djibouti City
• Name of Djibouti in Spanish: Djibouti

Ethiopia

• COW Number: 530 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Abyssinia; Ityop’iya/Ityopiya
• Capital(s) since 1800: Addis Ababa
• Name of Ethiopia in Spanish: Etiopía

Eritrea

• COW Number: 531 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Erithrea; Ertra; Iritriya
• Capital(s) since 1800: Asmara
• Name of Eritrea in Spanish: Eritrea

Angola

• COW Number: 540 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Portuguese West Africa
• Capital(s) since 1800: Luanda
• Name of Angola in Spanish: Angola

Mozambique

• COW Number: 541 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Mocambique; Portuguese East Africa
• Capital(s) since 1800: Maputo
• Name of Mozambique in Spanish: Mozambique

Zambia

• COW Number: 551 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Northern Rhodesia
• Capital(s) since 1800: Lusaka
• Name of Zambia in Spanish: Zambia

Zimbabwe

• COW Number: 552 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Rhodesia (through 1980); Southern Rhodesia
• Capital(s) since 1800: Harare
• Name of Zimbabwe in Spanish: Zimbabue

Malawi

• COW Number: 553 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: British Central Africa Protectorate; Nyasaland
• Capital(s) since 1800: Lilongwe
• Name of Malawi in Spanish: Malawi

South Africa

• COW Number: 560 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Mzantsi Afrika; Ningizimu Africa; Republiek van Suid-Afrika; Suid-Afrika/Suid Afrika
• Capital(s) since 1800: Pretoria (official and adminstrative), Cape Town (legislative), Bloemfontein (judicial)
• Name of South Africa in Spanish: Sudáfrica

Namibia

• COW Number: 565 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: German West Africa; South-West Africa
• Capital(s) since 1800: Windhoek
• Name of Namibia in Spanish: Namibia

Lesotho

• COW Number: 570 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Basutoland
• Capital(s) since 1800: Maseru
• Name of Lesotho in Spanish: Lesoto

Botswana

• COW Number: 571 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Bechuanaland
• Capital(s) since 1800: Gaborone
• Name of Botswana in Spanish: Botswana

Swaziland

• COW Number: 572 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: eSwatini
• Capital(s) since 1800: Mbabane
• Name of Swaziland in Spanish: Swazilandia

Madagascar

• COW Number: 580 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Madagasikara; Malagasy Republic; Malgache Republic
• Capital(s) since 1800: Antananarivo
• Name of Madagascar in Spanish: Madagascar

Comoros

• COW Number: 581 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Comores; Comoro Islands; Iles Comores; Komori; Qumur
• Capital(s) since 1800: Moroni
• Name of Comoros in Spanish: Comoras

Mauritius

• COW Number: 590 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Ile de France; Maurice
• Capital(s) since 1800: Port Louis
• Name of Mauritius in Spanish: Isla mauricio

Seychelles

• COW Number: 591 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Sesel
• Capital(s) since 1800: Victoria
• Name of Seychelles in Spanish: Seychelles

Morocco

• COW Number: 600 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: al Magrib; Al-Mamlakah al-Maghribiyah; French Morocco; Maroc; Marruecos
• Capital(s) since 1800: Rabat
• Name of Morocco in Spanish: Marruecos

Algeria

• COW Number: 615 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Algerie; Al-Jazair/Al-Jaza’ir
• Capital(s) since 1800: Algiers
• Name of Algeria in Spanish: Argelia

Tunisia

• COW Number: 616 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Tunis; Tunisie
• Capital(s) since 1800: Tunis
• Name of Tunisia in Spanish: Túnez

Libya

• COW Number: 620 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Libia; Libiyah; Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. Included Tripolitania, Cyrenaica, Fezzan
• Capital(s) since 1800: Tripoli
• Name of Libya in Spanish: Libia

Sudan

• COW Number: 625 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Anglo-Egyptian Sudan; As-Sudan; Jumhuriyat as-Sudan; Soudan
• Capital(s) since 1800: Khartoum
• Name of Sudan in Spanish: Sudán

South Sudan

• COW Number: 626 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Southern Sudan
• Capital(s) since 1800: Juba
• Name of South Sudan in Spanish: Sudán del Sur

List of Historical World Capitals by Countries in Asia since 1800

Iran

• COW Number: 630 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Persia
• Capital(s) since 1800: Tehran / Teheran
• Name of Iran in Spanish: Irán

