Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Environment and Wildlife conventions Contents Environment and Wildlife conventions Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels 19.06.2001 Amendment to the Agreement on the ... Read more...
2. Warsaw Convention The benefit to the shipper in using a Warsaw Convention air waybill is that the shipper does not have to prove that the carrier caused the injury to any lost, damaged, or delayed goods. The shipper has to make a claim within seven days when the bills are governed by the Warsaw Convention and [...]...
3. Gold Flow Also known as gold movements, the pattern by which monetary gold enters and leaves a country. Theoretically, an inflow of gold should expand the national monetary supply; conversely, an export of gold should contract the money supply, thus eliminating imbalances in international payments over time. ......
4. Gold Wire The telegraphic transfer of gold among Federal Reserve banks to clear interbank balances. The gold is physically on deposit with the treasurer of the United States.......
5. Gold Reserves The gold held by a nation as reserves for currency issued. After U.S. abandonment of the gold standard in 1933, Congress mandated that the Federal Reserve banks would have to hold gold certificates, reflecting gold on deposit with the U.S. Treasury equivalent to at least 25 percent of currency [...]...
6. Atmosphere and Space conventions Contents Atmosphere and Space international conventions Atmosphere and Space multilateral conventions Treaty banning nuclear weapon tests in the atmosphere , ... Read more...
7. Guatemala The Legal History of Guatemala This section provides an overview of Guatemala Resources See Also Legal System Country Jurisdiction Immigration Consulate Resources See Also Legal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Guatemala in the Oxford International [...]...
8. Earmarked Gold Bullion or coin gold held by a nation, within its monetary reserves, in trust for another government.......
9. Human rights international conventions Contents Human rights international conventions Protocol No 2 to the European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or ... Read more...
10. Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer 5 Contents Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer   Article 19 Withdrawal 1. At any time after four ... Read more...
11. Gold Certificates Paper currency issued by the U.S. Treasury denominated in dollars and freely convertible by the bearer into gold at the fixed rate. When the United States went off the gold standard in 1933, gold certificates were removed from circulation, except for use by Federal Reserve banks.......
12. International Gold Bullion Standard A Gold Bullion standard (read this and related legal terms for further details) that permits redemption of currency into gold only for purposes of export.......
13. Conventions: Chronological Index 1971-1990 Contents International Conventions: Chronological Index 1971-1990 See also: Conventions: Chronological Index International Conventions from 1991 Conventions: Chronological Index: 1951-1970 Convention ... Read more...
14. League of Nations conventions Contents League of Nations conventions International Convention Concerning the use of Broadcasting in the Cause of Peace 23.9.1936 International Convention ... Read more...
15. Montreal Convention Montreal (sabotage) Convention Embracing mainstream international law, this section on montreal (sabotage) convention explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "montreal (sabotage) convention" in the Parry and [...]...
16. Maritime conventions Contents Maritime conventions 1996 Protocol to the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other ... Read more...
17. Europe Criminal Law Convention on Corruption Contents Council of Europe Criminal Law Convention on Corruption and the Additional Protocol Title of Treaty Council of Europe Criminal ... Read more...
18. Gold Exchange Standard A condition in which a nation maintains its reserves in a currency convertible into gold rather than in the metal itself. Since August 15, 1971, the U.S. dollar has not been freely convertible into gold by foreign central banks; it therefore does not qualify as a reserve currency for a nation on a g......
19. Guatemala Labor Practices Labor: Request For Arbitral Panel on Guatemala Labor Practices in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): On August 9, 2011, the United States requested the establishment of an arbitral panel pursuant to [...]...
20. Guatemala-honduras Boundary Arbitration Embracing mainstream international law, this section on guatemala-honduras boundary arbitration explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "guatemala-honduras boundary arbitration" in the Parry and Grant [...]...
21. International Environment, Biodiversity and Climate resources Contents International Environment, Biodiversity and Climate resources Antarctic Treaty System – Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR), Cambridge, United Kingdom. ... Read more...
22. Telecommunications international conventions Contents Telecommunications international conventions Final Acts of the Plenipotentiary Conference of the International Telecommunications Union with Instruments Amending the Constitution ... Read more...
23. Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution from Land-Based Sources 4 Contents Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution from Land-Based Sources   Article 4 1. If the chairman of the ... Read more...
