Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Treaties Office Treaties Office and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Treaties Office provided by the European Union Commission: The Treaties Office of DG External Relations of the European Commission, has two main roles: to advice on practice and procedural matters relating to the different [...]...
2. Legal Personality The Legal History of Legal Personality in Islamic Law This section provides an overview of Legal Personality in Islamic Law Legal Personality and Europe There is an entry on legal personality in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Legal [...]...
3. Delimitation of Competences Delimitation of competences and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Delimitation of competences provided by the European Union Commission: The delimitation of competences between the European Union and its Member States is one of the main points for consideration identified by [...]...
4. Association Agreement Stabilisation and association agreement and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Stabilisation and association agreement provided by the European Union Commission: A bilateral agreement, which establishes a single basis for assisting a country. Each EU candidate country has such [...]...
5. Modification Modification and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Modification provided by the European Union Commission: The term "modification" refers to the variation of certain treaty provisions only as between particular parties of a treaty, while in their relation to the other [...]...
6. Treaty Objection Objection and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Objection provided by the European Union Commission: Any signatory or contracting state has the option of objecting to a reservation, inter alia, if, in its opinion, the reservation is incompatible with the object and purpose of [...]...
7. Acceptance Or Approval Acceptance or Approval and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Acceptance or Approval provided by the European Union Commission: The instruments of "acceptance" or "approval" of a treaty have the same legal effect as ratification and consequently express the [...]...
8. Mutual Assistance Mutual assistance and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Mutual assistance provided by the European Union Commission: A principle of international law implying that two or more States agree to cooperate in a certain area. The assistance specified is often written into a treaty. [...]...
9. Bilateral Agreement In general, any treaty, protocol, or understanding between two nations. The term has particular application in the area of commercial air transportation, where a bilateral agreement is an understanding between two countries permitting the commercial aircraft of one nation to land in and carry [...]...
10. Treaty Amendment Amendment and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Amendment provided by the European Union Commission: The term "amendment" refers to the formal alteration of treaty provisions affecting all the parties to the particular agreement. Such alterations must be effected with [...]...
11. Act of Formal Confirmation Act of Formal Confirmation and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Act of Formal Confirmation provided by the European Union Commission: "Act of formal confirmation" is used as an equivalent for the term "ratification" when an international organization [...]...
12. Full Powers in international law Contents Full Powers in international law “Full powers”means a document emanating from the competent authority of a state designating a ... Read more...
13. Community Law Community Law, law of the member states of the European Union (EU), as adopted by the union's Council of Ministers. The European Court of Justice interprets and applies EU law. Community law forms part of the law of states and prevails over national law. (1) Community Law and Europe There [...]...
14. Treaty Revision Revision and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Revision provided by the European Union Commission: Revision has basically the same meaning as amendment. However, some treaties provide for a revision additional to an amendment (i.e., Article 109 of the Charter of the United [...]...
15. Treaty Signature Signature and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Signature provided by the European Union Commission: Signature not subject to ratification ( see Definitive signature) • Simple signature ( see Signature subject to Ratification, Acceptance of Approval) • Signature ad [...]...
16. Third Country Third country and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Third country provided by the European Union Commission: Any country that is not a Member State of the EU. Resources See Also Popular Treaties Topics Treaties of the United Nations (UN) Types of Treaties International [...]...
17. Joint Action Joint action (CFSP) and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Joint action (CFSP) provided by the European Union Commission: Joint action, which is a legal instrument under Title V of the Treaty on European Union (common foreign and security policy, CFSP), means coordinated action [...]...
18. Treaty of Amsterdam Treaty of Amsterdam and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Treaty of Amsterdam provided by the European Union Commission: The Treaty of Amsterdam is the result of the Intergovernmental Conference launched at the Turin European Council on 29 March 1996. It was adopted at the [...]...
19. Readmission Readmission and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Readmission provided by the European Union Commission: The process in which a third-country national is reintegrated into his or her country of origin. Resources See Also Popular Treaties Topics Treaties of the United Nations [...]...
