Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Gross Domestic Product Summary of Gross Domestic Product The aggregate value, expressed in monetary terms, of all goods and services produced within a national economy during a given time period, usually one year.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Gross Domestic Product (gdp) (in the Human Development [...]...
2. Section 931 Corporation It was a corporation operating in various U.S. possessions that, under certain circumstances, might accrue significant tax benefits. So named for Section 931 of the Internal Revenue Code, a firm might be exempt from Federal income tax on U.S. possessions income (so long as the dividends were not dis......
3. Net National Product Summary of Net National Product The sum total, expressed in monetary terms, of all goods and services produced in a country during a given period (usually one year), less the value of capital consumed (depreciation).(Main Author: William J. Miller) Resources See Also Gross [...]...
4. Current Account Purchases The value of intermediate products in the national production process. An intermediate product is a manufacturing input that has not been converted into a finished product; for example, steel is an intermediate product in the manufacture of an automobile. The value of current account purchases is im......
5. Disposable Income Gross National Disposable Income (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Gross National Disposable Income means: derived from gross national income by adding current transfers from the rest of the world minus current transfers to the rest of the world (including net value of [...]...
6. Subpart F A provision of the Internal Revenue Code (Sections 951-64) that imposes U.S. income taxes on the undistributed earnings of "controlled foreign corporations." Subpart F was incorporated into the Code by the Revenue Act of 1962; prior to that time, earnings by foreign subsidiaries of U.S. fi......
7. Value Added Value Added (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Value Added means: is the net output of an industry after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. Resources See Also National Income National Accounts Expenditure Gross National Income Net National Income...
8. National Security Entry-Exit Registration System Elimination of National Security Entry-Exit Registration System (NSEERS) In relation to the international law practice and Elimination of National Security Entry-exit Registration System (nseers) in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: Trade, Commercial Relations, [...]...
9. Gross National Income Gross National Income (gni) (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Gross National Income (gni) means: comprises the market value of all products and services generated regardless of where the output is produced in given period (i.e., its gross domestic product, plus net receipts of [...]...
10. Preferential Treatment In the United States For information about Preferential treatment in the context of international trade, click here Embracing mainstream international law, this section on preferential treatment explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further [...]...
11. Less Favourable Treatment This section provides an overview of less favourable treatment within the legal context of National Treatment in international economic law, with coverage of Non-Discrimination in Trade of Goods and Services (Principles). Resources Further Reading Lothar Ehring, "Less Favourable [...]...
12. National Sovereignty and Taxation This section provides an overview of national sovereignty and taxation within the legal context of Tax Law as an Issue of International Economic Law in international economic law (Main Regulatory Areas). Resources Further Reading Wolfgang Schön, "National Sovereignty and Taxation," [...]...
13. Most Favoured Nation Treatment Most Favoured Nation Treatment (MFN) in International Trade Meaning of Most Favoured Nation Treatment (MFN), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A non discriminatory trade policy commitment on the part of one country to extend to another country the lowest [...]...
14. Velocity Of Money The speed at which a currency unit circulates within an economy. If money turns over at an increasing rate, this velocity indicates a speedup in the economy; conversely, a declining velocity may indicate a slowdown. The overall velocity of money is the product of two components. (1) Transaction velo......
15. Stagnation A lack of growth in a national economy, usually measured in terms of per capita real gross national product.......
16. Royalties In the United States For information about Royalties in the context of international trade, click here Royalties and the Laws of International Trade Royalties Intellectual Property and Competition Law Royalties in International Trade Meaning of Royalties, according to the Dictionary of [...]...
17. Gross Charter Also known as gross terms, a vessel charter arrangement whereby all expenses, to include loading, unloading, pilotage (read this and related legal terms for further details), et cetera, are for the account of the vessel.......
18. Gross Domestic Purchases An item within the National Income and Product Account Tables that represents the gross national product less exports plus imports.......
