Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. European Payments Union Summary of European Payments Union An intra-European mechanism for the periodic settlement of trade balances. The EPU was established July 1, 1950, among the members of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation (read this and related legal terms for further details) (OEEC) to [...]...
2. Current Account Summary of Current Account An entry in a nation's balance of payments accounts reflecting the purchase of goods or services for consumption immediately or in the near future. See Balance of Payments.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Current Account and International Trade [...]...
3. Oil Facility A borrowing facility established by the International Monetary Fund in June 1974 to provide member nations with financial resources to accommodate balance of payments deficits due to increased petroleum prices. The facility was eliminated in 1976.......
4. IMF The International Monetary Fund, abbreviated as IMF, is an international organisation, at present counting 188 member countries, with the mission to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic [...]...
5. Invisible Trade Invisible Trade in International Trade Meaning of Invisible Trade, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Non-merchandise items such as freight, insurance, and financial services that are included in a country's balance of payments accounts (in the current [...]...
6. Most Seriously Affected A description applied by the United Nations Special Fund to less developed countries whose balances of payments have been "most seriously affected" by the significant increase in the price of oil since 1973. The purpose of the fund is to provide financial assistance to the developing count......
7. Capital Account Entries in a nation's balance of payment accounts reflecting long- or shortterm loans made to other countries, or by other countries to the recording nation. See Balance of Payments.......
8. Organization For European Economic Cooperation Organization For European Economic Cooperation Summary of Organization For European Economic Cooperation A post-World War II organization established to coordinate the reconstruction of Europe. The OEEC arose in response to an Anglo-French declaration in 1947 calling for European [...]...
9. Bretton Woods System Bretton Woods System and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Bretton Woods System: The general term for the international monetary and financial system established after World [...]...
10. Family Allowances Introduction to Family AllowancesFamily Allowances, financial payments made by governments to parents to subsidize the cost of raising children. In many countries, family allowances are designed to increase populations by offering financial incentives to parents who have large families. The......
11. Devaluation Summary of Devaluation The official reduction of the value of a nation's money in relation to a standard (usually gold), special drawing rights, or the U.S. dollar. Inasmuch as all currencies are ultimately valued in terms of some standard, devaluation results in the conscious increase [...]...
12. United Nations Funding United Nations Un FundingIntroduction to United Nations FundingThe UN is funded by dues paid by each of its members. Each country's dues are based upon its wealth and ability to pay. The UN also requires countries to make financial contributions to its peacekeeping efforts. In ......
13. Auditing Of the various specialized areas of accounting that exist, the three most important are auditing, income taxation, and nonbusiness organizations. Auditing is the examination, by an independent accountant, of the financial data, accounting records, business documents, and other pertinent [...]...
14. Exchange Controls Exchange Controls and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Exchange Controls: The rationing of foreign currencies and other instruments for settling international financial [...]...
15. Financial Services Financial Services and the World Trade Organization Financial Services in relation to the World Trade Organization (WTO) covers several issues. European Passport and Europe There is an entry on european passport in the European legal encyclopedia. This section provides an overview of financial [...]...
16. Snapback Snapback and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Snapback: Provisions in a trade agreement that allow a signatory to temporarily rescind concessions under specified [...]...
17. FASB FASB in Financial Law Concept of FASB in this field: Financial Accounting Standards Board. Sets accounting standards for public and private companies. Interest Rate Swap: A contract between two parties, wherein the first counterparty agrees to make fixedrate interest payments to the second [...]...
18. Charter on Fundamental Rights of the European Union Embracing mainstream international law, this section on charter on fundamental rights of the european union explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "fundamental rights of the european union, charter on" in the [...]...
19. Financial Solidarity A component principle of the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community.......
20. Fund Resources See Also Social Protection Social Security Employment Affairs Welfare State...
21. Credit Tranche A lending facility at the International Monetary Fund for nations suffering balance of payments difficulties. Before borrowing in the credit tranche, a nation must have exhausted its gold tranche facility. The gold tranche is equivalent to the amount of gold that a nation has deposited with the IMF,......
22. Group Of Twenty Group Of Twenty Summary of Group Of Twenty A committee established by the International Monetary Fund (read this and related legal terms for further details) to recommend reforms in the world monetary order. On July 26, 1972, the IMF adopted resolution 27-10, establishing the Committee on [...]...
