Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Architecture of Europe Architecture of Europe and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Architecture of Europe provided by the European Union Commission: This refers to the various organisations, institutions, treaties and traditional relations making up the European area within which members work [...]...
2. Bilateral Agreement In general, any treaty, protocol, or understanding between two nations. The term has particular application in the area of commercial air transportation, where a bilateral agreement is an understanding between two countries permitting the commercial aircraft of one nation to land in and carry [...]...
3. Treaty of Amsterdam Treaty of Amsterdam and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Treaty of Amsterdam provided by the European Union Commission: The Treaty of Amsterdam is the result of the Intergovernmental Conference launched at the Turin European Council on 29 March 1996. It was adopted at the [...]...
4. Common Strategy Common strategy (CFSP) and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Common strategy (CFSP) provided by the European Union Commission: The common strategy is an instrument of the common foreign and security policy introduced by the Treaty of Amsterdam. Under Article 13 of the EU [...]...
5. Common Transit Common transit and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Common transit provided by the European Union Commission: Customs procedure for the carriage of goods between the Community and the EFTA countries and between the EFTA countries themselves. Resources See Also Popular [...]...
6. European Economic Community Summary of European Economic Community One of the three components of the European Communities. In March 1957, the members of the European Coal and Steel Community (France, Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, and the Benelux countries) expanded the sphere of economic cooperation through the [...]...
7. Treaties Office Treaties Office and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Treaties Office provided by the European Union Commission: The Treaties Office of DG External Relations of the European Commission, has two main roles: to advice on practice and procedural matters relating to the different [...]...
8. Justice Cooperation Title IV EC treaty - Title VI EU treaty and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Title IV EC treaty - Title VI EU treaty provided by the European Union Commission: The legal bases for EU legislation on justice and home affairs. Title IV of the European Community Treaty covers free [...]...
9. Community Transit Community transit and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Community transit provided by the European Union Commission: Customs procedure that allows goods to be moved from one point in the Community to another. Resources See Also Popular Treaties Topics Treaties of the United [...]...
10. External Responsibilities External responsibilities of the European Community and the Treaties of the European Union Description of External responsibilities of the European Community provided by the European Union Commission: The European Community's external responsibilities are defined in accordance with whether [...]...
11. Common Transport Policy Common transport policy and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Common transport policy provided by the European Union Commission: The goal of the common transport policy is to remove obstacles at the borders between Member States so as to facilitate the free movement of persons [...]...
12. Contracting Party Contracting Party and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Contracting Party provided by the European Union Commission: A contracting party is a State or an Intergovernmental Organisation or other entity with treaty making capacity that has expressed its consent to be bound by a [...]...
13. Combined Nomenclature Combined nomenclature (CN) and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Combined nomenclature (CN) provided by the European Union Commission: A systematic list of goods descriptions based on the Harmonized System, serving for the purposes of the Common Customs Tariff, external trade [...]...
14. Mutual Recognition Mutual recognition and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Mutual recognition provided by the European Union Commission: A principle of international law whereby States party to an agreement decide that they will recognise and uphold legal decisions taken by competent authorities [...]...
15. Abbreviations Abbreviations and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Abbreviations provided by the European Union Commission: used in the Ratification Status field of the treaty summary AC = Acceptance AD = Accession AP = Approval CONF = Act of formal confirmation NOT = Notification S = Simple [...]...
16. Acceptance Or Approval Acceptance or Approval and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Acceptance or Approval provided by the European Union Commission: The instruments of "acceptance" or "approval" of a treaty have the same legal effect as ratification and consequently express the [...]...
17. Mutual Assistance Mutual assistance and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Mutual assistance provided by the European Union Commission: A principle of international law implying that two or more States agree to cooperate in a certain area. The assistance specified is often written into a treaty. [...]...
18. Treaty of Rome Treaty Of Rome Summary of Treaty Of Rome The document, signed at Rome in 1957 (effective January 1, 1958), by which the six founding states established the European Economic Community (read this and related legal terms for further details). (Main Author: William J. Miller) The Treaty of [...]...
