Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Collective Reserve Unit An artificial currency unit proposed in 1965 by Valéry Giscard d'Estaing of France. The cru, as it was known, was to have been linked to gold to create international reserves. The GROUP OF ten (read this and relat......
2. Group Of Twenty Group Of Twenty Summary of Group Of Twenty A committee established by the International Monetary Fund (read this and related legal terms for further details) to recommend reforms in the world monetary order. On July 26, 1972, the IMF adopted resolution 27-10, establishing the Committee on [...]...
3. International Gold Bullion Standard A Gold Bullion standard (read this and related legal terms for further details) that permits redemption of currency into gold only for purposes of export.......
4. General Agreements To Borrow An arrangement among the GROUP OF TEN (read this and related legal terms for further details) nations to provide supplemental financing to the International Monetary Fund (...
5. Paper Gold A common reference to Special Drawing Rights (read this and related legal terms for further details) issued by the International Monetary Fund.......
6. International Reserves Gold, hard currencies, and special drawing rights (read this and related legal terms for further details) issued by the international monetary fund (...
7. Triffin Plan A proposal advanced by Professor Robert Triffin to establish a system for the settlement of international accounts. Originally articulated in Gold and the Dollar Crisis (1960), the Triffin Plan urged the creation of an international reserve asset to be used only for international account settlement.......
8. East- West Trade A general reference to trade between the industrial nations of the West, particularly those nations that are members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ("https://lawin.org/list-of-international-trade-law-terms/">read this and related legal terms for [...]...
9. Super Gold Tranche A condition in which drawings by a member of the international Monetary Fund (read this and related legal terms for further details) cause fund holdings of the member's currency to fall below 75 percent of the member......
10. Tariff (Customs) A document issued by a nation's customs authority principally for the purpose of specifying rates of duty to be applied on various imported products. A tariff customarily also includes quantitative restrictions (quotas) upon certain imports, preferential duties on products imported from specifie......
11. Familiar Drawing Techniques process within the international monetary FUND (read this and related legal terms for further details) whereby a member nation suffering balance of payments problems may obtain foreign currencies from the IMF in exchange......
12. Visby Amendment A proposed revision to the Hague Agreement (read this and related legal terms for further details) of 1924 on the liability of ocean carriers for loss and damage to cargo. The Visby Amendment does not contemplate materia......
13. Unilinear Tariff Synonymous with general TARIFF (read this and related legal terms for further details). Union D'Assureurs Des Credits Inter- Nationaux. The full, formal name of the Berne Union (...
14. Column 2 Rate The rate of duty applied by U.S. Customs to imports from nations not enjoying Most Favored Nation (read this and related legal terms for further details) status. The Column 2 rate is the statutory rate of duty provided i......
15. Reconstitution A regulation of the International Monetary Fund (read this and related legal terms for further details) relating to the use of Special Drawing Rights (...
16. Operative Instrument A letter of Credit (read this and related legal terms for further details) transmitted by cable rather than on bank stationery. Customarily a bank may send a telex notification to the beneficiary of the letter of credit ......
17. Tramp A vessel that offers nonscheduled service between such ports as afford cargoes of opportunity. Unlike a Liner (read this and related legal terms for further details), a tramp seeks to acquire a full load from one shipper......
18. United States Trade Representative An office, with ambassadorial rank, created by Congress to direct U.S. trade negotiations during the Kennedy and Tokyo Rounds. Known previously as the special trade representative and the special representative for trade negotiations, the office was reorganized with expanded powers by Executive [...]...
19. Net Ton A unit of measurement in determining the cargo-carrying capacity of a vessel. It is computed in the same manner as the Gross Ton (read this and related legal terms for further details) but includes only revenue-producing......
20. Safeguard Measures Actions taken by a nation to protect its domestic industry and commerce from what it views as unfair or improper practices by a trading partner. For example, a trading partner's use of improper subsidies designed to artificially stimulate exports might result in such safeguard measures as the im......
21. Berth No Berth A stipulation that may be included in a vessel charter party (read this and related legal terms for further details) providing that if the point of loading or discharge is a berth, and if the berth is not immediately ava......
