Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Foreign Currency Foreign Currency in International Trade Meaning of Foreign Currency, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The currency of any foreign country which is authorized medium of circulation and the basis for record keeping in that country. Foreign currency is [...]...
2. Floating Currency Floating Currency in International Trade Meaning of Floating Currency, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): One whose value in terms of foreign currency is not kept stable (on the basis of the par value or a fixed relationship to some other currency) but [...]...
3. Exchange Control The system by which a government regulates possession of and dealings in foreign exchange. The principal objective of exchange control is to allocate foreign exchange to necessary imports and expenditures. Normally, the finance ministry or central bank is invested with the authority to issue [...]...
4. Soft Currency A national currency that, because of exchange controls, is not freely convertible into gold or other currencies. Such controls are usually manifest in officially set rates of exchange that do not reflect the price of the soft currency, were it permitted to trade freely.......
5. Foreign Currency Account Foreign Currency Account in International Trade Meaning of Foreign Currency Account, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An account maintained in a foreign bank in the currency of the country in which the bank is located. When such accounts are kept, they [...]...
6. Blocked Exchange An exchange restriction, imposed by governmental authority, that forbids the unlicensed purchase of bills of exchange, currency, or negotiable instruments denominated in a foreign currency. The object of this measure is to prevent transmission of foreign currency reserves out of the country. [...]...
7. Rationing Of Exchange An exchange control imposed by governmental authority to regulate transactions in foreign exchange. Under a rationing of exchange scheme, only the government may issue exchange to importers, and holders of bills of exchange denominated in a foreign currency must surrender them to the government in e......
8. International Currency Trends in International Political Economy: International CurrencyIntroduction to International CurrencyExplosive growth in the exchange of foreign currencies in international markets has also transformed the global political economy (see foreign exchange). Advanced telecommunicatio......
9. Exchange Risk Exchange Risk in International Trade Meaning of Exchange Risk, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The possibility of receiving less or paying more money because a receivable or a payable is denominated in a foreign currency. Countries with shortages of [...]...
10. Exchanger Exchanger ContentsExchanger in the E-Commerce LawResourcesSee AlsoBiography Exchanger in the E-Commerce Law An exchanger (also sometimes called a virtual currency ... Read more...
11. Currency Currency in International Trade Meaning of Currency, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The circulating media of exchange in a country. Includes money and such financial instruments as checks. Resources See Also Public Finance Public Policy Tax Law [...]...
12. Fixing Fixing in International Trade Meaning of Fixing, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In foreign exchange, establishing of the official exchange rate of a domestic currency against other negotiable currencies....
13. Currency Future Currency Future in International Trade Meaning of Currency Future, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A contract for the future delivery of a commodity, currency, or security on a specific date. In contrast to forward contracts, future contracts are for [...]...
14. Fixed Exchange Rate Concept of Fixed Exchange Rate An introductory definition of Fixed Exchange Rate is provided here: the rate of exchange of a currency or currency is set by agreement between governments or by government policy (see also gold standard) Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs...
15. Future Contract Future Contract in International Trade Meaning of Future Contract, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A contract for the future of delivery of a commodity, currency or security on a specific date. Currency future contracts are for standard quantities over [...]...
16. Differential Exchange Rates A scheme in which a government prescribes different rates of exchange for the local currency, depending upon the transaction involved. The government may assign its currency a given value in terms of gold for capital transfers, for example, but provide for a less favorable rate of exchange for impor......
17. Purchasing Power Parity An equal relationship of prices between two countries. Price levels in both countries are substantially the same, considering the rate of exchange.......
18. Outright Outright in International Trade Meaning of Outright, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In foreign exchange, a forward purchase or sale of currency which is not offset by a corresponding spot transaction. i.e. which has not been contracted through swaps. [...]...
19. Currency Adjustment Factor A surcharge imposed on ocean freight by a carrier to offset or mitigate the impact of exchange rate fluctuations upon his freight revenue.......
20. Food And Agriculture Organization Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Introduction to Food and Agriculture Organization Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), specialized United Nations agency whose main goal is to eliminate hunger on a world scale. The organization's mandate is [...]...
21. Convertible Currency Convertible Currency in International Trade Meaning of Convertible Currency, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A currency of a nation that may be exchanged for that of another nation without restrictions. Countries with convertible currencies typically [...]...
22. Exchange Rates Multiple Exchange Rates (also known as Differential Exchange Rates) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Multiple Exchange Rates (also known as Differential Exchange Rates): [...]...