19. Treaty Authentication Authentication and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Authentication provided by the European Union Commission: The term "authentication" refers to the procedure whereby the text of a treaty is established as authentic and definitive. Once a treaty has been [...]...
20. Community Law Community Law, law of the member states of the European Union (EU), as adopted by the union's Council of Ministers. The European Court of Justice interprets and applies EU law. Community law forms part of the law of states and prevails over national law. (1) Community Law and Europe There [...]...
21. Community Acquis Community acquis and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Community acquis provided by the European Union Commission: The Community acquis is the body of common rights and obligations which bind all the Member States together within the European Union. It is constantly evolving [...]...
22. Signature Ad Referendum Signature ad referendum and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Signature ad referendum provided by the European Union Commission: A representative may sign a treaty "ad referendum", i.e., under the condition that the signature is confirmed by his state. In this case, [...]...
23. African, Caribbean and Pacific Countries Group African, Caribbean and Pacific countries (ACP) Group and the Treaties of the European Union Description of African, Caribbean and Pacific countries (ACP) Group provided by the European Union Commission: The African, Caribbean and Pacific countries (ACP) Group was formed when the first [...]...
24. Court of First Instance of the European Union Court of First Instance of the European Communities (CFI) and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Court of First Instance of the European Communities (CFI) provided by the European Union Commission: The CFI was set up in 1989 to strengthen the protection of individuals' [...]...
25. Legal Personality The Legal History of Legal Personality in Islamic Law This section provides an overview of Legal Personality in Islamic Law Legal Personality and Europe There is an entry on legal personality in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Legal [...]...
26. Definitive Signature Definitive Signature and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Definitive Signature provided by the European Union Commission: When the treaty is not subject to ratification, acceptance or approval, "definitive signature" establishes the consent of the state to be bound [...]...
27. Treaty Objection Objection and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Objection provided by the European Union Commission: Any signatory or contracting state has the option of objecting to a reservation, inter alia, if, in its opinion, the reservation is incompatible with the object and purpose of [...]...
28. Delimitation of Competences Delimitation of competences and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Delimitation of competences provided by the European Union Commission: The delimitation of competences between the European Union and its Member States is one of the main points for consideration identified by [...]...
29. North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) and the Treaties of the European Union Description of NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) provided by the European Union Commission: The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO, or the Atlantic Alliance) was founded in 1949 and has its [...]...
30. Act of Formal Confirmation Act of Formal Confirmation and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Act of Formal Confirmation provided by the European Union Commission: "Act of formal confirmation" is used as an equivalent for the term "ratification" when an international organization [...]...
31. Modification Modification and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Modification provided by the European Union Commission: The term "modification" refers to the variation of certain treaty provisions only as between particular parties of a treaty, while in their relation to the other [...]...
32. Citizenship of the Union Citizenship of the Union and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Citizenship of the Union provided by the European Union Commission: Citizenship of the Union is dependent on holding the nationality of one of the Member States. In other words, anyone who is a national of aMember [...]...
33. Cotonou Agreement Cotonou Agreement and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Cotonou Agreement provided by the European Union Commission: Signed in 2000, this agreement replaced the Lomé Convention. Its main objective is to create a new framework for co-operation between the members of the [...]...
34. Treaty Signature Signature and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Signature provided by the European Union Commission: Signature not subject to ratification ( see Definitive signature) • Simple signature ( see Signature subject to Ratification, Acceptance of Approval) • Signature ad [...]...
35. Berne Convention Definition of Berne Convention In accordance with the work A Dictionary of Law, this is a description of Berne Convention : The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works: an international convention of September 1886 that sets out ground rules for protection of [...]...
36. European Commission Spanish Translation of European Commission This is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to European Commission and / or a definition of this topic: Comisión Europea (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry). European Commission and the Treaties of the [...]...
37. All States Formula All States formula and the Treaties of the European Union Description of All States formula provided by the European Union Commission: The "all States formula" has been used often in multilateral agreements that seek universal participation (normally relating to disarmament, human [...]...
