Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Votes Single Non-transferable Vote (sntv) in Election Law Electoral system in which the voter is asked to vote for a single candidate in a multi-member district represented by several seats. The candidates who receive the most votes are declared winners. In this type of system, electors vote for [...]...
2. Political Rights International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (iccpr) in Election Law The ICCPR builds on the right to political participation by further detailing the requirements associated with elections that are a key part of this right. Article 25 of the ICCPR has been referred to as 'the [...]...
3. Voter Information Voter Information in Election Law A process of giving relevant factual information about an election process on a timely basis. This includes when, where and how voters will vote. When this is done during the preparatory stages of an election, particularly a general election, it aids [...]...
4. Party System Single Party System in Election Law System found in non-democratic regimes, where elections are not held because one party dominates the political scene, either by law or through practices that eliminate any chance of other parties taking part in an election or obtaining seats if they do. Two [...]...
5. Block Party Block Vote (pbv) in Election Law A plurality/majority system using multi-member districts in which voters cast a single party-centred vote for a party of choice and do not choose between candidates. The party with the most votes will win every seat in the electoral district. Resources [...]...
6. Election Campaign Election Campaign in Election Law Series of activities, occurring before a vote, carried out by political parties or individuals, in order to promote their political programme and principles. These activities can include meetings, rallies, interviews, debates, etc., in order to attract the [...]...
7. Secret Ballot Secret Ballot in Election Law A fundamental principle in democratic elections, by which the voter is entitled to vote without being seen by others, a potential source of pressure and intimidation which could invalidate the freedom of choice. An election authority is therefore obliged to [...]...
8. Electoral Rights Electoral Rights in Election Law All the civil rights and liberties that a citizen may enjoy in the context of an election, including the right to register as a voter, the right to vote, stand as a candidate, join a political party and campaign. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws [...]...
9. Election Process Election Process in Election Law Set of legal measures and concrete operations needed to hold an election. A starting point may be a writ or decree calling voters to vote in a particular election and may require the adoption of an electoral law. The election process includes voter [...]...
10. Tactical Tactical Voting in Election Law A vote based on political calculation, often implying that the elector votes for a party or candidate that he or she does not really support, but does so to keep out a party or candidate that he or she does not want to see elected. Resources See Also Election [...]...
11. Voter Eligible Voter in Election Law Individual who satisfies the legal requirements to participate in an election. These requirements are usually related to nationality, age, mental health, etc. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
12. Electoral Fraud Ballot Tampering in Election Law A method of electoral fraud which consists of manipulating the ballot in any manner which would invalidate the vote or alter the counting results. It may happen at different stages of the polling and counting operations. Resources See Also Election Law [...]...
13. Coalition Government Coalition Government in Election Law Government formed by more than one political party, sometimes (but not always) formed when no party obtains an absolute majority in an election. Two or more parties therefore come to an agreement to govern together. Resources See Also Election Law [...]...
14. Candidacy Candidacy Withdrawal in Election Law Situation of a person who stood as a candidate but decides to stand down from the electoral race before election day. This can come as the result of a personal decision or the result of a decision by the political party to which the person belongs. In many [...]...
15. Media Access to Media in Election Law The right and ability of each candidate to appear in audiovisual media and use any other means to communicate his or her political programme, values and principles to the public. Equal access to media is one of the prerequisites of a fair election. Media in [...]...
16. Constituency Ad Hoc Electoral Constituency in Election Law Constituency established specifically for one particular election, which is therefore redefined periodically. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
17. Election Management Executive Director of The Election Management Body (emb) in Election Law Person responsible for managing the election authority to ensure it works effectively. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
18. Electoral Advertising Electoral Advertising in Election Law Used by candidates of public or private, free or paid media or advertising to promote their political programme and mobilise voters before an election starts, according to electoral law and the election calendar. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral [...]...
19. Information Officer Information Officer in Election Law Person appointed by the election authority to provide information to the public, generally in every polling station. The information officer guides voters and provides assistance to those who experience difficulties in exercising their right to vote. [...]...