23. Restitutions Export and producer subsidies granted by the European Economic Community to EEC farmers and processors. The subsidies are a feature of the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details......
24. GATT Standing Committee GATT Standing Committee and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of GATT Standing Committee: A permanent body of GATT members dealing with a specific area of trade policy. Includes [...]...
25. Deficiency Payments Deficiency Payments and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Deficiency Payments: Government payments to compensate producers --usually farmers --for all or part of the [...]...
26. Fund Raising Resources See Also Finance Consumer Credit Negotiable Instrument Securities Financial Regulation Corporate Finance...
27. European Economic Area European Economic Area and the Treaties of the European Union Description of European Economic Area provided by the European Union Commission: Agreement Between the Community, and three Member States of the European Free Trade Area (EFTA)(not Switzerland) entered into force on 1 January 2004 [...]...
28. Framework Agreement Framework Agreement and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Framework Agreement: A package of agreements negotiated during the Tokyo Round, dealing with (a) differential and [...]...
29. Financial Condition Literature Review on Financial Condition In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Jane Beckett-Camarata offers the following summary about the topic of Financial Condition: This entry describes local government financial condition, its importance, and discusses [...]...
30. Financial Emergencies Literature Review on Financial Emergencies In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Jane Beckett-Camarata offers the following summary about the topic of Financial Emergencies: This entry provides a comprehensive description of local government financial [...]...
31. Interstate System Structure International Relations The Interstate System Structure of Relationships Introduction to Interstate System StructureThroughout the history of the interstate system, the relationships between nations have been structured in various ways, depending on how power was distributed among ......
32. Committees System of Committees Further Reading A concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including Committees, H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including Committees, Boczek, Boleslaw Adam -2005) Dooge Committee [...]...
33. Barre Plan A scheme to enhance the European economy through monetary unification. Articulated in February 1969 by Raymond Barré, then vice-president of the European Community Commission, and later premier of France, essentially the plan provided that each member state of the European Community would set......
34. Group Of Twenty-Four A block of less developed nations that has called for the allocation of 45 percent of the voting quota at the international Monetary Fund (read this and related legal terms for further details) to Third World nations. Cu......
35. Right to Education In relation to the right to education and constitutional law, Yoram Rabin and Matan A Gutman[1] made the following observation: Education is a fundamental human right and is essential to the existence and prosperity of an open and democratic society. Indeed: Education is both a human right [...]...
36. Compensatory Financing Facility A special lending facility of the International Monetary Fund designed to aid developing nations confronted with temporary payment imbalances. The facility was established in 1963 to provide shortterm financing to nations dependent upon primary products for export income, and where that income had d......
37. Food Balance A nation's supply of food relative to its population.......
38. Economic Development Economic Development of Society (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Economic Development of Society means: is a multidimensional process, covering economic growth, structural changes in economy, improvement of conditions and quality of life. Legal Issues in the Third World’s [...]...
39. Foreign Policy Interest of the United States Dismissal of the Claims Against Erste Bank Group ag and Mkb Bank in This Action Would be in the Foreign Policy Interest of the United States in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): The German Foundation [...]...
40. Financial Resource Management Literature Review on (Local Government) Financial Resource Management In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Kenneth A. Klase offers the following summary about the topic of (Local Government) Financial Resource Management: Financial resource management in [...]...
41. Familiar Drawing Techniques process within the international monetary FUND (read this and related legal terms for further details) whereby a member nation suffering balance of payments problems may obtain foreign currencies from the IMF in exchange......
42. Paris Club Also known as the Group of Ten, an informal association of creditor nations which since 1956 has held informal meetings among senior financial officers of the member states to discuss international financial and trade conditions. Participating nations are: Belgium Italy Canada JaPan......
43. International Development Association International Development Association Outline The IDA is one of the two affiliates of the World Bank. It came into existence in 1962 under the Articles of Agreement of the International Development Association of 1960. Its main function is to provide loans on more favourable and flexible terms [...]...
44. Full Powers Full Powers and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Full Powers provided by the European Union Commission: "Full powers" means a document emanating from the competent authority of a state designating a person or persons to represent the state for negotiating, adopting, [...]...