20. Contracting Party Contracting Party and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Contracting Party provided by the European Union Commission: A contracting party is a State or an Intergovernmental Organisation or other entity with treaty making capacity that has expressed its consent to be bound by a [...]...
21. Treaty Adoption Adoption and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Adoption provided by the European Union Commission: "Adoption" is the formal act by which the form and content of a proposed treaty text are established. As a general rule, the adoption of the text of a treaty takes place [...]...
22. Treaty Notification Notification and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Notification provided by the European Union Commission: The term "notification" refers to a formality through which a state or an international organization communicates certain facts or events of legal importance. [...]...
23. European Commission Spanish Translation of European Commission This is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to European Commission and / or a definition of this topic: Comisión Europea (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry). European Commission and the Treaties of the [...]...
24. Pillars of the European Union Pillars of the European Union and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Pillars of the European Union provided by the European Union Commission: In Community parlance people often refer to the three pillars of the EU Treaty. These three pillars, which form the basic structure of [...]...
25. Treaty Summary Summary and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Summary provided by the European Union Commission: A treaty summary contains: • General Data : title; type (bilateral or multilateral); place and date of signature; objective; remarks; subject matter; key words; depositary; [...]...
26. Common Position Common position (CFSP) and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Common position (CFSP) provided by the European Union Commission: The common position in the context of the common foreign and security policy (CFSP) is designed to make cooperation more systematic and improve its [...]...
27. Court of Justice of the European Communities Court of Justice of the European Communities and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Court of Justice of the European Communities provided by the European Union Commission: The Court of Justice is composed of the same number of judges as there are Member States. At present it has [...]...
28. International Development Agenda 21 and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Agenda 21 provided by the European Union Commission: Agenda 21 stands for "Agenda for the 21st Century". It is a declaration from the Earth Summit (UN Conference on the Environment and Development) held in Rio de Janeiro [...]...
29. Maastricht Treaty The Maastricht Treaty (a/k/a the "Treaty of Maastricht" or the "Treaty on Economic Union") created the Euro as Europe's single currency. The treaty was signed Feb. 1, 1992 and came into force Nov. 1, 1993, although the Euro didn't come into use until 1999. The Treaty is [...]...
30. Common Transit Common transit and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Common transit provided by the European Union Commission: Customs procedure for the carriage of goods between the Community and the EFTA countries and between the EFTA countries themselves. Resources See Also Popular [...]...
31. Treaty of Nice Treaty of Nice and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Treaty of Nice provided by the European Union Commission: Adopted at the Nice European Council in December 2000, and signed on 26 February 2001, the Treaty of Nice entered into force on 1 February 2003. It is the result of [...]...
32. Architecture of Europe Architecture of Europe and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Architecture of Europe provided by the European Union Commission: This refers to the various organisations, institutions, treaties and traditional relations making up the European area within which members work [...]...
33. Citizenship of the Union Citizenship of the Union and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Citizenship of the Union provided by the European Union Commission: Citizenship of the Union is dependent on holding the nationality of one of the Member States. In other words, anyone who is a national of aMember [...]...
34. Court of First Instance of the European Union Court of First Instance of the European Communities (CFI) and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Court of First Instance of the European Communities (CFI) provided by the European Union Commission: The CFI was set up in 1989 to strengthen the protection of individuals' [...]...
35. Provisional Application Provisional Application and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Provisional Application provided by the European Union Commission: The growing use of provisional application clauses in treaties is a consequence of the need felt to give effect to treaty obligations prior to a [...]...
36. Charter on Fundamental Rights of the European Union Embracing mainstream international law, this section on charter on fundamental rights of the european union explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "fundamental rights of the european union, charter on" in the [...]...
37. Civil Matters Civil matters and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Civil matters provided by the European Union Commission: All actions and proceedings dealt with by the judiciary which fall outside the criminal law. The EU is building coordination mechanisms to facilitate the free movement [...]...
38. Green Paper Green Paper and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Green Paper provided by the European Union Commission: Commission Green Papers are documents intended to stimulate debate and launch a process of consultation at European level on a particular topic (such as social policy, the [...]...