20. Family Vote Family Vote in Election Law Type of vote where one family member instructs others how to vote, or even in some cases votes in place of family members (e.g. by collecting all their voters' cards). This practice is considered a type of electoral fraud. Resources See Also Election Law [...]...
21. Ordinary Vote Ordinary Vote in Election Law Vote cast by a voter on election day in the appropriate polling station. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
22. Rally An increase in stock or commodity prices following a decline.......
23. Absentee Vote Absentee Vote or Ballot in Election Law Method by which a person may vote without going to the polling station on election day. Depending on national laws, the voter has a certain period of time during which he or she can obtain a ballot before the election. The ballot paper is filled out and [...]...
24. Power Sharing Power Sharing in Election Law In the context of an election, this often refers to an agreement made by political parties on their participation in the government after the vote. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
25. Credibility Credibility in Election Law In the context of elections, voter confidence in the electoral process, including voter registration, the electoral system, procedures, vote count, etc., and also in the main actors: political parties, candidates, the Election Management Body (EMB) and the media, [...]...
26. Party Convention Party Convention in Election Law Periodic meeting of a party's leaders and delegates to discuss and approve the party's platform and position on key questions in an upcoming election, as well as to elect the party leaders for a given period, usually until the next convention. During a [...]...
27. Eligibility In the United States For information about Eligibility in the context of international trade, click here Eligibility (to be Elected) in Election Law The legal capacity to be a candidate. Eligibility (to Vote) in Election Law The legal capacity to be a voter. Resources See Also Disability [...]...
28. Voting Preference Voting in Constitutional Law From the Comparative Constitutions Project: A ranked ballot or preferential voting system is a type of voting system in which each voter casts their vote by ranking candidates in order of preference. 'Bandwagon' Voting in Election Law Voting for [...]...
29. Election Management Body Election Management Body (emb) as an Electoral Commission in Election Law A collective body that is independent from the executive branch of government and which is tasked, by law, to prepare and implement elections. It is administratively and financially independent and is made up of [...]...
30. Advance Voting Advance Voting in Election Law Method by which a registered voter who cannot vote on election day may do so earlier. This can be done in several ways, including by postal vote or at a specific location. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
31. Voters Unbalanced Distribution of Voters in Election Law Situation in which certain constituencies/ districts are overpopulated while others are underpopulated. This happens when electoral boundaries are not updated to reflect demographic trends or are deliberately manipulated so as to influence [...]...
32. Candidate Candidate, person who seeks or is nominated for an office, prize, or honor. In politics, candidates aspire to be elected to office by conducting campaigns. (1) Candidate in Election Law Any person who aspires to public office and fulfills the eligibility criteria set by the Election Management [...]...
33. Direct Democracy Direct Democracy Instrument in Election Law Method by which citizens can participate directly in the political decision making process. It may take one of three forms: 1. Citizens voting on a public policy proposal originating from somewhere outside the legislature (referendum); 2. Citizens [...]...
34. Manifesto Election Platform or Manifesto or Programme in Election Law The principles, values and projects that one or more candidates or political party present during their campaign and commit to uphold and implement in order to secure as many votes as possible on election day. Resources See Also [...]...
35. Military Voting Military Voting in Election Law In some countries, members of the military are allowed to vote. Given that they are often based far from their electoral constituencies, polling centres are sometimes set up inside military bases. In other cases, military personnel vote by mail or proxy. This [...]...
36. Protest Vote Protest Vote in Election Law A voter's choice that expresses his or her dissatisfaction or mistrust of the candidates in the race or of the election process itself. A protest vote may take the form of a blank or spoilt ballot in the ballot box, or a vote for a candidate who has no chance [...]...
37. Call for Election Call For Election in Election Law A formal writ issued by the legally competent authority, calling on voters to go to the polls on a specified day or period to exercise their right to vote, as defined by the law. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
38. Polling Political Campaign How Campaigns are Conducted Polling Introduction to Polling Surveys of voter opinion provide the raw material of modern political campaigns. Political consultants use this information to run campaigns that closely resemble the efforts of businesses to market produc......