24. Paper Gold A common reference to Special Drawing Rights (read this and related legal terms for further details) issued by the International Monetary Fund.......
25. United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugee Contents United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugee (1951) See also Refugee & Asylum Law , Convention Against ... Read more...
26. Customs Conventions Contents Customs Conventions Convention on Temporary Admission 26.6.1990 International Convention on the Harmonisation of Frontier Controls of Goods 21.10.1982 Customs ... Read more...
27. Fixed Exchange Rates A condition in which the official rates of exchange for most currencies, particularly those of major trading nations, are in an established ratio to one another; generally, this is the result of each currency having an established rate to gold from which a series of bilateral exchange ratios can be ......
28. London Gold Pool An arrangement among certain European central banks and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York designed to maintain stability in the market price of gold in private transactions. The United States had been committed to buy and sell gold in official transactions at thirty-five dollars per ounce; a priv......
29. Convention on Volatile Organic Compounds, 1991 4 Contents Convention on Volatile Organic Compounds, 1991   Article 15 Depositary The instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession shall ... Read more...
30. Germinal Franc A unit of value employed in some international agreements. It was established after the French Revolution by a law of March 28, 1803 (7 Germinal of the year XI of the Revolutionary calendar) with a gold content of ten thirty- firsts gram of gold, nine-tenths fine.......
31. Standard Bullion Gold or silver in bars of the same composition as gold or silver coins. Since gold and silver coins consist of 90 precent precious metal and 10 percent base metal (usually copper), standard bullion would consist of a like mixture of precious and base metals. In effect, the bullion is suitable for im......
32. Refugees and stateless persons conventions Contents Refugees and stateless persons conventions Protocol Relating to Refugee Seamen 12.6.1973 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees 31.1.1967 ... Read more...
33. Good Delivery Bar The standard gold bar used in international transactions, having a purity of at least 99.5 percent pure gold, and weighing between 350 and 430 troy ounces. The shape of the bar is immaterial, although U.S. bars are traditionally brick-shaped, whereas foreign-poured bars are trapezoidal.......
34. Atmospheric Protection Resources See Also International Environmental Law Environmental Law Violations Pollution Environmental Law Environmental Policy Climate...
35. Credit Tranche A lending facility at the International Monetary Fund for nations suffering balance of payments difficulties. Before borrowing in the credit tranche, a nation must have exhausted its gold tranche facility. The gold tranche is equivalent to the amount of gold that a nation has deposited with the IMF,......
36. Asylum Law Contents Refugee & Asylum Law See also Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment , ... Read more...
37. Par Of Exchange The value, in gold, of a unit of a nation's currency in relation to the gold value of a unit of another nation's currency.......
38. Super Gold Tranche A condition in which drawings by a member of the international Monetary Fund (read this and related legal terms for further details) cause fund holdings of the member's currency to fall below 75 percent of the member......
39. Familiar Drawing Techniques process within the international monetary FUND (read this and related legal terms for further details) whereby a member nation suffering balance of payments problems may obtain foreign currencies from the IMF in exchange......
40. Hague Protocol (1955) A modification of the Warsaw Convention (read this and related legal terms for further details) of 1929.......
41. UNIDROIT Conventions UNIDROIT International Agreements and Conventions UNIDROIT Main Treaties and Conventions This includes: UNIDROIT Convention on Substantive Rules for Intermediated Securities ... Read more...
42. Drugs international conventions Contents Drugs international conventions List of Drugs international conventions They are: Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic ... Read more...
43. Human Rights conventions Human rights international conventions Human Rights multilateral conventions Convention to Suppress the Slave Trade and Slavery (25 Sep 1926); and Protocol (7 Dec 1953) Convention Concerning Forced Labor (28 Jun 1930) Universal Declaration of [...]...
44. Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer 3 Contents Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer   Article 7 Secretariat 1. The functions of the secretariat ... Read more...
45. Convention for Co-operation in the Protection and Development of the Marine 3 Contents Convention for Co-operation in the Protection and Development of the Marine   Article 19 AMENDMENT OF THE CONVENTION OR ... Read more...
46. Convention for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea Against Pollution 2 Contents Convention for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea Against Pollution   Article 13 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS The Contracting Parties designate ... Read more...