23. Spot Exchange Rate Spot Exchange Rate in International Trade Meaning of Spot Exchange Rate, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The price of one currency expressed in terms of another currency at a given moment in time....
24. Forest Conservation Resources See Also Forestry Natural Resources Forest Law...
25. Forest Establishment Resources See Also Forestry Natural Resources Forest Law...
26. Forest Resources Resources See Also Forestry Natural Resources Forest Law...
27. Forest Policy Resources See Also Government Government Contract Local Government Public Administration Administrative Law Public Law Forestry...
28. Dirty Float Also known as managed float, the process whereby national monetary authorities intercede in the foreign exchange markets to prevent significant fluctuations in the values of their own or other currencies. The process is accomplished by selling reserves of currencies rising in value, or the [...]...
29. Floating Exchange Rates A condition in which parities among foreign currencies are absent: a currency's worth in relation to other currencies is determined largely by market forces, with only occasional government intervention to prevent disruptive swings in the value of an important currency.......
30. Foreign Spanish Translation of foreignThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to foreign and / or a definition of this topic: Extranjero (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
31. Agio A premium paid in the process of exchanging one currency for another, or for a bill of exchange denominated in a foreign currency.......
32. Key Currency The currency of a major trading nation widely accepted in settlement of international accounts. At present, eight currencies are regarded as key currencies and are known as the Big Eight ("https://lawin.org/list-of-international-trade-law-terms/">read this and related legal [...]...
33. National Currency National Currency in the E-Commerce Law Fiat Currency (a.k.a. “real currency,” “real money,” or “national currency”), is the coin and paper money of a country that is designated as its legal tender; circulates; and is customarily used and accepted as a medium of exchange in the issuing [...]...
34. Foreign Entity Within the meaning of financial Accounting Standards Board Statement No. 8 (read this and related legal terms for further details) relative to accounting for foreign currency transactions, aforeign entity is an affiliate......
35. Par Value The nominal value assigned to a currency by its issuing authority. Normally, this value is expressed as a quantity of gold, or another currency convertible into gold. When the market value of a currency, expressed in terms of other convertible currencies, deviates significantly from its par [...]...
36. Exotic Currency A national currency for which there is not normally a strong demand in the foreign exchange markets. Examples of such currencies are; Eyptian pound, Guyana dollar, and the Nigerian naira.......
37. Forensic Scientists Forensic Science Forensic ScientistsIntroduction to Forensic ScientistsWithin the broad area of forensic science, there are many subspecialties, including pathology (the examination of body tissues and fluids), toxicology (the study of poisons, including drugs), odontology (the stu......
38. Currency Risk The economic risk assumed by a lender or seller who is to be paid in units of a foreign currency that, when translated at some future date into his own currency, he will have sustained a loss (in terms of his own currency) because the foreign currency has depreciated in value prior to settlement of ......
39. Guest Currency The currency in which a Eurobond (read this and related legal terms for further details) or other financial obligation is issued. The currency is selected to be acceptable to both the foreign borrower and the lender, and......
40. Spot Market A market for commodities or currency in which the sale results in an immediate or nearly immediate exchange of the goods or instruments for cash, as compared with a futures market, which trades in contracts for the future delivery of the product.......
41. World Food Programme WFP – World Food Programme Further Reading A concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including World Food Programme , H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including World Food Programme , Boczek, [...]...
42. European Currency Unit (ECU) European Currency Unit (ECU) and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of European Currency Unit (ECU): A unit of value based on a "currency basket" comprising specific amounts of the [...]...
43. Gold Exchange Standard A condition in which a nation maintains its reserves in a currency convertible into gold rather than in the metal itself. Since August 15, 1971, the U.S. dollar has not been freely convertible into gold by foreign central banks; it therefore does not qualify as a reserve currency for a nation on a g......
44. European Option European Option in International Trade Note: there is more information about this term in the European legal Encyclopedia. Meaning of European Option, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A foreign exchange type of contract containing a provision to the [...]...
45. Food Related Fields Related topics include: Food Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Agriculture Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Food Law Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Restaurant Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Related [...]...
46. United Dredging Company (united States) V. United Mexican States United Dredging Company (united States) v. United Mexican States Embracing mainstream international law, this section on united dredging company (united states) v. united mexican states explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The [...]...
47. Common Currency Common Currency and Europe There is an entry on common currency in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Common Currency" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney Leach (Profile [...]...
48. Single Currency Single Currency and Europe There is an entry on single currency in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Single Currency" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney Leach (Profile [...]...