19. Gross Register Ton Synonymous with Gross Ton (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
20. Gross Weight The total weight of a package, i.e., the contents plus all packaging.......
21. Double Taxation Summary of Double Taxation The condition that arises when a multinational firm is taxed on overseas income in both the source country and the country of the corporation's domicile. This problem arises because nations use varying systems of taxation. Recognizing that double taxation is [...]...
22. Exempted Company A company exempted from income taxes of the jurisdiction in which it is organized in return for a stipulation by the company that it will not trade in that country.......
23. Gross Private Domestic Investment The aggregate value, expressed in monetary terms, of private expenditures, for capital goods (e.g.. physical plant, equipment) adjusted by the inventory investment (the sum of the increase or decrease of merchandise in inventory during a given time period, usually one year). ......
24. National Health Insurance History Introduction to National Health Insurance HistoryThe first country to provide health insurance on a national scale was Germany. The German chancellor Prince Otto von Bismarck obtained passage of a compulsory sickness-insurance law in 1883, which was financed by a state subsidy. Various type......
25. Graduation Summary of Graduation The act of recognition by the world community that formerly less developed Countries (read this and related legal terms for further details) have undergone sufficient economic development to be regarded as "developed"or industrialized nations. The recognition [...]...
26. National Economic Council National Economic Council (NEC) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of National Economic Council (NEC): The NEC was established at the outset of the Clinton Administration to coordinate US [...]...
27. National Liberation Movements Embracing mainstream international law, this section on national liberation movements explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "national liberation movements" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of [...]...
28. Differential Treatment Special and differential Treatment This section provides an overview of special and differential treatment within the legal context of Most-Favoured Nation Treatment (MFN) in international economic law, with coverage of Non-Discrimination in Trade of Goods and Services (Principles). Resources [...]...
29. Section 204 A provision of the Agricultural Act of 1956 authorizing the president to negotiate bilateral agreements to limit exports to the United States of "any agricultural commodity or product manufactured therefrom or textiles or textile products." The president is also empowered to take steps to ......
30. National Human Rights Institutions National Human Rights Institution(s) Embracing mainstream international law, this section on national human rights institution(s) explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "national human rights institution(s)" [...]...
31. National Supremacy National Supremacy in U.S. Constitutional Law A list of entries related to National Supremacy may be found, under the National Supremacy subject group, in the United States constitutional law platform of the American legal encyclopedia....
32. Gross Ton A unit of measurement in determining the size of a ship. In this case, the ton is a unit of cubic measure approximately equal to one hundred cubic feet. Gross tonnage, therefore, is derived by determining the entire internal cubic footage of the ship, including all enclosed spaces, and dividing by o......
33. Value Added Tax Summary of Value Added Tax A tax imposed upon the value added to a product at each stage of the production process. The tax is applicable to all goods, from primary to consumer products. Each processor in the chain of production pays the tax in the purchase price of the goods, applying the [...]...
34. Gross Terms Synonymous with Gross Charter (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
35. Group Of Twenty Group Of Twenty Summary of Group Of Twenty A committee established by the International Monetary Fund (read this and related legal terms for further details) to recommend reforms in the world monetary order. On July 26, 1972, the IMF adopted resolution 27-10, establishing the Committee on [...]...
36. United Dredging Company (united States) V. United Mexican States United Dredging Company (united States) v. United Mexican States Embracing mainstream international law, this section on united dredging company (united states) v. united mexican states explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The [...]...
37. Differentiated Product A product sold in a modified form in different countries with the object of accommodating perceived variations in taste or responding to differing local requirements.......
38. Primary Product Any agricultural, forest, or fishery product or any mineral sold in its original form, including such processing as may be required to make the product suitable for sale in international commerce.......
39. Product Structure A technique of international marketing employed by some manufacturing firms. The firm is organized into product groups responsible for all marketing, profit and loss, and production of the product worldwide. Each product group reports directly to corporate headquarters, which provides financial, leg......