39. Seats Allocation of Seats in Election Law Distribution of seats obtained by a party or list of independent candidates, based on the number of votes obtained by each party or individual candidate. Depending on the electoral system in place, the allocation of seats can be subject to complex [...]...
40. Prisoner Prisoner Vote in Election Law Some countries allow prisoners to vote. Given that they are usually incarcerated far from their electoral constituencies and obviously cannot leave, polling centres are set up inside jails so that they may exercise their right to vote. Resources See Also Social [...]...
41. Blank Ballot Blank Ballot in Election Law Voting paper on which a voter makes no mark, so as to not indicate a choice. Blank ballots are sometimes treated and counted as invalid, in the same way that a ballot paper marked twice is disqualified. In some countries, a blank vote can be seen as a political [...]...
42. Electoral System Electoral System in Constitutional Law From the Comparative Constitutions Project: The structures and processes necessary to hold an election including the electoral laws, system of appointment, redistribution and voting. Electoral System in Election Law The part of the electoral regulations [...]...
43. Disenfranchisement Disenfranchisement in Election Law The revocation of the right of suffrage (the right to vote) of a person or group of people, or through practices that prevent a person from exercising his or her right to vote. Disfranchisement can be explicit, for example as a result of legal provisions, or [...]...
44. Card Voter Card in Election Law Document issued after voter registration, entitling a person to vote. The card usually mentions the name, date of birth, address and sometimes the polling station where the cardholder must vote. Some legislations require the person to show their voter card as well as [...]...
45. Identity Card Identity Card in Election Law Official document usually bearing a photograph that is issued by the authorities to citizens so that they may prove their identity. Resources See Also Civil Liberty Civil Right Legal Right Citizen Freedom Political Liberty Constitutional Right Political Right [...]...
46. Representative Representative (of a Party or Candidate) in Election Law A person entrusted by a party or candidate to represent them and be present at polling stations on election day to ensure that election operations and ballot counting are conducted in a legal manner. Resources See Also Election Law [...]...
47. Symbol Symbol in Election Law Sign or emblem that represents and identifies a political party, organisation or candidate. Resources See Also Language Legal English Language Policy Language Law Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation...
48. Tabulation Tabulation of Votes in Election Law The process of compiling the result of a vote count at an election. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
49. Proxy Voting Proxy Voting or Vote by Proxy in Election Law Vote cast by a person on behalf of another, as stipulated by law, when he or she cannot exercise his or her right to vote in person. To vote by proxy, the voter must nominate a trusted person whom he or she delegates to vote on his or her behalf. [...]...
50. Banner Banner in Election Law Long strip of fabric or other material secured at both ends by poles, used to promote election candidates. Usually this features the name of a candidate or party, along with a clear, short slogan that sums up the political programme and promises to voters. Resources See [...]...
51. Campaign Strategy Campaign Strategy in Election Law Plan of action developed by a candidate or a political party aimed at obtaining the best electoral performance. It covers target audience studies, campaign messages and other elements. This 'road map' is drawn up before the campaign starts and includes [...]...
52. Political Environment Political Environment in Election Law Various conditions and components of a political scene in a given country at a given time, together with its actors: members of the government, political parties, the opposition, those who are represented and those who are not, etc. The term is often used [...]...
53. Public Confidence Public Confidence (in an Electoral Context) in Election Law State of mind of a population in relation to the environment in which elections take place and the political class. Confidence can be inspired by electoral processes that are transparent, inclusive, understandable and respect the will [...]...
54. Return Return in Election Law Declaration by a returning officer of a candidate or party in an election as being the winner, according to the electoral law. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
55. Verified Verified Vote in Election Law A vote whose validity requires supporting documentation from the proper authority of the country of citizenship. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
56. Elections Election and Political Law Genuine Elections in Election Law In the field of elections, this term implies the presence of conditions for a level playing field in the electoral race. This mainly includes the exercise of political rights and freedoms, having parties and candidates competing on [...]...
57. Accreditation Accreditation in Election Law Administrative procedure by which a person or an entity is qualified to carry out a specific task in connection with an election. Different stakeholders must normally apply for accreditation from the electoral authorities to obtain a document, badge or pass giving [...]...