45. BOP Committee BOP Committee in International Trade Resources See Also Committee on Balance-of-Payments Restrictions....
46. Annual Financial Reports Literature Review on Popular Annual Financial Reports (PAFR) In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Joy A. Clay offers the following summary about the topic of Popular Annual Financial Reports (PAFR): Popular reporting has become a means of providing important [...]...
47. European Law of Nations Embracing mainstream international law, this section on european law of nations explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "european law of nations" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of [...]...
48. Monetary System European Monetary System (ems) and Europe There is an entry on european monetary system (ems) in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Public Finance Public Policy Tax Law Financial Regulation Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "European Monetary System (ems)" [...]...
49. Fisheries Policy Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) and Europe There is an entry on common fisheries policy (cfp) in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Common Fisheries Policy (CFP)" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to [...]...
50. EAGGF Meaning of EAGGF Here is a very short concept of eaggf in the European Union framework: European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund, more often known by its French initials, FEOGa (see more in the European legal encyclopedia). (See Common Agricultural Policy in the law dictionary or in [...]...
51. Sanctions United Nations Sanctions Further Reading A concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including Sanctions , H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including Sanctions , Boczek, Boleslaw Adam -2005) Spanish [...]...
52. Fund Dissolution Dissolution, Fund From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Dissolution, Fund (1): The corporation of a congregation can not by seceding and a majority vote dissolve the corporation where it is a part of a superior body.148 But the courts have plenary powers over corporations [...]...
53. Financial Statement Literature Review on Financial Statement Analysis In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Martin Ives offers the following summary about the topic of Financial Statement Analysis: Financial statement analysis allows the analyst to assess an entity's [...]...
54. Balance Resources See Also Separation of powers Resources See Also Profit and loss statement Resources See Also Average daily balance...
55. Balance Sheet The Balance Sheet Of the two traditional types of financial statements, the balance sheet relates to an entity's position, and the income statement relates to its activity. The balance sheet provides information about an organization's assets, liabilities, and owners' equity as of a [...]...
56. Balance of Payments Balance Of Payments Summary of Balance Of Payments The sum owed to or by a nation as the result of its international transactions during a given time period, usually one year. The balance of payments is calculated by subtracting the nation's total payments to foreigners from total [...]...
57. Balance of Trade Balance Of Trade Summary of Balance Of Trade The sum total, in monetary terms, of a nation's merchandise (i.e., "visible") exports less the value of merchandise imports during a given time period, usually one year. Merchandise imports and exports are contrasted with trade in [...]...
58. Compensating Balance A non-interest- bearing deposit that a commercial borrower is obliged to maintain as condition of receiving a bank loan. The effect of this balance is to increase the net cost of the loan; while the amount to be held as a compensating balance is negotiable between the borrower and the bank, a balanc......
59. Liquidity Balance In national balance of payments accounting, the sum of the basic balance (i.e., current account plus long-term capital transactions), short-term capital transactions, net changes in holdings of special drawing rights, plus errors and omissions.......
60. Balance of Power Balance of Power, theory and policy of international relations that asserts that the most effective check on the power of a state is the power of other states. In international relations, the term state refers to a country with a government and a population. The term balance of power refers to [...]...
61. Trade Balance J-Curve and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of J-Curve: The expected adjustment path in a country's trade balance following a currency depreciation or devaluation. Because a change in the [...]...
62. Current Balance Current Balance in International Trade Meaning of Current Balance, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The value of all exports (goods plus services) less all imports of a country over a specific period of time, equal to the sum of the trade (visible) and [...]...
63. Balance On Current Account A component of a nation's balance of payments (q. v.) ......
64. Balance On Goods And Services A component of a nation's BALANCE OF PAYMENTS (read this legal term for further details)......
65. Official Settlements Balance An element of national balance of payments accounting that represents the transfer of reserve assets to, or borrowing from, foreign governments in order to offset a balance of payments deficit.......
66. Balance of Power History Balance of Power From Ancient Times to World war IIHistorical examples of power balancing are found throughout history in various regions of the world, leading some scholars to characterize balance of power as a universal and timeless principle. During the Period of the Warring States in Ch......