49. Forest Area Resources See Also Rural Development Rural Community Land Law Farm Agricultural Law Rural Institution...
50. Premium (Exchange) In foreign exchange transactions, the rise in value of one currency when measured against another currrency.......
51. Swap By agreement, the combined purchase and sale of a specified amount of foreign exchange, with different dates for sale and purchase. This arrangement permits each party to the transaction to use, for a given period of time, a currency he needs in return for one he does not need, without any [...]...
52. Foreign Trade Control Law In the United States For information about Foreign Trade Control Law in the context of international trade, click here...
53. Currency Option Currency Option in International Trade Meaning of Currency Option, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The contractually agreed right to buy (call option) or to sell (put option) a specific amount of foreign currency at a predetermined price on a specific [...]...
54. Floating Exchange Rate Floating Exchange Rate in International Trade Meaning of Floating Exchange Rate, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A rate of exchange that is determined by market forces. See also clean float and dirty float. Concept of Floating Exchange Rate An [...]...
55. Excess Foreign Currencies Foreign currency, derived from the sale of U.S. agricultural commodities under P.L. 480, in excess of current U.S. requirements. Periodically, the U.S. Treasury reviews the foreign currency position of the U.S. government. Upon finding that holdings of any given currency exceed requirements for that......
56. Foreign Sovereign Immunity In the United States For information about Foreign Sovereign Immunity in the context of international trade, click here...
57. Effective Rate Of Exchange The true cost of acquiring a unit of a given currency in terms of another currency. The effective rate includes taxes and other costs that are factored into the price of the currency converted.......
58. Sight Rate The rate of exchange used by a bank or foreign exchange dealer in purchasing a sight bill of exchange or similar instrument denominated in a foreign currency.......
59. Exchange Controls Exchange Controls and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Exchange Controls: The rationing of foreign currencies and other instruments for settling international financial [...]...
60. Reserve Currency Summary of Reserve Currency The currency of a major trading national, widely accepted in international transactions and regarded as stable, that is held by the central banks or monetary authorities of other nations as a form of collateral for their own currency. The use of reserve [...]...
61. Appreciation Definition of Appreciation in International Trade The following is a concept of Appreciation in the context of international trade law, from the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In foreign exchange, an increase in the value of the currency of one nation in relation to [...]...
62. Foreign Employees In the United States For information about Foreign employees in the context of international trade, click here...
63. Currency Area Optimum Currency Area and Europe There is an entry on optimum currency area in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Optimum Currency Area" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney [...]...
64. Foreign Assets Resources See Also Further Reading Information about Foreign Assets in the Encyclopedia of World Trade: from Ancient Times to the Present (Cynthia Clark Northrup) ...
65. Food Policy Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to food policy in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
66. Cross-Currency Exposure Obligations denominated in terms of a given currency that are not matched by equivalent revenues in terms of that currency. For example, a firm with obligations of 10 million Japanese yen but revenues of only 8 million yen are exposed to the degree that they must purchase, in the foreign exchange ma......
67. Spot Exchange Spot Exchange in International Trade Meaning of Spot Exchange, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The purchase and sale of foreign exchange for delivery and payment at the time of the transaction....
68. Covered Transaction A transaction denominated in terms of a foreign currency, payable at a future date, in which protection against loss on exchange has been procured, usually in the form of a Forward Exchange Contract (read this and related le......
69. Divergence Threshold Within the euro Pean Monetary System (read this and related legal terms for further details), each participating currency is assigned a value in terms of the European currency unit (ECU). The participating currency is pe......
70. ECU Ecu Summary of Ecu The European Monetary System is considered here.(Main Author: William J. Miller) ECU and International Trade Economy ECU (European Currency Unit) and Europe There is an entry on ecu (european currency unit) in the European legal encyclopedia. ECU and the [...]...
71. Spot Rate Spot Rate in International Trade Meaning of Spot Rate, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Rate of exchange quoted for purchases and sales of a foreign currency for immediate delivery and payment....
72. Common Unit of Exchange Concept of Common Unit of Exchange An introductory definition of Common Unit of Exchange is provided here: a currency in which international economic exchanges are valued Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs...
73. Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvements Act A 1982 act of Congress, constituting Title IV of the export trading company act (read this and related legal terms for further details), which amends the Sherman Act and Federal Trade Commission Act to clarify their inap......
74. Indicative World Plan A comprehensive investigation of world agricultural production and trade begun in 1946 by the Food and Agricultural Organization. The object of the investigation was to assess (then) current conditions in agriculture, identify future needs and opportunities, and recommend strategies. Significant obj......