39. Common Transport Policy Common transport policy and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Common transport policy provided by the European Union Commission: The goal of the common transport policy is to remove obstacles at the borders between Member States so as to facilitate the free movement of persons [...]...
40. EUROMARFOR EUROFOR/EUROMARFOR and the Treaties of the European Union Description of EUROFOR/EUROMARFOR provided by the European Union Commission: The Lisbon Declaration of the Western European Union on 15 May 1995 ratified the decision by Spain, France and Italy to set up land and sea forces (EUROFOR and [...]...
41. Deposit The Legal History of DepositThis section provides an overview of Deposit ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Deposit in the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History (Oxford University Press) The Oxford Encyclopedia of [...]...
42. Consumer Protection The Legal History of Consumer Protection This section provides an overview of Consumer Protection Privacy, Security and Internet Advertising in the Context of Internet Law Read, in this legal Encyclopedia, about the topic of this section, and, specially, about Introduction to Consumer [...]...
43. Treaty Ratification Treaty Conclusion and Ratification Introduction to Treaty Ratification International law prescribes neither a fixed form for a treaty nor any fixed procedure for its conclusion. It may be concluded by an exchange of diplomatic notes incorporating an agreed-upon text signed by authorized [...]...
44. Agreement on Textiles and Clothing Agreement on Textiles and Clothing – ATC and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Agreement on Textiles and Clothing – ATC provided by the European Union Commission: The Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) is a WTO agreement, which foresees that trade in textiles [...]...
45. Committee of the Regions Committee of the Regions and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Committee of the Regions provided by the European Union Commission: Created by the Maastricht Treaty in 1992, the Committee of the Regions (CoR) is an advisory body which enables regional and local authorities to [...]...
46. Community Competences Community competences and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Community competences provided by the European Union Commission: Community competences are those which are conferred on the European Union in specific areas by the Member States. The European Union is thus able to act [...]...
47. Correction of Errors Correction of Errors and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Correction of Errors provided by the European Union Commission: If, after the authentication of a text, the signatory and contracting states are agreed that it contains an error, it can be corrected by initialling the [...]...
48. All States Formula All States formula and the Treaties of the European Union Description of All States formula provided by the European Union Commission: The "all States formula" has been used often in multilateral agreements that seek universal participation (normally relating to disarmament, human [...]...
49. Animal Welfare Animal welfare and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Animal welfare provided by the European Union Commission: The question of animal welfare was first addressed in an additional protocol attached to the Treaty of Amsterdam (1997). This "Protocol on protection and welfare [...]...
50. European Development Fund EDF and the Treaties of the European Union Description of EDF provided by the European Union Commission: The European Development Fund is the main instrument for Community aid for development cooperation in the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries and the Overseas Countries and [...]...
51. Multilateral Environmental Agreements Basel Convention – MEA (Multilateral Environmental Agreements) and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Basel Convention – MEA (Multilateral Environmental Agreements) provided by the European Union Commission: A central goal of this MEA is "environmentally sound [...]...
52. African, Caribbean and Pacific Countries Group African, Caribbean and Pacific countries (ACP) Group and the Treaties of the European Union Description of African, Caribbean and Pacific countries (ACP) Group provided by the European Union Commission: The African, Caribbean and Pacific countries (ACP) Group was formed when the first [...]...
53. Charter of Fundamental Rights Charter of Fundamental Rights and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Charter of Fundamental Rights provided by the European Union Commission: Following the 50th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in December 1998, the Cologne European Council (3 and 4 June [...]...
54. Common Customs Tariff Common Customs Tariff and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Common Customs Tariff provided by the European Union Commission: The common foreign and security policy (CFSP) was established and is governed by Title V of the Treaty on European Union (EU). It replaced European [...]...
55. Common Commercial Policy Common commercial policy and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Common commercial policy provided by the European Union Commission: The Community has exclusive responsibility for the common commercial policy (Article 133 of the EC Treaty, formerly Article 113). Under the policy [...]...
56. External Responsibilities External responsibilities of the European Community and the Treaties of the European Union Description of External responsibilities of the European Community provided by the European Union Commission: The European Community's external responsibilities are defined in accordance with whether [...]...