22. Islamic Dinar The unit of account of the Islamic Investment Bank, equal to one Special Drawing Right (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
23. Reciprocal Trade Agreements Program An act of Congress which authorized the president to reduce tariffs in exchange for like concessions by trading partners. The Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934, enacted as an amendment to the Smoot-Hawley Act (read thi......
24. Notional Concept Of Valuation An approach to the application of ad valorem duties that holds that duties should be applied upon the price the goods "ought to fetch" under specified conditions; this view was widely held for many years and was embraced in the Brussels Definition Of Value (...
25. Pivot Charge The minimum charge imposed by an air carrier for the use of a Unit Load Device (read this and related legal terms for further details), or air container. The charge is based upon a Pivot Weight (...
26. Tokyo Declaration The pronouncement of a 1973 gathering in Tokyo of foreign, finance, and trade ministers of the major industrial nations, meeting to discuss economic and trade problems. The joint communique issued by the ministers called for increased trade through the elimination of tariff and nontariff [...]...
27. New Delhi Declaration A pronouncement, incorporating an action plan, articulated by developing nations at a 1980 New Delhi conference of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO). The 1980 declaration reiterated the goal defined in the 1975 Lima Declaration i.e., that developing countries would cont......
28. Developed Countries Summary of Developed Countries A generalized grouping of the industrialized nations. Customarily, the term is applied to those nations that are members of the organization for economic cooperation And Development (read this and related legal terms for further details) plus the [...]...
29. Current Account Purchases The value of intermediate products in the national production process. An intermediate product is a manufacturing input that has not been converted into a finished product; for example, steel is an intermediate product in the manufacture of an automobile. The value of current account purchases is im......
30. Fiat Money Currency that has value only because the state that issues it declares it to be legal tender; money that has no intrinsic value beyond the faith of the government that issues it. Paper money not freely exchangeable for gold or silver is fiat money. The term is often associated with regimes which ha......
31. Berth A stipulation in a vessel charter party (read this and related legal terms for further details) that laytime ("https://lawin.org/list-of-international-trade-law-terms/">read this and related legal terms ......
32. Gold Reserves The gold held by a nation as reserves for currency issued. After U.S. abandonment of the gold standard in 1933, Congress mandated that the Federal Reserve banks would have to hold gold certificates, reflecting gold on deposit with the U.S. Treasury equivalent to at least 25 percent of currency [...]...
33. Nonprivileged Foreign Status The condition of imported merchandise entered into a Foreign Trade Zone (read this and related legal terms for further details), other than goods that have been granted privileged foreign status (...
34. Committee on Banking Regulations and Supervisory Practices Known commonly as the Cooke Committee, a working party established under the auspices of the bank for INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTS (read this and related legal terms for further details) in 1975 to seek to remedy inadequaci......
35. Findley Amendment An amendment to the AGRICULTURAL TRADE DEVELOPMENT AND ASSIST-ANCE ACT (read this and related legal terms for further details) of 1954 (P.L. 480) that precludes sales of agricultural produce under Title I of the act to a......
36. Indicative Price Also known as the norm price, the Target Price (read this and related legal terms for further details) for producers of olive oil under the common agricultural policy (...
37. Threshold Price A minimum import price for commodities established under the common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community, set so as not to hamper sales of EEC pro......
38. Freely Offered Goods offered in the normal course of trade to all buying on essentially the same basis, e.g., with like prices, terms, discounts, et cetera. Under prior valuation schemes, the value at which the goods were "freely offered" served as the basis for the assessment of customs duties; this con......
39. Underdevelopment Summary of Underdevelopment A condition in which a nation's per capita real income is significantly below that enjoyed in the industrialized world, and where national income is inadequate to provide the investment capital essential to expand the economy. In addition, most underdeveloped [...]...
40. Column 1 Rate The rate of duty applied by U.S. Customs to imports from nations enjoying Most Favored Nation (read this and related legal terms for further details) status. See TARIFF (CUSTOMS); Tariff Schedules of the United States.......
41. Minimum List A statistical classification system for foreign trade advanced by the League of Nations. The report entitled Minimum List of Commodities for International Trade Statistics was published in 1938. Following World War II, it was superseded by the United Nations standard international Trade Classificati......
42. Trade Act Of 1974 An act that provided the president the negotiating authority essential to participate in the Tokyo Round (read this and related legal terms for further details) of tariff reductions. The act empowered the president to re......