58. Badge Badge in Election Law A label bearing information worn by a person to identify him or her and the organisation which he or she represents or works for. Badges must be worn in a way which allows its owner to be easily identified. In many countries, the electoral law stipulates that badges must [...]...
59. Electoral Budget Electoral Budget in Election Law Financial resources allocated for conducting an election according to provisions established by the legal framework. There is always an ordinary budget for day-to-day functioning of the electoral administration and a special electoral budget which is drafted [...]...
60. Political Party Political Broadcast in Election Law A message recorded by the parties and/or transmitted live on TV, radio or online. The duration and frequency of the broadcasts are usually regulated by law. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
61. Voter Registration Election: Voter Registration Introduction to Voter Registration In addition to differences in political party strength, these national differences in voter participation result from variations in registration rules and the organization of elections. In Europe, governments automatical......
62. Impersonation Identity Theft or Impersonation in Election Law Type of election fraud in which an individual's identity is stolen in order to usurp his or her vote. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
63. Party List Party List in Election Law List of candidates submitted by a political party. Party List and Europe There is an entry on party list in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Party List" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European [...]...
64. District District Magnitude in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: The number of candidates to be elected from an electoral district....
65. Public Financing Public Financing in Election Law Sums of money provided by the state to parties or candidates running in an election to cover costs incurred by their participation, in particular during the election campaign. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
66. Valid Valid Ballot or Valid Vote in Election Law Ballot which clearly indicates the voter's intention and fulfils the requirements of electoral law and can be included in the vote count. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
67. Observer Observer and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Observer: An observer to the GATT is a country or international organization that has been authorized by the GATT Council (Sec. [...]...
68. Legitimate Government Legitimate Government in Election Law Government chosen through a genuine electoral process, in accordance with the constitution and the law. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
69. Compulsory Compulsory Voting in Election Law Legal measure by which citizens are obliged to vote. In certain countries, individuals who abstain from voting without good and sufficient reason can be subject to a fine. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
70. Escort Voter Escort in Election Law Person whose role is defined by electoral law and who is authorised to accompany disabled, elderly or illiterate voters and assist them in exercising their right to vote. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
71. Victory Landslide Victory in Election Law Election in which a candidate or party wins a significantly large number of votes or seats, many more than the rivals. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
72. Nomination Introduction to Nomination Nomination, in politics, the formal selection and presentation of a candidate for an elective office. Four principal methods of nomination have been used in the U.S.: nomination by political convention, by primary election, by caucus, and by petition. Before 1800 c......
73. Opposition Opposition in E.U. Patent SystemThe time period allowed for an interested party to post oppositions to the grant of a patent. For example, this may be up to nine months from the date of grant of a European patent....
74. Civic Education Civic Education in Election Law Didactic programme that takes into account the relationship between citizen participation and democracy, in particular the role and responsibility of the individual, government, political organisations, interest groups and the media. The objective is both to [...]...
75. Election Observation Declaration of Global Principles For Non-partisan Election Observation and Monitoring by Citizen Organisations in Election Law This declaration provides an important set of values and rules for accountability of non-partisan electoral monitoring organisations, in a similar way to those [...]...
76. Coverage Coverage and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Coverage: The extent of applicability of a trade action, agreement, or policy....
77. Electoral Legislation Electoral Legislation in Election Law Set of constitutional, legislative, regulatory or other texts which govern the election process. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
78. Preferential Vote Preferential Vote in Election Law System used in list-based voting which gives a greater choice to the voter, who is not obliged to keep candidates in the order in which they are presented by their parties. Voters may mark a preference for one or more candidates or may themselves rank all [...]...
79. Stakeholder Stakeholder in Election Law Actor involved in and concerned with the electoral process: voters, election administration, candidates, political parties, voters, media, civil society, international and domestic observers and donors. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral [...]...
80. Timetable Electoral Calendar or Timetable in Election Law A schedule according to which all the phases of a specific election process will take place, such as the day on which voter registration begins and ends, the day on which individuals register their candidacy, the election campaign period, [...]...