57. Commodity Summary of Commodity A nondifferentiated product produced with commonly available technology.(Main Author: William J. Miller) The Legal History of Commodity in Islamic Law This section provides an overview of Commodity in Islamic Law Commodity in International Trade Meaning of [...]...
58. North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) and the Treaties of the European Union Description of NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) provided by the European Union Commission: The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO, or the Atlantic Alliance) was founded in 1949 and has its [...]...
59. Vienna Formula Vienna formula and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Vienna formula provided by the European Union Commission: This formula was developed to overcome the uncertainties of the "all States formula". The Vienna formula attempts to identify in detail the entities eligible [...]...
60. Treaty of Rome Treaty Of Rome Summary of Treaty Of Rome The document, signed at Rome in 1957 (effective January 1, 1958), by which the six founding states established the European Economic Community (read this and related legal terms for further details). (Main Author: William J. Miller) The Treaty of [...]...
61. COREPER Coreper Coreper and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Coreper provided by the European Union Commission: Coreper, the French acronym by which the Permanent Representatives Committee is known, consists of the Member States' Ambassadors to the European Union ("Permanent [...]...
62. Composition of the European Commission Composition of the European Commission and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Composition of the European Commission provided by the European Union Commission: From the outset the Commission was always made up of two nationals of each of the most populated Member States and one [...]...
63. Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreement EMAA and the Treaties of the European Union Description of EMAA provided by the European Union Commission: The Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreement is a net of individual agreements between the EU and each of the Mediterranean Partners in relation to the Barcelona Declaration. They outline [...]...
64. Intergovernment Community and intergovernmental methods and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Community and intergovernmental methods provided by the European Union Commission: The Community method is the expression used for the institutional operating mode set up in the first pillar of the [...]...
65. Treaty Reservation Reservation and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Reservation provided by the European Union Commission: A reservation is a declaration made by a state by which it purports to exclude or alter the legal effect of certain provisions of the treaty in their application to that [...]...
66. Classification of Expenditure Classification of expenditure and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Classification of expenditure provided by the European Union Commission: This refers to the distinction made between Union expenditure of which the underlying principle and the amount are legally determined [...]...
67. Consolidation of Legislation Consolidation of legislation - formal/official and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Consolidation of legislation - formal/official provided by the European Union Commission: Formal or official consolidation of legislation involves adopting a new legal instrument, published in [...]...
68. Economic Partnership Agreements EPA and the Treaties of the European Union Description of EPA provided by the European Union Commission: Economic Partnership Agreements: The ACP countries and the EU have agreed to enter into economic integration agreements - concluding newWTO compatible trading arrangements, progressively [...]...
69. European Common Commercial Policy Article 133 (ex-Article 113) and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Article 133 (ex-Article 113) provided by the European Union Commission: Article 133 of the EC Treaty allows the European Union to negotiate, conclude and implement trade agreements with other countries of the [...]...
70. Agricultural Products Agricultural products and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Agricultural products provided by the European Union Commission: In the WTO agriculture negotiations, the product coverage is defined in Annex 1 of the Agreement. The definition covers not only basic agricultural [...]...
71. Full Sovereignty Embracing mainstream international law, this section on full sovereignty explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "sovereignty, permanent, full" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International [...]...
72. Full And Down The condition of a vessel that is down to marks, i.e., loaded up to the maximum LOAD-LINE (read this and related legal terms for further details) capacity as well as having all cargo- carrying space fully occupied.......
73. Full Berth Terms Conditions of carriage by water under which the owner of the goods is not responsible for the costs of loading or discharging his cargo to or from the vessel.......
74. Full Interest Admitted A stipulation commonly included in open marine insurance policies whereby the insurer admits or accepts without documentary evidence the insurable interest of the policyholder in all merchandise declared and for which a premium is paid.......
75. Full Tax Credit For more details on Double Taxation, click here.......
76. Full Tax Exemption For more details on Double Taxation, click here.......
77. Full Terms A promise in an offer to charter a vessel that the owners must accept certain allowances or reductions in addition to normal commissions.......