43. Guide Price As used in conjunction with the European Economic Community's Common Agricultural Policy on cattle and calves, it is synonymous with Orientation Price (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
44. Other Holders Institutions other than central banks, national treasuries, and the International Monetary Fund itself that are approved by the IMF to hold Special Drawing Rights (read this and related legal terms for further details). ......
45. Sacrifice The economic loss sustained when cargo, rigging, or other property is jettisoned or destroyed in the course of saving an imperiled ship; sacrifice losses are usually recoverable in General Average (read this and related lega......
46. Sterling Balances The official reserves of a national monetary authority held in pounds sterling, both in sterling AREA (read this and related legal terms for further details) countries and in others.......
47. Coastwise Option A provision of the carriage OF GOODS BY SEA ACT (read this and related legal terms for further details) (COGSA) which permits COGSA to be incorporated into bills of lading covering shipments in the domestic maritime comm......
48. Liquidity Summary of Liquidity The quality of being convertible into monetary wealth; as relates to a given nation's economic condition, liquidity consists of that country's supply of gold, foreign exchange holdings, and Special drawing Rights (read this and related legal terms for further [...]...
49. Manufacturer's Particulars Details of the construction of an intermodal container, as specified in the container's DATA PLATE (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
50. Special And Differential Treatment The concept that developing nations require special consideration in bilateral and multilateral trade negotiations, and that concessions should be granted to the developing nations without reciprocity. Although this concept has been advanced in various individual multilateral trade agreements, the T......
51. Basel Credits International credit facilities created on an ad hoc basis at meetings of the BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTS (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
52. First World Summary of First World A general reference to the industrialized nations of the West, primarily the members of the Organization For Economic Cooperation And Development (read this and related legal terms for further details), but often including other prosperous nations as well. See Second [...]...
53. Ab Quai Synonymous with AB KAI (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
54. Devaluation Summary of Devaluation The official reduction of the value of a nation's money in relation to a standard (usually gold), special drawing rights, or the U.S. dollar. Inasmuch as all currencies are ultimately valued in terms of some standard, devaluation results in the conscious increase [...]...
55. Net Register Ton Synonymous with net ton (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
56. Positive Concept Of Valuation An approach to the application of ad valorem duties that holds that duties should be applied upon the actual value of the transaction, as defined by buyer and seller. This view has been substantially fulfilled by the recent adoption of the transaction value basis of valuation in the Customs Valuatio......
57. Poultry War Synonymous with Chicken War (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
58. Rehypothecation The act whereby a lender uses negotiable instruments or similar collateral left with him by borrowers as collateral for his own borrowings. Rehypothecation commonly occurs when a member bank pledges eligible customer collateral at the Federal Reserve for a loan. The original borrower's hypotheca......
59. Trade Cycle The British equivalent term for the U.S. term business cycle (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
60. Voluntary Stranding A grounding which results from the design and actions of the master to save the ship from imminent peril. Costs and sacrifices resulting from the voluntary act are recoverable in General Average (read this and related legal ......
61. Net Capacity Synonymous with deadweight Tonnage (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
62. Quayage Synonymous with Quay Dues (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
63. Warrant A warehouse receipt (read this and related legal terms for further details) containing Trust Receipt ("https://lawin.org/list-of-international-trade-law-terms/">read this and related legal terms for furt......
64. Dillon Round A series of multinational trade discussions conducted during 1960-1962 under the sponsorship of the general agreement of tariffs and Trade (read this and related legal terms for further details). The principal result of ......
65. Dollar Gap Synonymous with Dollar Deficit (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
66. Karat A measure of the fineness, i.e., purity, of gold. Pure gold is twenty-four karats; hence, an object that is an alloy of 50 percent gold and 50 percent other metals would be twelve-karat gold.......
67. Reliquidation An amendment of a customs entry Liquidation (read this and related legal terms for further details)......
68. Substituted Expenses A principle employed in General Average (read this and related legal terms for further details) adjusting that permits recovery for an expense arising in place of another expense that would be otherwise recoverable in ge......
69. Superimposed Clause A notation on the face of a Bill Of lading (read this and related legal terms for further details) that indicates a defect in the cargo or its mode of transport. Such notations include "received in damaged condition......