40. Standardized Product A product marketed worldwide without substantial variation in the product's composition or appearance. Product standardization helps in achieving significant economies of scale. See differentiated product.......
41. Product Line Cycle The concept that a product undergoes three stages of development: (1) new product (a firm introduces a new product or significant differentiated product and for a period of time enjoys a virtual monopoly), (2) growth product (the product is imitated and produced by several firms; nonprice competitio......
42. Gross Income Other Popular Tax Definitions in the World Legal Encyclopedia Adjusted Gross Income (sometimes, including Gross Income) Ad Valorem Tax (sometimes, including Gross Income) Alternative Minimum Tax (sometimes, including Gross Income) Big Four (audit firms) (sometimes, including Gross Income) [...]...
43. Gross Sales Gross Sales in International Trade Meaning of Gross Sales, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The total amount received or receivable for goods sold, before any allowances for returned goods or sales discounts....
44. Gross Alimony Resources See Also Alimony...
45. Gross Earnings Resources See Also Gross income...
46. Gross Lease Resources See Also Lease...
47. Gross Neglect of Duty Resources See Also Desertion Non-support...
48. Gross Negligence Resources See Also Social Problem Crime Delinquency Juvenile Delinquency Delinquent Social Issues Crime Prevention Resources See Also Negligence...
49. Gross Revenue Resources See Also Gross income...
50. Additional Product Aid A feature of the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Economic Community, which provides price supports to EEC producers affected by import competition. The "community preference" mechanism of the CAP eliminates external competition for most items but does not respond for certain pro......
51. Clean Product Carrier A tank vessel that transports only refined petroleum products, such as gasoline or kerosene, as contrasted with a ship which carries crude petroleum.......
52. National Exports Exports consisting of goods domestically produced or goods produced within customs-bonded facilities.......
53. National Line Synonymous with national FLAG CARRIER (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
54. Gross Resources See Also As to gross Adventure Average Fault Weight...
55. Gross Line The face value of all insurance policies that an insurer has in force at any point in time, irrespective of any reinsurance.......
56. National Flag Carrier A common car RIER (read this and related legal terms for further details)-usually a steamship line or an airline- that bears its country's flag and is viewed in the trading community as representing the commercial in......
57. Gross Tonnage Gross Tonnage in International Trade Meaning of Gross Tonnage, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The capacity of a vessel (no cargo) expressed in vessel tons. It is determined by dividing by 100 the contents, in cubic feet, of the vessel closed-in spaces. [...]...
58. Gross Estate Resources See Also Adjusted gross estate...
59. Gross Profit Resources See Also Gross income...
60. Gross Receipts Resources See Also Gross income...
61. Gross Receipts Tax Resources See Also Gross income tax...
62. Product Classification In the United States For information about Product classification in the context of international trade, click here...
63. Product Valuation In the United States For information about Product valuation in the context of international trade, click here...
64. Product Liability Product Liability Explained References See Also Tort (in international or comparative law) Product Liability (in international or comparative law) References See Also Tort Product Liability Resources See Also Tort Product Liability...
65. Consumer Product Resources See Also Consumer goods...
66. Product Labelling Resources See Also Business Company Corporation Enterprise...
67. Manufactured Product Resources See Also Industrial Production Industrial Property Regulation...
68. Industrial Product Resources See Also Industry Industrial Unionism Labor Law Industrial Disputes Business Law...
69. Tort and Product Liability Tort and Product Liability: Summary In this entry, Tort and Product Liability covers: Elements of a Tort Unintentional Torts (Negligence) Special and Limited Duties Joint and Several Liability Defenses Punitive Damages Contingency Fee System Product Liability Mass Torts...
70. National Accounts National Accounts (in the Human Development Area) In this context, National Accounts means: is a system table in the form of accounts, which characterize the process of production, distribution and end use of the gross domestic product (GDP), as a rule, for the year. System of National [...]...