81. Constitutional Referendum Constitutional Referendum in Election Law Direct vote by the electorate to adopt, revise or reject the constitution or any of its article(s). Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
82. Multi-party System Multi-party System in Election Law A system in which more than two political parties participate in the political life of a country, in debates and in elections. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
83. Confidence Vote of no Confidence in Election Law Power of an electorate to put an end to the mandate of an elected official before his or her term ends. The measure can apply to a single official or to the entire legislative body, depending on the law of the country. Resources See Also Election Law [...]...
84. Majority Majority (By an unspecified method) in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: In any majority electoral system, there is necessariliy a method of deciding the winner when no single option has a majority of the votes cast. However, the method is not always specified in the [...]...
85. Election Irregularity Election Irregularity in Election Law Acts of inadvertence or negligence by election officers or actors in the electoral process that violate the procedures or the electoral law. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
86. Electoral Quotient Electoral Quotient in Election Law Method used to calculate the number of votes necessary to obtain a seat in a proportional representation system. It can be determined at constituency level by dividing the number of valid votes cast (V) by the number of seats (S) in the constituency, or at [...]...
87. National Unity Government National Unity Government in Election Law Government formed by the overwhelming majority – or all the political parties represented in a parliament. Such a government is formed only when the political, economic or security situation of the country requires a certain level of consensus. [...]...
88. Caretaker Caretaker Government in Election Law Term used to describe a defeated government prior to the designation of a new governmental team. A caretaker government's powers are limited to implementing decisions already taken within the framework of its prerogatives. This kind of government is not [...]...
89. Legal Framework Legal Framework in Election Law Broad system of rules surrounding the electoral process, consisting of constitutional provisions, legislation and regulations. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
90. Outreach Public Outreach in Election Law Provision of information to populations who might not otherwise have access to it. In many cases, groups providing information are not stationary but mobile. Outreach has an educational role, raising voters' awareness of their rights and responsibilities and [...]...
91. Private Financing Private Financing in Election Law Sums of money provided by private organisations or individuals to candidates or political parties to cover costs incurred by their political activities, such as an election campaign, in particular. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral [...]...
92. Governance Myths Literature Review on Governance Myths In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] T. Aaron Wachhaus offers the following summary about the topic of Governance Myths: Stories describing the structure of society, how government functions, or what governance and [...]...
93. Governance Networks Literature Review on Governance Networks In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Robert Agranoff and Michael McGuire offers the following summary about the topic of Governance Networks: Governance networks bring the nonprofit and for-profit sectors together with [...]...
94. Good Governance Good Governance in International Economic Law In international economic law, good governance includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal encyclopedia: li> Democracy and Minority Rights Corruption Transparency and Good Governance This section provides an overview of [...]...
95. Global Governance Embracing mainstream international law, this section on so-called right to democratic governance explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "democratic governance, so-called right to" in the Parry and Grant [...]...
96. Corporate Governance Law Corporate Governance Law......
97. Cyberspace Governance Governance in Cyberspace In his book “Cyberthreats and International Law” (Eleven International Publishing, 2012), Georg Kerschischnig wrote: “Most governments have ... Read more...
98. Water Governance Contents Water Governance Legal Issues By Jacqueline Medalye Public governance Today, various forms of governance exist in the water sector. ... Read more...
99. Community Self-governance Community Self-governance in Community Policing In this area, a meaning of Community Self-governance is available: Informal social control within neighborhoods where the community exercises control over its members' behaviors in a manner acceptable to most members....
100. Corporate Governance Contents of Corporate Governance Contents of this subject matter include: The legal structure of corporate governance: a comparative review The evolution of corporate governance, its central concerns and the resulting current mixture of law, quasi-prescriptive practice and social norms [...]...
101. Collaborative Governance Literature Review on Collaborative Governance In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] David E. Booher offers the following summary about the topic of Collaborative Governance: Collaborative governance refers to practices that engage stakeholders, citizens, and [...]...