70. Foreign Assets Control Regulations A pronouncement issued under authority of Section 5 (b) of the trading with the enemy act (read this and related legal terms for further details) that prohibits importation of products manufactured in, or containing comp......
71. Beneficiary Developing Country As provided in Section 501 of the Trade Act of 1974, any nation or possession of a nation authorized by the president to be accorded duty-free entry of merchandise into the United States under the GENERALIZED SYSTEM OF PREFERENCES (...
72. Cross Bill Synonymous with re-draft (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
73. Nairobi Treaty On The Protection Of The Olympic Symbol An international agreement to protect the Olympic symbol against commercial use without the approval of the International Olympic Committee (IOC). The treaty specifies that adhering states will prohibit use of the Olympic symbol on goods or advertising or as a trademark except under license from th......
74. Nonprivileged Domestic Status The condition of merchandise of U.S. origin entered into a foreign trade zone (read this and related legal terms for further details), other than goods that have been granted privileged domestic STATUS (...
75. Twenty-Foot Equivalent Unit Often expressed as TEU, a measure of a vessel's cargo- carrying capacity, equivalent to one standard twenty-foot ocean container, measuring twenty feet by eight feet by eight feet. One forty-foot container constitutes two TEUs.......
76. Group Of Ten Also known as the Paris Club, the ten principal trading nations. The group, consisting of the United States, Great Britain, Federal Republic of Germany, France, Japan, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Canada, and Sweden, derived the name from a 1962 General Agreement to Borrow signed to make U.S. $6......
77. Business Twenty Business Twenty (B-20) This section provides an overview of business twenty (b-20) within the legal context of Monetary Institutions in international economic law, with coverage of Architecture. Resources Further Reading Kathrin Betz, "Business Twenty (B-20)," Elgar Encyclopedia of [...]...
78. Group of Eight Introduction to Group of EightGroup of Eight, economic and political forum for eight of the world's most industrialized nations: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Great Britain, Russia, and the United States. The group arose informally during the 1970s from the meetings of finance ......
79. Group Of 77 Group Of 77 Group of 77 and the United Nations Further Reading A concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including Group of 77, H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including Group of 77, Boczek, Boleslaw [...]...
80. Group of Seven Group of Seven (G- 7) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Group of Seven (G- 7): The seven leading industrial countries of the world: the United States, Japan, Germany, France, the United [...]...
81. Group International Group of P & I Clubs in International Trade Meaning of International Group of P & I Clubs, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The thirteen principal underwriting member clubs of the International Group of P&I Clubs ("the Group"). [...]...
82. Andean Group Originally a subgroup within the now defunct Latin American Free Trade Area (LAFTA), the Andean Group was established by the Cartagena Agreement of 1969. The purpose of the group (also known as the Andean Common Market and the Andean Subgroup) is to foster economic integration of the member states. ......
83. Andean Subregional Group Considered in Andean Group.......
84. Panlibhon Group An acronym for a group of countries where foreign vessels are registered under flags of convenience, derived from the first letters of Panama, Liberia, and Honduras, where many such vessels are registered. See flag of CONVENIENCE.......
85. Selling Group An arrangement in which several manufacturers collaborate in a joint effort to sell their merchandise overseas. Two common selling group approaches are associations that fall under the Webb-Pomerane Act and Complementary Exporting (qq.v.).......
86. Wisemen's Group Known formally as the Japan-United States Economic Relations Group, a semi-official committee consisting of four members each from Japan and the United States which considers economic relations between the two countries and makes recommendations to their governments. The group was created by joint a......
87. Group Pension Plans Spanish Translation of group pension plansThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to group pension plans and / or a definition of this topic: Planes de Pensiones Asociados (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
88. Group Risks Spanish Translation of group/mass risksThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to group/mass risks and / or a definition of this topic: Riesgos de Masa (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
89. Group of Seventy-Seven Group of Seventy-Seven (G- 77) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Group of Seventy-Seven (G- 77): A caucus for the developing countries on economic matters in the United Nations and subsidiary [...]...
90. Group of Fifteen Group of Fifteen (G-15) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Group of Fifteen (G-15): A group of developing countries seeking recognition as interlocutor for the LDCs in discussions of [...]...