Turkey

• COW Number: 640 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Osmanli Empire; Ottoman Empire; Turkiye
• Capital(s) since 1800: Ankara (Istanbul/Constantinople is another major city that is sometimes used by writers to refer to Turkey or its predecessors)
• Name of Turkey in Spanish: Turquía

Iraq

• COW Number: 645 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Al-ʿIraq; Irak; Mesopotamia
• Capital(s) since 1800: Baghdad
• Name of Iraq in Spanish: Irak

Egypt

• COW Number: 651 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Misr; United Arab Republic/UAR/U.A.R. (1958-1971)
• Capital(s) since 1800: Cairo
• Name of Egypt in Spanish: Egipto

Syria

• COW Number: 652 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Ash Sham / Esh Sham; Syrie / La Syrie; Suriyyah. Part of United Arab Republic 1958-1961
• Capital(s) since 1800: Damascus
• Name of Syria in Spanish: Siria

Lebanon

• COW Number: 660 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Grand Liban; Great Lebanon Liban; Lubnan; Mount Lebanon. Part of Levant States with Syria
• Capital(s) since 1800: Beirut
• Name of Lebanon in Spanish: Líbano

Jordan

• COW Number: 663 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Al-Urdunn; Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan; Transjordan; Transjordania
• Capital(s) since 1800: Amman
• Name of Jordan in Spanish: Jordania

Israel

• COW Number: 666 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Israil; Palestine (until 1948); Yisra’el
• Capital(s) since 1800: Jerusalem (Tel Aviv temporarily from 5/1948-12/1948). Most states maintain embassies in Tel Aviv, not the US, because they do not recognize Israeli sovereignty over all of Jerusalem)
• Name of Israel in Spanish: Israel

Saudi Arabia

• COW Number: 670 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Al-Mamlakah al-Arabiyah as-Saudiyah; Hejaz and Nejd/Hijaz and Nejd; Saudia; Wahabbid Empire. Included Hejaz/Hedjaz/Hijaz/Al-Hijaz and Nejd/Nejed/Najd
• Capital(s) since 1800: Riyadh (Dariyah until 1818)
• Name of Saudi Arabia in Spanish: Arabia Saudita

Yemen Arab Republic

• COW Number: 678 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: North Yemen; Sanaa/Sana’a/Sana
• Capital(s) since 1800: Sanaa/Sana’a/Sana (Taiz 1948-1962)
• Name of Yemen Arab Republic in Spanish: República Árabe del Yemen

Yemen

• COW Number: 679 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Al-Yaman
• Capital(s) since 1800: Sanaa/Sana’a/Sana
• Name of Yemen in Spanish: Yemen

Yemen People’s Republic

• COW Number: 680 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Aden; Aden Colony; Federation of South Arabia; People’s Democratic Rep. of Yemen; People’s Rep. of Southern Yemen; South Yemen
• Capital(s) since 1800: Aden
• Name of Yemen People’s Republic in Spanish: República Democrática Popular del Yemen

Kuwait

• COW Number: 690 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: al-Kuwayt; Koweit; Kuweit; Kuwayt
• Capital(s) since 1800: Kuwait City
• Name of Kuwait in Spanish: Kuwait

Bahrain

• COW Number: 692 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: al-Baḥrayn; Bahrein
• Capital(s) since 1800: Manama
• Name of Bahrain in Spanish: Bahrein

Qatar

• COW Number: 694 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Katar
• Capital(s) since 1800: Doha
• Name of Qatar in Spanish: Katar

United Arab Emirates

• COW Number: 696 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Al-Imarat Al-Arabiyah Al-Muttahidah; Trucial Coast; Trucial Oman; Trucial States
• Capital(s) since 1800: Abu Dhabi
• Name of United Arab Emirates in Spanish: Emiratos Árabes Unidos

Oman

• COW Number: 698 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Muscat/Musqat/Masqat; Muscat and Oman; ‘Umman
• Capital(s) since 1800: Muscat
• Name of Oman in Spanish: Omán

Afghanistan

• COW Number: 700 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Afganestan; Afganistan
• Capital(s) since 1800: Kabul
• Name of Afghanistan in Spanish: Afganistán

Turkmenistan

• COW Number: 701 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Turkmen; Turkmenia; Turkoman Republic. Part of Russian Turkestan
• Capital(s) since 1800: Ashgabat
• Name of Turkmenistan in Spanish: Turkmenistán

Tajikistan

• COW Number: 702 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Tadjikistan; Tadzhikistan; Tajik Tojokiston; Tojokistan
• Capital(s) since 1800: Dushanbe
• Name of Tajikistan in Spanish: Tayikistán