78. Full-Bodied Coinage Coins containing precious metal with a market value at least equal to the face value.......
79. Full Container Load Full Container Load in International Trade Meaning of FCL (Full Container Load), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A shipment of sufficient volume or weight to justify the exclusive use if a shipping container....
80. Full Protection and Security This section provides an overview of full protection and security within the legal context of Minimum Standards in Investment Law in international economic law (Principles). Resources Further Reading J Anthony VanDuzer, "Full Protection and Security," Elgar Encyclopedia of [...]...
81. Full Time Education Resources See Also Legal Education Education Education Law Higher Education Vocational Training Training...
82. Full Time Training Resources See Also Legal Education Education Education Law Higher Education Vocational Training Training...
83. Full Employment Resources See Also Labor Employment Law International Labor Law Industrial Safety Labour Labor Right Labor Policy Employment...
84. Full Time Employment Resources See Also Labor Employment Law International Labor Law Industrial Safety Labour Labor Right Labor Policy Employment...
85. Full Time Worker Resources See Also Labor Employment Law International Labor Law Industrial Safety Labour Labor Right Labor Policy Employment...
86. Full Time Farming Resources See Also Rural Development Rural Community Land Law Farm Agricultural Law Agriculture...
87. Community Powers Community powers and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Community powers provided by the European Union Commission: Community powers are those which are conferred on the European Union in specific areas by the Member States. The European Union is thus able to act only within the [...]...
88. Full Faith and Credit Clause Full Faith and Credit Clause in Private International Law This section contain conflict of laws information and cross references related to full faith and credit clause on some major countries and additional jurisdictions. It covers key issues involved when citizens face international [...]...
89. Full Time Trade Union Officer Resources See Also Trade Unionism Trade Union Chartism Trade Union Legislation...
90. Fiscal Powers Fiscal and Monetary Powers of Congress in U.S. Constitutional Law A list of entries related to Fiscal and Monetary Powers of Congress may be found, under the Fiscal and Monetary Powers of Congress subject group, in the United States constitutional law platform of the American legal encyclopedia....
91. Allied and Associated Powers Embracing mainstream international law, this section on allied and associated powers explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "allied and associated powers" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of [...]...
92. Axis Powers Embracing mainstream international law, this section on axis powers explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "axis powers" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (currently, the [...]...
93. Implied Powers Embracing mainstream international law, this section on implied powers explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "implied powers" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (currently, [...]...
94. Inherent Powers Embracing mainstream international law, this section on inherent powers explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "inherent powers" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law [...]...
95. War Powers Resolution Embracing mainstream international law, this section on war powers resolution explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "war powers resolution" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International [...]...
96. Powers Money, Powers From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Money, Powers (1): The treasurer of a congregation has no right to return to members moving out of the parish a part of the money paid for the church by them.297Officers of a corporation have no powers only those [...]...
97. Great Powers Introduction to Great PowersGreat Powers, the most powerful nations. Political scientists often refer to nations as states-that is, territories controlled by a single government and inhabited by a distinct population. At any given time, about half a dozen states possess the majority of the ......
98. Separation of Powers Separation of Powers in other Countries (other than in the U.S.) Introduction to Separation of Powers All democracies separate governmental powers to some degree, in practice if not in their constitutions. Italy, for example, has a separate constitutional court to review cases that raise [...]...
99. Police Powers Police Powers Expropriation Jurisprudence under NAFTA: The test for the application of the police powers Note: there is more information ... Read more...
100. Legislative Powers Legislative Powers in U.S. Constitutional Law A list of entries related to Legislative Powers may be found, under the Legislative Powers subject group, in the United States constitutional law platform of the American legal encyclopedia....
101. Monetary Powers Fiscal and Monetary Powers of Congress in U.S. Constitutional Law A list of entries related to Fiscal and Monetary Powers of Congress may be found, under the Fiscal and Monetary Powers of Congress subject group, in the United States constitutional law platform of the American legal encyclopedia....