38. Treaty Notification Notification and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Notification provided by the European Union Commission: The term "notification" refers to a formality through which a state or an international organization communicates certain facts or events of legal importance. [...]...
39. Animal Welfare Animal welfare and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Animal welfare provided by the European Union Commission: The question of animal welfare was first addressed in an additional protocol attached to the Treaty of Amsterdam (1997). This "Protocol on protection and welfare [...]...
40. European Development Fund EDF and the Treaties of the European Union Description of EDF provided by the European Union Commission: The European Development Fund is the main instrument for Community aid for development cooperation in the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries and the Overseas Countries and [...]...
41. Exchange of Notes Exchange of Letters/Notes and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Exchange of Letters/Notes provided by the European Union Commission: States may express their consent to be bound by an "exchange of letters/notes". The basic characteristic of this procedure is that the [...]...
42. Founding Treaties Treaties (Founding Treaties) and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Treaties (Founding Treaties) provided by the European Union Commission: The establishment of the first "Community", the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), was the starting point for over fifty [...]...
43. Vienna Formula Vienna formula and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Vienna formula provided by the European Union Commission: This formula was developed to overcome the uncertainties of the "all States formula". The Vienna formula attempts to identify in detail the entities eligible [...]...
44. International Development Agenda 21 and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Agenda 21 provided by the European Union Commission: Agenda 21 stands for "Agenda for the 21st Century". It is a declaration from the Earth Summit (UN Conference on the Environment and Development) held in Rio de Janeiro [...]...
45. Modus Vivendi Modus Vivendi and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Modus Vivendi provided by the European Union Commission: A modus vivendi is an instrument recording an international agreement of temporary or provisional nature intended to be replaced by an arrangement of a more permanent [...]...
46. Court of Justice of the European Communities Court of Justice of the European Communities and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Court of Justice of the European Communities provided by the European Union Commission: The Court of Justice is composed of the same number of judges as there are Member States. At present it has [...]...
47. Treaty Revision Revision and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Revision provided by the European Union Commission: Revision has basically the same meaning as amendment. However, some treaties provide for a revision additional to an amendment (i.e., Article 109 of the Charter of the United [...]...
48. Development Aid Development aid and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Development aid provided by the European Union Commission: The beginnings of the European Community's development policy coincided with the signature of the Treaty of Rome in 1957, and the Member States' overseas countries [...]...
49. Foreign Policy COREU (CORespondance EUropéenne) and the Treaties of the European Union Description of COREU (CORespondance EUropéenne) provided by the European Union Commission: Coreu is an EU communication network between the Member States and the Commission for cooperation in the fields of [...]...
50. Third Country Third country and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Third country provided by the European Union Commission: Any country that is not a Member State of the EU. Resources See Also Popular Treaties Topics Treaties of the United Nations (UN) Types of Treaties International [...]...
51. Consumer Protection The Legal History of Consumer Protection This section provides an overview of Consumer Protection Privacy, Security and Internet Advertising in the Context of Internet Law Read, in this legal Encyclopedia, about the topic of this section, and, specially, about Introduction to Consumer [...]...
52. European Community European Community (EC) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of European Community (EC): (Previously known as the European Economic Community, or EEC; the term "European Communities" [...]...
53. COREPER Coreper Coreper and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Coreper provided by the European Union Commission: Coreper, the French acronym by which the Permanent Representatives Committee is known, consists of the Member States' Ambassadors to the European Union ("Permanent [...]...
54. European Council European Council and the Treaties of the European Union Description of European Council provided by the European Union Commission: The European Council is the term used to describe the regular meetings of the Heads of State or Government of the European Union Member States. Its purpose is to [...]...
55. Energy Energy and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Energy provided by the European Union Commission: The aim of European Union energy policy is to guarantee secure, low-cost energy supplies which pose no risk to the health of citizens and the environment. At the outset, the Treaties [...]...
56. Intergovernment Community and intergovernmental methods and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Community and intergovernmental methods provided by the European Union Commission: The Community method is the expression used for the institutional operating mode set up in the first pillar of the [...]...