Kyrgyzstan

• COW Number: 703 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Kirgizia; Kirghizstan; Kirgizstan; Kyrgyz Republic; Kyrgyzstan
• Capital(s) since 1800: Bishkek
• Name of Kyrgyzstan in Spanish: Kirguizistán

Uzbekistan

• COW Number: 704 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Ozbekistan; Uzbek Republic; Uzbekiston
• Capital(s) since 1800: Tashkent (Samarkand from 1925-1930s)
• Name of Uzbekistan in Spanish: Uzbekistán

Kazakhstan

• COW Number: 705 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Kazachstan; Kazakh Republic; Kazakstan; Qazakstan
• Capital(s) since 1800: Astana (was Alma-Atta 1992-1993 / renamed Almaty 1993-1998)
• Name of Kazakhstan in Spanish: Kazajstán

China

• COW Number: 710 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Chungkuo; “Communist China”; Jhongguo; “Mainland China”; People’s Republic of China (PRC); “Red China”; Zhongguo
• Capital(s) since 1800: Beijing
• Name of China in Spanish: China

Mongolia

• COW Number: 712 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Mongol Uls; Mongolian People’s Republic; Outer Mongolia
• Capital(s) since 1800: Ulaanbaatar
• Name of Mongolia in Spanish: Mongolia

Taiwan

• COW Number: 713 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Chinese Taipei; Formosa; “Free China”; “Nationalist China”; Republic of China (ROC); Taipei; T’aiwan
• Capital(s) since 1800: Taipei
• Name of Taiwan in Spanish: Taiwán

Korea

• COW Number: 730 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Chosen; Choson; Tae Han
• Capital(s) since 1800: Seoul
• Name of Korea in Spanish: Corea

North Korea

• COW Number: 731 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK); Choson
• Capital(s) since 1800: Pyongyang
• Name of North Korea in Spanish: Corea del Norte

South Korea

• COW Number: 732 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Republic of Korea (ROK); Hanguk
• Capital(s) since 1800: Seoul
• Name of South Korea in Spanish: Corea del Sur

Japan

• COW Number: 740 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Nihon; Niphon; Nippon
• Capital(s) since 1800: Tokyo (Kyoto until 1868)
• Name of Japan in Spanish: Japón

India

• COW Number: 750 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Bharat; Bharata; British India; Intiy
• Capital(s) since 1800: New Delhi (Calcutta 1772-1912; Simla was the summer capital under British rule)
• Name of India in Spanish: India

Bhutan

• COW Number: 760 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Druk yul/Druk-yul
• Capital(s) since 1800: Thimphu
• Name of Bhutan in Spanish: Bután

Pakistan

• COW Number: 770 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: West Pakistan
• Capital(s) since 1800: Islamabad (Karachi 1947-1959, Rawalpindi 1959-1967)
• Name of Pakistan in Spanish: Pakistán

Bangladesh

• COW Number: 771 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Bangla Desh; Banglades; East Bengal (1947-1955); East Pakistan (1955-1971)
• Capital(s) since 1800: Dhaka
• Name of Bangladesh in Spanish: Bangladesh

Myanmar

• COW Number: 775 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Burma (through 1989); Myanmar (1989+); Myanma
• Capital(s) since 1800: Pyinmana (Yangoon/Rangoon 1948-2005)
• Name of Myanmar in Spanish: Myanmar

Sri Lanka

• COW Number: 780 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Ceylon (through 1972); Llankai
• Capital(s) since 1800: Colombo (official), Kotte (legislative and judicial)
• Name of Sri Lanka in Spanish: Sri Lanka

Maldive Islands

• COW Number: 781 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Divehi Rajje; Maldives
• Capital(s) since 1800: Male
• Name of Maldive Islands in Spanish: Maldivas

Nepal

• COW Number: 790 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: (none)
• Capital(s) since 1800: Kathmandu
• Name of Nepal in Spanish: Nepal

Thailand

• COW Number: 800 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Muang Thai; Prathet Thai; formerly Siam
• Capital(s) since 1800: Bangkok
• Name of Thailand in Spanish: Tailandia

Cambodia

• COW Number: 811 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Cambodge; Camboja; Kampuchea; Khmer Republic (1970-75)
• Capital(s) since 1800: Phnom Penh
• Name of Cambodia in Spanish: Camboya