71. National Income Related Fields Related topics include: National Income Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. National Accounts Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Expenditure Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Gross National Income Find this subject in this World [...]...
72. National Airspace Description of National Airspace In this reference work, national airspace is a sort of the International Law category. Resources See Also International Law...
73. National Accounting Resources See Also National Income National Accounts Expenditure Gross National Income Net National Income...
74. National Budget Resources See Also National Income National Accounts Expenditure Gross National Income Net National Income...
75. National Treatment Principle A view of international economic transactions that asserts that a nation should accord the same treatment to foreign merchandise, investments, shipping, and entrepreneurs as it does to domestic counterparts under like commercial conditions. Apart from international practice on the part of the Europe......
76. Adjusted Gross Income Other Popular Tax Definitions in the World Legal Encyclopedia Adjusted Gross Income (sometimes, including Adjusted Gross Income) Ad Valorem Tax (sometimes, including Adjusted Gross Income) Alternative Minimum Tax (sometimes, including Adjusted Gross Income) Big Four (audit firms) (sometimes, [...]...
77. Gatt National Security Provision The National Security Provision—GATT Article XXI and the World Trade Organization The National Security Provision—GATT Article XXI in relation to the World Trade Organization (WTO) covers several issues....
78. Assignment in Gross Description of Assignment in Gross Resources See Also Antl-Assignment-In-Gross Rule Trademarks...
79. Alimony in Gross Description of Alimony in Gross Resources See Also Divorce...
80. Adjusted Gross Estate Resources See Also Administration expense Gross estate Marital deduction...
81. Composite Index of National Capability Contents Composite Index of National Capability [CINC] Composite Index of National Capability Introduction “Power” – here defined as the ability ... Read more...
82. Elements of the NAFTA National Treatment Obligation Contents Elements of the NAFTA National Treatment Obligation By Jon R. Johnson Goodmans LLP (December 2, 2001) NAFTA Article 1102(1) ... Read more...
83. Application of the NAFTA National Treatment Obligation Contents Application of the NAFTA National Treatment Obligation Issues and Problems in the Application of the NAFTA National Treatment Obligation: ... Read more...
84. Steiner and Gross V. Polish State Steiner and Gross v. Polish State Embracing mainstream international law, this section on steiner and gross v. polish state explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "steiner and gross v. polish state" in the [...]...
85. Anti-assignment-in-gross Rule Description of Anti-assignment-in-gross Rule In this reference work, anti-assignment-in-gross rule is a sort of the Trademarks category. Resources See Also Assignment In Gross Under Assignment Trademarks Trademarks...
86. Product International Product Life Cycle (IPLC) in International Trade Meaning of International Product Life Cycle (IPLC), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): This marketing describes the diffusion process of an innovation across national boundaries. Typically, [...]...
87. Product Cycle Product Cycle and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Product Cycle: The evolution of a production process from innovation through obsolescence, constituting a fundamental dynamic element in [...]...
88. Direct Product Resources See Also Further Reading Information about Direct Product in the Encyclopedia of World Trade: from Ancient Times to the Present (Cynthia Clark Northrup) ...
89. Tourism Product Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to tourism product in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
90. Petroleum Product Resources See Also Energy Utilities Natural Resources Energy Clean Energy...
91. Attorney's Work Product Resources See Also Work product rule...
92. National Treatment History of Commercial Treaties National Treatment The attainment of national treatment through treaty was strengthened in the 13th century. Venice, an Italian city-state that traded chiefly with Central and East Asia, exacted by treaty from the sultan of _alab (Aleppo) the right to have its [...]...
93. National Anthems Introduction to National AnthemsNational Anthems, official national songs honoring the spirit of the native land. Some anthems specifically celebrate a historical personage or event; others exalt the beauty of the country. A number of anthems are simply melodies without words, often no more......
94. National Socialism Introduction to National SocialismNational Socialism, commonly called Nazism, German political movement initiated in 1920 with the organization of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, or NSDAP), also called the Nazi Party. The mov......