47. Two-Tier Gold Mart A system under which gold is traded at two distinct prices. A fixed price is set for transactions among governments, while a market price (subject to the supply and demand mechanism) is established for public-sector transactions. This system was reestablished in the United States in 1968. In those c......
48. International organizations articles of conventions Contents International Organizations articles of conventions Agreement Establishing the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development 29.5.1990 Convention Establishing the Multilateral ... Read more...
49. Exempted Company A company exempted from income taxes of the jurisdiction in which it is organized in return for a stipulation by the company that it will not trade in that country.......
50. Flight From The Dollar The large-scale divestiture of dollars and dollar-denominated securities by speculators and capital markets in 1970- 1971 in anticipation of a dollar devaluation. Pessimism concerning the dollar arose in response to growing balance of trade deficits and capital outflows attributable to low U.S. inte......
51. Monetary Unit The unit of account established by law in terms of which transactions are expressed. In the United States the monetary unit is the dollar, which, although no longer officially converted into gold, is tied to gold at the rate of $42.22 per fine ounce.......
52. Par Value The nominal value assigned to a currency by its issuing authority. Normally, this value is expressed as a quantity of gold, or another currency convertible into gold. When the market value of a currency, expressed in terms of other convertible currencies, deviates significantly from its par [...]...
53. Shell Company A "paper" company, usually operated without employees. Normally an attorney or other local agent or management company performs the legal duties of the company on behalf of the stockholders. Shell companies often operate in tax-free or low- tax jurisdictions such as Bermuda, Liechtenstein,......
54. Education and culture international conventions Contents Education and culture international conventions Convention for the Protection of the Architectural Heritage of Europe 3.10.1985 Agreement Establishing a ... Read more...
55. Arms Control Conventions Contents Arms Control international Conventions Rules of Warfare, Arms Control multilateral conventions Instructions for the Government of Armies of the ... Read more...
56. Convention for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea Against Pollution 3 Contents Convention for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea Against Pollution   Article 18 RULES OF PROCEDURE AND FINANCIAL RULES ... Read more...
57. Mutual Legal Assistance in Argentina Mutual Legal Assistance in Argentina List of Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties related to this Country Below is a list of ... Read more...
58. Geneva Gas Protocol Embracing mainstream international law, this section on geneva gas protocol explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "geneva gas protocol" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law [...]...
59. Protocol of Amendment to the Kyoto Convention Contents Protocol of Amendment to the Kyoto Convention -Custom Procedures Title Protocol of Amendment to the International Convention on the ... Read more...
60. Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity Contents Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity Title of Treaty The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to ... Read more...
61. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women Contents Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women The Optional Protocol to Convention on the ... Read more...
62. Geneva Protocol on the Pacific Settlement of Disputes Embracing mainstream international law, this section on geneva protocol on the pacific settlement of disputes explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "geneva protocol on the pacific settlement of disputes" in [...]...
63. Protocol Protocol and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Protocol provided by the European Union Commission: The term "protocol" is used for agreements less formal than those entitled "treaty" or "convention". The term could be used to cover the following [...]...
64. Optional Protocol … [to] the UN Conf. on the Law of the Sea Contents Optional Protocol … [to] the UN Conf. on the Law of the Sea   Article I Disputes arising out ... Read more...
65. Protocol on Environmental Protection 3 Contents Protocol on Environmental Protection   ARTICLE 13 COMPLIANCE WITH THIS PROTOCOL 1. Each Party shall take appropriate measures within ... Read more...
66. Protocol on Environmental Protection 4 Contents Protocol on Environmental Protection   ARTICLE 20 DISPUTE SETTLEMENT PROCEDURE 1. If the parties to a dispute concerning the ... Read more...
67. Protocol on Environmental Protection 5 Contents Protocol on Environmental Protection   Article 3 1. The Arbitral Tribunal shall be composed of three Arbitrators who shall ... Read more...
68. Montreal Protocol   Article 1: Definitions For the purposes of this Protocol: 1. "Convention"means the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, adopted on 22 March 1985. 2. "Parties"means, unless the text otherwise indicates, Parties to this Protocol. 3. [...]...
69. Montreal Protocol 4 Contents Montreal Protocol   Article 2E; 1,1,1-Trichlorethane (Methyl Chloroform) 1. Each Party shall ensure that for the twelve-month period commencing ... Read more...