57. Agricultural Products Agricultural products and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Agricultural products provided by the European Union Commission: In the WTO agriculture negotiations, the product coverage is defined in Annex 1 of the Agreement. The definition covers not only basic agricultural [...]...
58. Fight Against International Organised Crime Fight against international organised crime and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Fight against international organised crime provided by the European Union Commission: The European Union has attached priority to the fight against organised crime. A plan of action approved by [...]...
59. Treaty Publication Registration and Publication and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Registration and Publication provided by the European Union Commission: Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations provides that "every treaty and every international agreement entered into by any [...]...
60. Free Movement of Workers Free Movement of Workers and the Principle of Equal Treatment and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Free Movement of Workers and the Principle of Equal Treatment provided by the European Union Commission: Every citizen of the EU has the right to work and live in another Member [...]...
61. Maastricht Treaty The Maastricht Treaty (a/k/a the "Treaty of Maastricht" or the "Treaty on Economic Union") created the Euro as Europe's single currency. The treaty was signed Feb. 1, 1992 and came into force Nov. 1, 1993, although the Euro didn't come into use until 1999. The Treaty is [...]...
62. Consensus The Legal History of Ijm_ (Consensus of Jurists) This section provides an overview of Ijm_ (Consensus of Jurists) Consensus in Election Law Method of decision making in which all stakeholders participate and attempt to align their positions. Consensus is not unanimity on a decision but rather [...]...
63. Council of the European Union Council of the European Union and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Council of the European Union provided by the European Union Commission: The Council of the European Union (the "Council of Ministers" or the "Council") is the Union's main [...]...
64. Eurocorps Eurocorps and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Eurocorps provided by the European Union Commission: Eurocorps was set up at the 59th Franco-German summit, which took place in La Rochelle on 21 and 22 May 1992. Three other countries have since joined it: Belgium on 25 June [...]...
65. Charter Charter, document conferring rights or privileges on an individual or a group of people. The term originally applied to a written conveyance of land titles, often between private parties. In this sense the word now used is deed. The term charter is used to describe a grant of land or special [...]...
66. Committee of the Regions Committee of the Regions and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Committee of the Regions provided by the European Union Commission: Created by the Maastricht Treaty in 1992, the Committee of the Regions (CoR) is an advisory body which enables regional and local authorities to [...]...
67. Free Movement of Persons Free movement of persons (visas, asylum, immigration and other policies) and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Free movement of persons (visas, asylum, immigration and other policies) provided by the European Union Commission: The Treaty of Amsterdam, in force since 1 May 1999, [...]...
68. Europe Agreement Europe agreement and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Europe agreement provided by the European Union Commission: A Europe agreement is a specific type of association agreement concluded between the European Union and certain Central and Eastern European states (Article 310 of [...]...
69. Provisional Application Provisional Application and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Provisional Application provided by the European Union Commission: The growing use of provisional application clauses in treaties is a consequence of the need felt to give effect to treaty obligations prior to a [...]...
70. Accession Accession in Constitutional Law From the Comparative Constitutions Project: Accession is a process by which a country becomes a member of an international agreement or of another state. For example, all but the original fifteen colonies in the United States were granted accession into the [...]...
71. European Economic Area European Economic Area and the Treaties of the European Union Description of European Economic Area provided by the European Union Commission: Agreement Between the Community, and three Member States of the European Free Trade Area (EFTA)(not Switzerland) entered into force on 1 January 2004 [...]...
72. Treaty Reservation Reservation and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Reservation provided by the European Union Commission: A reservation is a declaration made by a state by which it purports to exclude or alter the legal effect of certain provisions of the treaty in their application to that [...]...
73. Green Parties Green Parties and Europe There is an entry on green parties in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Green Parties" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney Leach (Profile Books; London)...
74. Green Box Green Box and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Green Box: A term used in the context of GA TT negotiations on agriculture and on export subsidiesto refer to a category of [...]...
75. Green Clause A provision in a letter OF CREDIT (read this and related legal terms for further details) similar to a RED CLAUSE (read this and related legal t......