Laos

• COW Number: 812 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Lao
• Capital(s) since 1800: Vientiane
• Name of Laos in Spanish: Laos

Vietnam

• COW Number: 816 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV)/North Vietnam (until 1975); Viet Nam
• Capital(s) since 1800: Hanoi
• Name of Vietnam in Spanish: Vietnam

Republic of Vietnam

• COW Number: 817 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Republic of Vietnam (RVN); South Vietnam
• Capital(s) since 1800: Saigon
• Name of Republic of Vietnam in Spanish: República de Vietnam

Malaysia

• COW Number: 820 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Federated Malay States; Federation of Malaya; Malaya; Malayan Union
• Capital(s) since 1800: Kuala Lumpur
• Name of Malaysia in Spanish: Malasia

Singapore

• COW Number: 830 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Cinkappur; Singapura; Xinjiapo
• Capital(s) since 1800: Singapore
• Name of Singapore in Spanish: Singapur

Brunei

• COW Number: 835 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Brunei Darussalam
• Capital(s) since 1800: Bandar Seri Begawan
• Name of Brunei in Spanish: Brunei

Philippines

• COW Number: 840 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Filipinas; Islas Filipinas; Pilipinas; Republica de Filipinas; Republika ng Pilipinas
• Capital(s) since 1800: Manila (Quezon City 1948-1976)
• Name of Philippines in Spanish: Filipinas

Indonesia

• COW Number: 850 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Dutch East Indies; Netherlands East Indies; Netherlands Indies
• Capital(s) since 1800: Jakarta
• Name of Indonesia in Spanish: Indonesia

East Timor

• COW Number: 860 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Portuguese Timor; Timor L’este/Timor Leste; Timor Lorosa’e
• Capital(s) since 1800: Dili
• Name of East Timor in Spanish: Timor del Este

List of Historical World Capitals by Countries in Oceania since 1800

Australia

• COW Number: 900 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: (none)
• Capital(s) since 1800: Canberra (Melbourne 1901-1927)
• Name of Australia in Spanish: Australia

Papua New Guinea

• COW Number: 910 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Included Papua (British New Guinea) and Trust Territory of New Guinea (German New Guinea)
• Capital(s) since 1800: Port Moresby
• Name of Papua New Guinea in Spanish: Papúa Nueva Guinea

New Zealand

• COW Number: 920 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Aotearoa
• Capital(s) since 1800: Wellington (Russell 1840-1841, Auckland 1841-1865)
• Name of New Zealand in Spanish: Nueva Zelanda

Vanuatu

• COW Number: 935 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: New Hebrides (through 1980)
• Capital(s) since 1800: Port Vila
• Name of Vanuatu in Spanish: Vanuatu

Solomon Islands

• COW Number: 940 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: (none)
• Capital(s) since 1800: Honiara (Tulaghi 1896-1942)
• Name of Solomon Islands in Spanish: Islas Salomón

Kiribati

• COW Number: 946 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: (none)
• Capital(s) since 1800: South Tarawa
• Name of Kiribati in Spanish: Kiribati

Tuvalu

• COW Number: 947 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: (none)
• Capital(s) since 1800: Funafuti
• Name of Tuvalu in Spanish: Tuvalu

Fiji

• COW Number: 950 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Fiji Islands
• Capital(s) since 1800: Suva (Levuka under British rule from 1874-1877)
• Name of Fiji in Spanish: Fiji

Tonga

• COW Number: 955 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Friendly Islands
• Capital(s) since 1800: Nuku’alofa
• Name of Tonga in Spanish: Tonga

Nauru

• COW Number: 970 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Naoero
• Capital(s) since 1800: None (Government offices in Yaren District)
• Name of Nauru in Spanish: Nauru

Marshall Islands

• COW Number: 983 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: (none)
• Capital(s) since 1800: Majuro
• Name of Marshall Islands in Spanish: Islas Marshall

Palau

• COW Number: 986 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Belau; Pelew
• Capital(s) since 1800: Koror
• Name of Palau in Spanish: Palau

Federated States of Micronesia

• COW Number: 987 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: (none)
• Capital(s) since 1800: Palikir
• Name of Federated States of Micronesia in Spanish: Estados Federados de Micronesia

Samoa

• COW Number: 990 (see the “Correlates of War” Project)
• Historical Country Alternative Spellings / Names / Related Entities: Western Samoa. Part of Navigators Islands (included both Western and American Samoa)
• Capital(s) since 1800: Apia
• Name of Samoa in Spanish: Samoa