102. Political Powers Powers of Congress in U.S. Constitutional Law A list of entries related to Powers of Congress may be found, under the Powers of Congress subject group, in the United States constitutional law platform of the American legal encyclopedia....
103. Powers Denied Powers Denied to Congress in U.S. Constitutional Law A list of entries related to Powers Denied to Congress may be found, under the Powers Denied to Congress subject group, in the United States constitutional law platform of the American legal encyclopedia....
104. Constitutional Powers Resources See Also Power...
105. Separation of Powers Origins Separation of Powers: Origins of the ConceptIntroduction to Separation of Powers OriginsThe doctrine of separation of powers developed over many centuries. The practice of this doctrine can be traced to the British Parliament's gradual assertion of power and resistance to royal......
106. Government Surveillance Powers Contents Government Surveillance Powers Government Surveillance Powers: the Threat of Terrorism Of 15 European Union member states, eleven have mandatory ... Read more...
107. Convention (XIII) Concerning the Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers in Naval War Contents Convention (XIII) Concerning the Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers in Naval War   Article 1. Belligerents are bound ... Read more...
108. Convention (XIII) Concerning the Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers in Naval War 2 Contents Convention (XIII) Concerning the Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers in Naval War   Art. 21. A prize may ... Read more...
109. Convention (V) Respecting the Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers and Persons in Case of War on Land Contents Convention (V) Respecting the Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers and Persons in Case of War on Land   ... Read more...
110. European Convention on Human Rights Introduction The European Convention on Human Rights was a reaction against the horrific abuses of human rights that took place before and during the Second World War, followed by further abuses occurring within the newly formed Communist block. These led, in 1949, due in part to the [...]...
111. Customs Union Summary of Customs Union An arrangement among participating countries whereby tariffs are eliminated or virtually eliminated on products moving between members, and a common external tariff (read this and related legal terms for further details) is adopted to provide uniform treatment to [...]...
112. European Economic Community Summary of European Economic Community One of the three components of the European Communities. In March 1957, the members of the European Coal and Steel Community (France, Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, and the Benelux countries) expanded the sphere of economic cooperation through the [...]...
113. European Free Trade Association Summary of European Free Trade Association A free trade area consisting of seven European countries among which tariffs and quantitative restrictions on industrial imports have been eliminated. Established in 1960 by the Stockholm Convention, EFTA originally included Austria, Denmark, [...]...
114. European Investment Bank Summary of European Investment Bank A multilateral development bank established in 1958 by the Treaty of Rome for the purpose of assisting in the balanced growth of the European economic community (read this and related legal terms for further details) (EEC). The bank grants long-term loans [...]...
115. Free Trade Area Summary of Free Trade Area An association of states that seeks to overcome impediments to trade among members by reducing or eliminating tariffs among the participants. The members of a free trade area do not maintain a common external tariff nor do they (usually) provide for the free flow [...]...
116. Asylum Asylum, protection and immunity from extradition granted by a government to a political refugee from another country. Asylum can also mean any place offering safety, shelter, and protection. An insane asylum is a treatment center for mentally ill persons, although the term is normally used in [...]...
117. Fraud Introduction to Fraud Fraud, in law, general term for any instance in which one party deceives or takes unfair advantage of another. Any means used by one person to deceive another may be defined as fraud. For example, if a person represents himself or herself as the agent of a business with [...]...
118. Common Foreign and Security Policy Common Foreign And Security Policy Common Foreign and Security Policy of European Union at the United Nations Further Reading A concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including Common Foreign and Security Policy , H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG [...]...
119. Consensus The Legal History of Ijm_ (Consensus of Jurists) This section provides an overview of Ijm_ (Consensus of Jurists) Consensus in Election Law Method of decision making in which all stakeholders participate and attempt to align their positions. Consensus is not unanimity on a decision but rather [...]...
120. European Union Legal Materials Two sources for E.U. information stand out in my mind. First, the European Union'sEuropa, which posts (a) EU news and press releases, (b) links to EU Web sites, including the European Parliament, banks, courts and agencies and (c) the best collection of EU legal materials on [...]...