67. Balance Of Power In The Cold War Balance of Power in the Nuclear AgeThe Cold War standoff between the United States and the Soviet Union shaped the global balance of power after World War II. Although an actual war between these two superpowers never occurred, the balance of power process instead took the form of a massive......
68. Balance Of Power In The XXI Century Balance of Power in the Late XX CenturyThe collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the world's sole superpower. Balance of power theory suggests that without the Soviet threat the United States, as the dominant world power, will face difficulties in its relations ......
69. Balance Of Power Significance Significance to International RelationsAs a policy, balance of power suggests that states counter any threat to their security by allying with other threatened states and by increasing their own military capabilities. The policy of forming a geographically based coalition of states to surro......
70. Committee on Balance-of-Payments Restrictions Committee on Balance-of-Payments Restrictions (BOP Committee) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Committee on Balance-of-Payments Restrictions (BOP Committee): A GATT standing committee [...]...
71. Balance of Payments Committee Balance of Payments Committee in International Trade Resources See Also Committee on Balance-of-Payments Restrictions....
72. Balance of Payments Deficit Concept of Balance of Payments Deficit An introductory definition of Balance of Payments Deficit is provided here: a state spends more than it receives from other countries Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs...
73. Balance of Payments Surplus Concept of Balance of Payments Surplus An introductory definition of Balance of Payments Surplus is provided here: a state receives more than it spends in other countries Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs...
74. International Monetary Fund International Monetary Fund Outline The UN Monetary and Financial Conference met in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, United States, from 1 to 20 July 1944. The Bretton Woods Agreement announced the establishment of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for [...]...
75. Investment Fund Spanish Translation of investment fundThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to investment fund and / or a definition of this topic: Fondo de Inversión (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
76. Pension Fund Spanish Translation of pension fund This is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to pension fund and / or a definition of this topic: Fondo de Pensiones (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry). Resources See Also Social Security Financing Social Insurance [...]...
77. Single Fund Spanish Translation of single fundThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to single fund and / or a definition of this topic: Unidad de Caja (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
78. European Development Fund EDF and the Treaties of the European Union Description of EDF provided by the European Union Commission: The European Development Fund is the main instrument for Community aid for development cooperation in the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries and the Overseas Countries and [...]...
79. Green Climate Fund Green Climate Fund in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to Green Climate Fund: At COP-19, the Parties to the FCCC took several steps toward full operation of the Green Climate Fund ("GCF"), a financial mechanism to support projects and programs in [...]...
80. Budget Stabilization Fund Literature Review on Budget Stabilization Fund In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Yilin Hou and Wen Wang provide the following summary about the topic of Budget Stabilization Fund: The budget stabilization fund (BSF), popularly called the "rainy-day [...]...
81. Cohesion Fund Cohesion Fund and the European Union Resources See Also Structural funds...
82. European Social Fund European Social Fund (ESF) and the European Union Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental Organization Regional Organization Regional Integration Resources See Also Structural funds...
83. No-load Fund Resources See Also Mutual fund...
84. Contingent Fund Resources See Also Contingency reserve...
85. General Fund Resources See Also Fund...
86. Employees Investment Fund Resources See Also Finance Consumer Credit Negotiable Instrument Securities Financial Regulation Corporate Finance...
87. Revolving Fund Resources See Also Finance Consumer Credit Negotiable Instrument Securities Financial Regulation Corporate Finance...
88. Trade Union Fund Resources See Also Finance Consumer Credit Negotiable Instrument Securities Financial Regulation Corporate Finance...
89. Social Investment Fund Resources See Also Poverty Cost of Living Income Minimum Wage Standard of living...
90. Contingency Fund Resources See Also Social Protection Social Security Employment Affairs Welfare State...
91. Provident Fund Resources See Also Social Protection Social Security Employment Affairs Welfare State...
92. European Monetary Cooperation Fund The successor to the European payments Union (read this and related legal terms for further details), the EMCF was established by the European Monetary Agreement of 1958 as a vehicle to enhance monetary cooperation among......
93. United Nations Children’s Fund Introduction to United Nations Children«s FundUnited Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) organization founded by the United Nations in 1946 to provide food, clothing, and rehabilitative programs to European children brutalized by World War II (1939-1945). In 1950 the United Nations made UN......