70. Montreal Protocol 5 Contents Montreal Protocol Article 2G: Hydrobromofluorocarbons Each Party shall ensure that for the twelve-month period commencing on 1 January 1996, ... Read more...
71. Montreal Protocol 6 Contents Montreal Protocol   Article 5: Special Situation of Developing Countries 1. Any Party that is a developing country and ... Read more...
72. Montreal Protocol 7 Contents Montreal Protocol   Article 7: Reporting of Data 1. Each Party shall provide to the Secretariat, within three months ... Read more...
73. Montreal Protocol 8 Contents Montreal Protocol   Article 10: Financial Mechanism 1. The Parties shall establish a mechanism for the purposes of providing ... Read more...
74. Montreal Protocol 9 Contents Montreal Protocol   Article 11: Meeting of the Parties 1. The Parties shall hold meetings at regular intervals. The ... Read more...
75. Protocol of San Salvador Contents Protocol of San Salvador     Article 1 Obligation to Adopt Measures The States Parties to this Additional Protocol ... Read more...
76. Kyoto Protocol Introduction to Kyoto Protocol Kyoto Protocol, international treaty adopted in 1997 that sets concrete targets for developed countries to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to global warming, also known as climate change. The Ky_to Protocol is a supplementary treaty to the [...]...
77. Protocol of Accession Protocol of Accession and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Protocol of Accession: A legal document that recognizes the rights and obligations agreed to as a consequence of a [...]...
78. Protocol of Provisional Application Protocol of Provisional Application and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Protocol of Provisional Application: The legal device that enabled the original Contracting Parties [...]...
79. Business Protocol International Business Protocol in International Trade Meaning of International Business Protocol, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): When doing business in a foreign country executives and managers need to have some knowledge of the rules and behaviors [...]...
80. Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety Embracing mainstream international law, this section on cartagena protocol on biosafety explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "cartagena protocol on biosafety" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary [...]...
81. Distinctive Emblem Protocol Embracing mainstream international law, this section on distinctive emblem protocol explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "distinctive emblem protocol" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of [...]...
82. Network Protocol Resources See Also Publishing Publishing Contract Legal Publisher Academic Publishing...
83. Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees Contents Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees     Article I GENERAL PROVISION 1. The States Parties to the ... Read more...
84. Kyoto Protocol to the Convention on Climate Change Contents Kyoto Protocol to the Convention on Climate Change   Article 1 For the purposes of this Protocol, the definitions ... Read more...
85. Kyoto Protocol to the Convention on Climate Change 2 Contents Kyoto Protocol to the Convention on Climate Change   Article 5 1. Each Party included in Annex I shall ... Read more...
86. Kyoto Protocol to the Convention on Climate Change 4 Contents Kyoto Protocol to the Convention on Climate Change   Article 12 1. A clean development mechanism is hereby defined. ... Read more...
87. Kyoto Protocol to the Convention on Climate Change 5 Contents Kyoto Protocol to the Convention on Climate Change   Article 14 1. The secretariat established by Article 8 of ... Read more...
88. United Nations Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees Contents United Nations Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees See also Refugee & Asylum Law , Convention Against Torture ... Read more...
89. Protocol Relating to Trade Negotiations Among Developing Countries Protocol Relating to Trade Negotiations Among Developing Countries and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Protocol Relating to Trade Negotiations Among Developing Countries: [...]...
90. Amendments to the 1996 Protocol to the London Convention Amendments to the 1996 Protocol to the London Convention in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to Amendments to the 1996 Protocol to the London Convention: At a meeting in October 2013, the Contracting Parties to the 1996 Protocol to the 1972 Convention on the [...]...
91. Protocol Prohibiting the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous, Or Other Gases, Etc. Protocol Prohibiting the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous, or Other Gases, Etc. Embracing mainstream international law, this section on protocol prohibiting the use in war of asphyxiating, poisonous, or other gases, etc. explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law [...]...
92. Protocol to the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter Contents Protocol to the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter   ARTICLE ... Read more...
93. Protocol to the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter 2 Contents Protocol to the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter   ARTICLE ... Read more...
94. Protocol to the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter 4 Contents Protocol to the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter   ARTICLE ... Read more...