95. National Symbols Introduction to National SymbolsNational Symbols, artistic, natural, or human representations of a nation's identity." (1)ResourcesNotes and ReferencesInformation about ...
96. National Constitutions National Constitutions......
97. National Socialist Law The Legal History of National Socialist LawThis section provides an overview of National Socialist Law ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading National Socialist Law in the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History (Oxford [...]...
98. National Champions National Champions and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of National Champions: Firms that are the focus of government efforts to consolidate a national industry through industrial targeting. Such [...]...
99. National Security The National Security Provision—GATT Article XXI and the World Trade Organization The National Security Provision—GATT Article XXI in relation to the World Trade Organization (WTO) covers several issues. This section provides an overview of national security within the legal context [...]...
100. National Defense U.S. Presidential Statements on 2013 and 2014 National Defense Authorization Acts in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to U.S. Presidential Statements on 2013 and 2014 National Defense Authorization Acts: On January 2, 2013, President Obama signed into law the [...]...
101. National Law of the Sea Vietnam's National Law of the Sea in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to Vietnam's National Law of the Sea: On June 21, 2012, the Socialist Republic of Vietnam adopted the Law of the Sea of Vietnam, which took effect in January 2013. The United States [...]...
102. Other National Courts The Other National Courts Name The Other National Courts is the standarized name of one of the (see the entries in this legal Encyclopedia about court rules and procedural law for more information on some aspects of the Other National Courts)....
103. National Embracing mainstream international law, this section on national explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources See Also Federal Resources Further Reading The entry "national" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International [...]...
104. National Courts National Court (or Tribunal) Embracing mainstream international law, this section on national court (or tribunal) explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "national court (or tribunal)" in the Parry and Grant [...]...
105. National Waters Embracing mainstream international law, this section on national waters explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "national waters" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law [...]...
106. National River Embracing mainstream international law, this section on national river explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "river, national" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (currently, [...]...
107. National Park Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to national park in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
108. National Representations National representations and the European Union Resources See Also Permanent representatives...
109. National Domain Resources See Also Domain...
110. National Bibliography Resources See Also Document Information Science Research Investigation Legal Research Study...
111. National Plan Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
112. National Level Resources See Also Government Government Contract Local Government Public Administration Administrative Law Public Law...
113. National Reporter System Contents The National Reporter System, by West the West’s National Reporter System is a group of regional Court Reports or ... Read more...
114. National Cargo Bureau A nonprofit, membership corporation concerned with the safe loading, stowage, transport, and unloading of cargoes aboard vessels. The NCB provides on-site inspection services to ensure that cargoes are stowed correctly and that incompatible materials are not stowed together. In the case of shipments......
115. National Health Insurance Introduction to National Health InsuranceNational Health Insurance, government-operated system of insurance that provides financial benefits and medical services to persons disabled by sickness or accident. National health insurance systems are found in many countries, particularly in Europ......
116. National Socialism Origins National Socialism Origins and Rise of NazismIntroduction to National Socialism OriginsNational Socialism was similar in many respects to Italian fascism (see Fascism). The roots of National Socialism, however, were peculiarly German, grounded, for example, in the Prussian traditio......
117. National Socialist Party National Socialism The National Socialist PartyIntroduction to National Socialist PartyThe National Socialist Party originated in the German Workers' Party, formed in Munich in 1919. At the time that Hitler joined it in 1919, the German Workers' Party had a nominal membersh......
118. National Foreign Trade Council National Foreign Trade Council in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of National Foreign Trade Council: An organization of US companies engaged in international trade and investment, based in [...]...
119. National Association of Manufacturers National Association of Manufacturers (NAM) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of National Association of Manufacturers (NAM): An organization representing US industry views on national and [...]...
120. National Planning Association National Planning Association in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of National Planning Association: A private, nonprofit organization specializing in research and economic policy formulation [...]...