91. Group Rights Embracing mainstream international law, this section on group rights explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "group rights" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (currently, the [...]...
92. Group Libel Resources See Also Libel...
93. Group Life Insurance Resources See Also Group policy Insurance...
94. Group Policy Resources See Also Insurance...
95. Group Discussion Resources See Also Group Corporate Group Collective Right...
96. Group Dynamics Resources See Also Group Corporate Group Collective Right...
97. Group Leader Resources See Also Group Corporate Group Collective Right...
98. Group Training Resources See Also Group Corporate Group Collective Right...
99. Group Work Resources See Also Group Corporate Group Collective Right...
100. International Lead and Zinc Study Group See the International Commodity Organization.......
101. Forty-Forty-Twenty A provision of the Unctad Code Of Conduct For Liner Conferences (read this and related legal terms for further details) that calls for a system of cargo preference in which 40 percent of export cargoes would move on shi......
102. Izmir Group A loosely connected group of eighteen Third World cotton-producing nations founded after the April 1981 publication of a report by the UN Commission for Trade and Development (UNCTAD) that documented that 90 percent of the world's cotton trade is controlled by fifteen multinational corporations,......
103. Geneva Group Geneva Group Further ReadingA concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including Geneva Group , H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including Geneva Group , Boczek, Boleslaw Adam -2005) ...
104. Nuclear Suppliers Group Contents Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) The Nuclear Suppliers Group is a group of nuclear supplier countries that seeks to contribute ... Read more...
105. Rio Group Introduction to Rio Group Rio Group, formerly the Group of Eight, an organization of Latin American countries founded in 1986 to formulate joint political policies, deal collectively with other international groups, and strengthen economic and political ties of nations in the region. The Rio......
106. Art Group Description of Art Group In this reference work, art group is a sort of the Patents category. Resources See Also Patents...
107. Age Group Resources See Also Group Corporate Group Collective Right...
108. Australia Group The Australia Group (AG) is an informal forum of countries which, through the harmonisation of export controls, seeks to ensure that exports do not contribute to the development of chemical or biological weapons. Coordination of national export control measures assists Australia Group [...]...
109. Cairns Group Cairns Group in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Cairns Group: A negotiating group of agriculturai exporting countries formed to support agricultural trade reform in GATT. The group advocates [...]...
110. Vise Grad Group Vise grad Group in International Trade Resources See Also Central European Free Trade Agreement....
111. Hexagonal Group Hexagonal Group in International Trade Resources See Also Central European Initiative....
112. Pentagonal Group Pentagonal Group in International Trade Resources See Also Central European Initiative....
113. Negotiating Group Negotiating Group and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Negotiating Group: A group of country delegates in a GATT Round charged with planning and managing multilateral [...]...
114. World Bank Group World Bank Group in International Trade Meaning of World Bank Group, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The World Bank Group is a specialized United Nations agency dedicated to improving living standards in developing countries through facilitation and [...]...
115. Social Group Membership in a particular social group and the Refugee Issues As published by the UNHCR in relation to Membership in a particular social group: Assuming that the acts involved in the trafficking for sexual exploitation are determined to constitute persecution, it must be assessed whether the [...]...
116. Ethnic Group Concept of Ethnic Group An introductory definition of Ethnic Group is provided here: a group of people who define themselves as distinct from other groups because of cultural differences Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs Resources See Also Community Collective Right Society [...]...
117. Interest Group Concept of Interest Group Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Resources See Also Political Participation Interest Groups Lobbying Resources See Also Government Government Contract Local Government Public Administration Administrative Law [...]...
118. Watchdog Group Concept of Watchdog Group Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Resources See Also Political Participation Interest Groups Lobbying...
119. Un Group of Governmental Experts UN Group of Governmental Experts in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to United Nations Group of Governmental Experts: On July 18, 2013, the State Department issued a press statement on the consensus reached by the UN Group of Governmental Experts on [...]...
120. Abu Sayyaf Group Abu Sayyaf Group in 2016 aka al Harakat al Islamiyya (the Islamic Movement) Activities The ASG has committed kidnappings-for-ransom, bombings, ambushes of security personnel, public beheadings, assassinations, and extortion. In April 2000, an ASG faction kidnapped 21 people, including 10 [...]...