76. Green Rate A special rate of exchange used in converting agricultural prices fixed in units of account into national currencies, within the framework of the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further deta......
77. Green Revolution Summary of Green Revolution A significant increase in agricultural productivity beginning in the 1960s with the development of high-yield hybrid strains of cereal grains. The movement to expand output in underdeveloped areas was further accelerated by aid programs, such as Food for Peace, [...]...
78. Green Round Green Round and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Green Round: A term referring to a proposed new GATT Round of multilateral negotiations that would address environmental [...]...
79. Green Economy Green Economy (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Green Economy means: as one that results in improved human well-being and social equity, while significantly reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities. A green economy can be thought of as one which is low carbon, [...]...
80. Green Room Consultations Green Room Consultations and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Green Room Consultations: Informal meetings of heads of delegations to the GATT Uruguay Roundnegotiations. Such [...]...
81. Green Climate Fund Green Climate Fund in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to Green Climate Fund: At COP-19, the Parties to the FCCC took several steps toward full operation of the Green Climate Fund ("GCF"), a financial mechanism to support projects and programs in [...]...
82. Green Heywood Hackworth Green Heywood Hackworth (1883–1973): Life and Work Within the context of international law, this section explores the context, historical significance and the main work of Green Heywood Hackworth (1883–1973).U.S. national; official of State Department 1916- 1946; Member, P.C.A. 1937- 1960; [...]...
83. Green Procurement Identification of Green Procurement Drivers and Their Interrelationship Using Fuzzy Tism and Micmac Analysis, the Law and other Social Sciences The objective of the current study is to identify the leading green procurement drivers and identify the interrelationships using fuzzy total [...]...
84. Green Jobs Resources See Also Economic Development Social development...
85. White Paper White Paper and the Treaties of the European Union Description of White Paper provided by the European Union Commission: Commission White Papers are documents containing proposals for Community action in a specific area. In some cases they follow a Green Paper published to launch a [...]...
86. Cockfield White Paper Cockfield White Paper and Europe There is an entry on cockfield white paper in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Cockfield White Paper" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney [...]...
87. Agricultural Paper Bills of exchange, drafts, and like instruments that arise from transactions in agricultural commodities. Agricultural paper with maturities of nine months or less may be discounted at regional Federal Reserve banks, subject to eligibility requirements contained in Federal Reserve Regulation A. See ......
88. Bank Paper A bill of exchange or other negotiable that has been accepted or endorsed by a bank.......
89. Bankable Paper Debt obligations issued or endorsed by persons or firms of sufficiently high credit standing so as to render the instruments acceptable for discount or as collateral by commercial banks.......
90. Commercial Paper Summary of Commercial Paper Unsecured debt obligations of large, credit-worthy firms, issued for periods of one year or less.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Resources See Also Bearer instrument Instrument Negotiable instruments Note Trade acceptance...
91. Eligible Paper Drafts, bills of exchange, and other instruments that satisfy requirements for discount or re-discount at the counters of a Federal Reserve bank. In addition to being eligible, i.e., arising from an approved transaction, the paper must be acceptable, i.e., drawn, accepted, or endorsed by a credit-wo......
92. Financial Paper Short-term, unsecured promissory notes issued by finance companies. The funds raised by the sale of financial paper are loaned out to commercial firms to finance inventories and current receivables.......
93. Mercantile Paper Acceptances, short-term notes, and similar short-term obligations of firms engaged in the merchandising, but not the production, of commodities.......
94. Paper Basis A system in which the national currency is not based upon precious metal.......
95. Paper Gold A common reference to Special Drawing Rights (read this and related legal terms for further details) issued by the International Monetary Fund.......
96. Paper Piracy See Piracy.......
97. Paper Rate A rate in a tariff under which no cargo moves.......
98. Ballot Paper Mock Ballot Paper in Election Law Ballot paper used during civic and voter education campaigns to familiarise voters with the real ballot papers used on election day. It shows the ballot structure, how it should be marked and how to avoid marking it in a way that would render it invalid. [...]...