102. Metropolitan Governance Literature Review on (Local Government) Metropolitan Governance In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Ulf Zimmermann offers the following summary about the topic of (Local Government) Metropolitan Governance: Metropolitan governance refers to the governing of [...]...
103. Certification As Governance Literature Review on (Policy Making) Certification as Governance In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Graeme Auld offers the following summary about the topic of (Policy Making) Certification as Governance: Recent decades have witnessed a proliferation of [...]...
104. Joint Governance Resources See Also Trade Unionism Trade Union Chartism Trade Union Legislation Labor Dispute...
105. Multi-Level Governance Globalization and Multi-Level Governance This section provides an overview of globalization and multi-level governance within the legal context of Historical Perspective in international economic law. Resources Further Reading Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann, "Globalization and Multi-Level [...]...
106. Information Governance Contents Information Governance Information Governance for Lawyers By Susan Kuchinskas. She covers business and the business of technology for publications ... Read more...
107. Nonprofit Governance Literature Review on Nonprofit Governance In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Fredrik O. Andersson and David O. Renz provide the following summary about the topic of Nonprofit Governance: As the nonprofit sector continues to grow in size and significance, [...]...
108. Human Rights Introduction to Human Rights "Since World War II international law has become increasingly concerned with the protection of human rights. It has provided improved procedures for that purpose within the UN. This new emphasis has also been manifested in the adoption by the UN of the [...]...
109. Government Government Definition Government may be defined as a political organization comprising the individuals and institutions authorized to formulate public policies and conduct affairs of state. Governments are empowered to establish and regulate the interrelationships of the people within their [...]...
110. Democracy Introduction to Democracy Democracy (Greek demos,"the people"; kratein, "to rule"), political system in which the people of a country rule through any form of government they choose to establish. In modern democracies, supreme authority is exercised for the most part by [...]...
111. Civil Society Civil Society in Election Law Associations, organisations and unions that are active in public affairs and constitute an independent counterforce to the powers that be. In democracies, all persons have a right to participate in public affairs, including in civil society activities and, through [...]...
112. Gender Gender in Election Law A concept that refers to the social differences between women and men that have been learrned, are changeable over time and have wide variations both within and between cultures. Gender Balance in Election Law Participation of an approximately equal number of women and [...]...
113. Education "The illiterate of the 21st century will not be those who cannot read and write, but those who cannot learn, unlearn, and relearn." -- Alvin Toffler See Education links History of Education In the following treatment of this subject, the theory and early history of education is [...]...
114. Discrimination Summary of Discrimination Unequal treatment in the duties, quotas, or administrative controls accorded to the products of one or more nations. Generally speaking, any nation which does not enjoy most FAVORED NATION (read this and related legal terms for further details) status is the subject [...]...
115. Freedom of Assembly Introduction to Freedom of Assembly Freedom of Assembly, the right of people to gather together peaceably. Freedom of assembly is related to freedom of religion and freedom of speech, as well as the right to petition (formally request) the government to change its policies. Together these [...]...
116. Gerrymander Introduction to Gerrymander Gerrymander, apportionment of electoral districts in such a way as to give the political party in power an advantage in electing its representatives. Gerrymandering can be accomplished by dispersing an opponent's supporters across so many electoral districts [...]...
117. Refugee Who Becomes a Refugee? Introduction to Refugee People leave their home countries for many reasons. Sometimes they are fleeing poverty, or they hope to find a better life in another place. People who migrate for economic reasons, however, are not considered refugees. Yet economic migrants [...]...
118. Women Women and the United Nations This general section provides an overview of the relationship of Women and the United Nations (UN). See, for example, the entry about the United Nations Development Fund For Women. The Legal History of Women This general section provides an overview of Women in [...]...
119. Training The Legal History of Education and Training This section provides an overview of Education and Training Cascade (or Pyramid) Training in Election Law Methodology that uses a layered system for communicating information from top to bottom, with multiplier effect at each level. For example, one [...]...
120. Gender Discrimination Spanish Translation of gender discrimination This is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to gender discrimination and / or a definition of this topic: Discriminación por Motivo de Sexo (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry). Gender Discrimination [...]...