94. United Nations Population Fund UNFPA – United Nations Population Fund Further Reading A concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including United Nations Population Fund , H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including United [...]...
95. International Fund for Agricultural Development International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD): A specialized agency of the United Nations [...]...
96. World Wide Fund for Nature World Wide Fund For Nature (wwf) (in the Human Development Area) In this context, World Wide Fund For Nature (wwf) means: is an international non-governmental organization working on issues regarding the conservation, research and restoration of the environment. It is the world's largest [...]...
97. United Nations Children's Fund United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) The United Nations Children's Fund, abbreviated as UNICEF, is a United Nations (UN) agency that provides long-term humanitarian and developmental assistance to children and mothers in developing countries. Headquartered in New York City, UNICEF [...]...
98. European Regional Development Fund European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and the European Union Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental Organization Regional Organization Regional Integration Resources See Also Structural funds...
99. United Nations Development Fund For Women UNIFEM – United Nations Development Fund for Women Further ReadingA concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including United Nations Development Fund for Women , H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary [...]...
100. United Nations Capital Development Fund Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Organization United Nations United Nations System...
101. Basic Balance In balance of payments accounting, the sum of the current account plus net long-term capital transactions, public and private. See Balance of Payments.......
102. Consolidated Balance Sheets Resources See Also Consolidated financial statements...
103. Work Life Balance Resources See Also Social Protection Social Security Employment Affairs Welfare State Family Responsibility...
104. Pensions Fund Literature Review on Pensions: Fund Management In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Jun Peng offers the following summary about the topic of Pensions: Fund Management: This entry discusses some of the basic mechanics in the management of public pension plans. [...]...
105. European Agricultural Guidance And Guarantee Fund Common Agricultrural Policy is considered here.......
106. Full Powers in international law Contents Full Powers in international law “Full powers”means a document emanating from the competent authority of a state designating a ... Read more...
107. Financial Accounting Financial accounting includes information disseminated to parties that are not part of the enterprise proper—stockholders, creditors, customers, suppliers, regulatory commissions, financial analysts, and trade associations—although the information is also of interest to the [...]...
108. Full And Down The condition of a vessel that is down to marks, i.e., loaded up to the maximum LOAD-LINE (read this and related legal terms for further details) capacity as well as having all cargo- carrying space fully occupied.......
109. Full Berth Terms Conditions of carriage by water under which the owner of the goods is not responsible for the costs of loading or discharging his cargo to or from the vessel.......
110. Full Interest Admitted A stipulation commonly included in open marine insurance policies whereby the insurer admits or accepts without documentary evidence the insurable interest of the policyholder in all merchandise declared and for which a premium is paid.......
111. Full Tax Credit For more details on Double Taxation, click here.......
112. Full Tax Exemption For more details on Double Taxation, click here.......
113. Full Terms A promise in an offer to charter a vessel that the owners must accept certain allowances or reductions in addition to normal commissions.......
114. Functional Currency The currency primarily employed by a multinational firm in its principal transactions. Normally this is the currency of the nation in which the firm is based. See financial accounting standards board Statement No. 52.......
115. Fundamental Disequilibrium A significant and persistent disparity between the official and market exchange rates for a nation's currency.......
116. Fungible Goods Goods of a given type or class, any unit of which is interchangeable with any other unit and would be equally acceptable in settling obligations denominated in terms of the commodity. For example, corn is fungible in that one bushel of corn of a given grade is interchangeable on an equal footing wit......
117. Fundamentalism The Legal History of Hindutva and Hindu FundamentalismThis section provides an overview of Hindutva and Hindu Fundamentalism ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Hindutva and Hindu Fundamentalism in the Oxford International [...]...
118. Fungible The Legal History of Fungible Things (Mithliyyat)This section provides an overview of Fungible Things (Mithliyyat) ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Fungible Things (Mithliyyat) in the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal [...]...
119. Fundamental Freedoms Entries related to Politic and Economic Freedom Freedom from government Fiscal freedom meaning Business freedom Monetary freedom Freedom of expression Freedom of association Freedom of movement Spanish Translation of fundamental freedoms of the European Unión [...]...
120. Funding Spanish Translation of fundingThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to funding and / or a definition of this topic: Provisión de Fondos (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....