95. Protocol on Environmental Protection Contents Protocol on Environmental Protection   ARTICLE 1 DEFINITIONS For the purposes of this Protocol: (a) “The Antarctic Treaty “means ... Read more...
96. Protocol on Environmental Protection 2 Contents Protocol on Environmental Protection   ARTICLE 6 CO-OPERATION 1. The Parties shall co-operate in the planning and conduct of ... Read more...
97. Montreal Protocol 2 Contents Montreal Protocol   Article 2A: CFCS 1. Each Party shall ensure that for the twelve-month period commencing on the ... Read more...
98. Montreal Protocol 3 Contents Montreal Protocol   Article 2C: Other Fully Halogenated CFCS 1. Each Party shall ensure that for the twelve-month period ... Read more...
99. Protocol of San Salvador 2 Contents Protocol of San Salvador   Article 10 Right to Health 1. Everyone shall have the right to health, understood ... Read more...
100. Protocol of San Salvador 3 Contents Protocol of San Salvador   Article 17 Protection of the Elderly Everyone has the right to special protection in ... Read more...
101. Social Protocol Meaning of Social protocol Here is a very short concept of social protocol in the European Union framework: Better known as the Social Chapter. Resources Notas y References See Also...
102. Protocol to the Guam International Agreement Protocol to the Guam International Agreement in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to Protocol to the Guam International Agreement: On October 3, 2013, Secretaries Kerry and Hagel and their Japanese counterparts signed a Protocol to amend the Guam International [...]...
103. Kyoto Protocol to the Convention on Climate Change 3 Contents Kyoto Protocol to the Convention on Climate Change   Article 10 All Parties, taking into account their common but ... Read more...
104. Kyoto Protocol to the Convention on Climate Change 6 Contents Kyoto Protocol to the Convention on Climate Change   Article 20 1. Annexes to this Protocol shall form an ... Read more...
105. Protocol to the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter 5 Contents Protocol to the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter   ARTICLE ... Read more...
106. Protocol to the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter 3 Contents Protocol to the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter   ARTICLE ... Read more...
107. Protocol of 1978 Relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships Contents Protocol of 1978 Relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships   Article I GENERAL ... Read more...
108. Protocol Number 1 to the European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman Contents Protocol Number 1 to the European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman   Article 1 A sub-paragraph ... Read more...
109. Protocol Number 2 to the European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman Contents Protocol Number 2 to the European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman   Article 1 In Article ... Read more...
110. G Force The product of the acceleration of mass times the force of gravity, measured as 32 feet per second. For example, if 10 Gs of force were exerted on a five-ton load, the resultant G force would be 50 tons.The effects of G forces exerted upon a vessel in heavy weather may be a significant f......
111. Garage An overseas point to which assets are sent to await employment. The term is used most commonly with shifting of funds to offshore tax havens.......
112. Gateway A city or other point at which cargo is transferred between tariff jurisdictions.......
113. GATT Accession GATT Accession Summary of GATT Detais can be found in General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade). Accession Process The process was described by Christopher Mark in 1993: "Joining the GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE is rarely a simple or straightforward matter --especially if the [...]...
114. General Average Security A cash deposit, surety, or other guarantee posted by or on behalf of a consignee for an obligation arising under General Average (read this legal term for further details). The steamship operator has the right to withhold release of cargo to ......
115. General Endorsement Within the meaning of the Uniform Negotiable Instruments Law, the unconditional ENDORSEMENT (read this legal term for further details) of a negotiable instrument.......
116. General License A privilege extended by the Federal government that permits exportation of various nonstrategic materials to certain countries without the necessity of formally applying for a validated export license. The general license is a legal illusion; no application is required and no document is issued. How......
117. General Order A condition imposed upon merchandise that is imported into the customs territory of the United States but that is not promptly cleared through customs. General order merchandise is deposited in an approved warehouse pending disposition. Section 127 of the Customs Regulations governs the [...]...
118. General Term Bond A surety provided by an importer to the U.S. Customs Service to cover duty obligations arising from the importation of merchandise. These bonds are issued in amounts over $100,000 by approved bonding firms and may be used to cover all of the firm's importations in any U.S. port.......
119. Geneva Round Detais can be found in General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade).......
120. Geneva Trade Conference Detais can be found in General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade).......