99. Accommodation Paper Description of Accommodation Paper Resources See Also Bills Notes...
100. Order Paper Resources See Also Order document Order instrument...
101. Conference Paper Resources See Also Communication Information Meeting...
102. Paper Industry Resources See Also Industry Industrial Unionism Labor Law Industrial Disputes Business Law...
103. Research Paper Resources See Also Research Investigation Legal Research Study...
104. Paper Trail for Electronic Voting Electronic Voting A 'Paper Trail' for Electronic VotingIntroduction to Paper Trail for Electronic VotingThis lack of an independent proof, or audit trail, for the vote data collected by DREs led numerous computer scientists to consider the requirement that all electronic el......
105. Non-Paper Non-Paper Non-Paper and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Non-Paper: In GATT parlance, a proposed agreement or negotiating text circulated informally among delegations for [...]...
106. Commodity Paper Drafts or bills of exchange arising from transactions involving the sale of commodities. The draft is usually accompanied by negotiable bills of lading, warehouse receipts, or similar documents of title permitting the holder of the draft to dispose of the commodities in the event the drawee defaults......
107. Bearer Paper Order Paper, Bearer Paper, and Series Notes in relation with Promissory Notes This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of Order Paper, Bearer Paper, and Series Notes covered in connexion with Promissory Notes and banking / lending Institutions. Resources See Also Bearer document [...]...
108. Chattel Paper Resources See Also Secured transaction Security agreement...
109. Working Paper Resources See Also Document Information Science Research Investigation Legal Research Study...
110. Greece The Legal History of Literature and Law in Ancient Greece This section provides an overview of Literature and Law in Ancient Greece Greece in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): On July 17, 2011, the [...]...
111. Group of Seven Group of Seven (G- 7) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Group of Seven (G- 7): The seven leading industrial countries of the world: the United States, Japan, Germany, France, the United [...]...
112. HAYA DE LA TORRE CASE HAYA DE LA TORRE CASE Judgment of 13 June 1951 The Haya de la Torre case between Colombia and Peru with Cuba as intervening Party, was brought before the Court under the following circumstances: In a Judgment delivered on November 20th, 1950, the Court [...]...
113. European Convention on Human Rights Introduction The European Convention on Human Rights was a reaction against the horrific abuses of human rights that took place before and during the Second World War, followed by further abuses occurring within the newly formed Communist block. These led, in 1949, due in part to the [...]...
114. Customs Union Summary of Customs Union An arrangement among participating countries whereby tariffs are eliminated or virtually eliminated on products moving between members, and a common external tariff (read this and related legal terms for further details) is adopted to provide uniform treatment to [...]...
115. Gratuitous Coinage The coinage of standard metal without a minting fee, i.e., brassage or seigniorage. This act should not be confused with free coinage, which is the unrestricted minting of a standard metal, with or without minting fees.......
116. Gross Charter Also known as gross terms, a vessel charter arrangement whereby all expenses, to include loading, unloading, pilotage (read this and related legal terms for further details), et cetera, are for the account of the vessel.......
117. Gross Domestic Product Summary of Gross Domestic Product The aggregate value, expressed in monetary terms, of all goods and services produced within a national economy during a given time period, usually one year.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Gross Domestic Product (gdp) (in the Human Development [...]...
118. Group Of Twenty Group Of Twenty Summary of Group Of Twenty A committee established by the International Monetary Fund (read this and related legal terms for further details) to recommend reforms in the world monetary order. On July 26, 1972, the IMF adopted resolution 27-10, establishing the Committee on [...]...
119. Group Of Twenty-Four A block of less developed nations that has called for the allocation of 45 percent of the voting quota at the international Monetary Fund (read this and related legal terms for further details) to Third World nations. Cu......
120. Intellectual Property Summary of Intellectual Property Intellectual Property is, according withWilliam J. Miller, a general term covering industrial property such as patents, trademarks, and trade names, as well as literary and artistic property, including copyrights. Consideration of the meaning of the word [...]...