75. Hard Money Hard Money (currency) in International Trade Meaning of Hard Money (currency), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Currency of a nation having stability in the country and abroad. Refers to currency that is accepted internationally and freely convertible. [...]...
76. Breach Date A doctrine in law that holds that, in disputes involving sums denominated in a foreign currency, a court shall require settlement in local currency at the rate of exchange in effect at the time the contract was abrogated.......
77. Gold Standard Summary of Gold Standard A system under which a nation's currency is freely convertible into gold. The quantity of gold per unit of currency is fixed by law. Most major trading nations, however, abandoned the gold standard because of the constraints it imposes upon liquidity, although [...]...
78. Interbank Market A market for the purchase and sale in the spot and forward markets for foreign exchange among major commercial banks. Very often, these banks will offer to purchase or sell exchange through brokers, thereby initially protecting the identity of the market participants in a given currency at a point i......
79. Multiple Currency System Synonymous with Differential Exchange Rates (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
80. Convertible virtual currency ContentsConvertible (or open) virtual currencyResourcesSee AlsoBiography Convertible (or open) virtual currency Convertible (or open) virtual currency may be either centralized ... Read more...
81. American Option Definition of American Option in International Trade The following is a concept of American Option in the context of international trade law, from the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A foreign exchange type of contract containing a provision to the effect that it can be [...]...
82. Yo-Yo Effect A condition that arises under the rules of Financial Accounting Standards Board Statement No. 8 (read this and related legal terms for further details) when a foreign company's total monetary assets differ from its t......
83. Food Law Introduction This entry provides an overview of the legal framework of food law, with a description of the most significant features of food law at international level. Related Work and Conclusions Resources See Also References (Papers) Water, Water, Nowhere: Adapting Water Rights For A [...]...
84. Foreign Trade Organization A former instrumentality of the Soviet government charged with controlling the importation or exportation of specified products, or with providing trade-related functions such as shipping and insurance. Most of the sixty-plus FTOs in existence in the 1980s were subject to control of the Ministry of ......
85. Fao Fao Fao (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Fao means: is a food and agriculture organization, founded in 1945. Covers questions of food resources and agricultural development in order to improve the lives of the peoples of the world. Embracing mainstream international law, this [...]...
86. European Company European Company and Europe There is an entry on european company in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "European Company" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney Leach (Profile [...]...
87. Convertibility Summary of Convertibility The ability of a currency to be exchanged for other currencies in settlement of current account transactions. Currencies are convertible in varying degrees, although the ability of nonresidents freely to purchase and sell a given currency, without governmental [...]...
88. Eurobill Of Exchange A bill of exchange (read here for further details) drawn in a currency other than that used in the country of the maker.......
89. Par Of Exchange The value, in gold, of a unit of a nation's currency in relation to the gold value of a unit of another nation's currency.......
90. Currency Controls Currency Controls and International Trade Resources See Also exchange controls...
91. Right to Adequate Food This section provides an overview of right to adequate food within the legal context of International Economic Law and Human Rights in international economic law (Cross-Cutting Challenges). Resources Further Reading Bernard O'Connor, "Right to Adequate Food," Elgar Encyclopedia [...]...
92. Fiduciary Currency A currency backed solely by the faith of the government that issues it. The term does not carry the negative import often associated with fiat money (read this and related legal terms for further details). See also Money......
93. Vostro Account Funds denominated in local currency that a foreign bank holds in a local bank. ......
94. Devaluation Summary of Devaluation The official reduction of the value of a nation's money in relation to a standard (usually gold), special drawing rights, or the U.S. dollar. Inasmuch as all currencies are ultimately valued in terms of some standard, devaluation results in the conscious increase [...]...
95. Federation Of American Controlled Shipping An association of American firms that operate Liberian- and Panamanian-registered tankers, bulk carriers, and specialized vessels. Currently, federation member firms control over forty-three million deadweight tons of foreign shipping. In addition, federation members control approximately one-half t......
96. World Food Council WFC – World Food Council Further ReadingA concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including World Food Council , H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including World Food Council , Boczek, Boleslaw Adam [...]...
97. Food Requirements Resources See Also Food Agriculture Food Law Restaurant...
98. Justices of the Forest Resources See Also Forest courts...
99. Constitutions of the Forest Resources See Also Charta (Charta de foresta)...
100. Courts of the Forest Resources See Also Forest courts...
101. Sustainable Forest Landscapes Launch of Initiative for Sustainable Forest Landscapes in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to Launch of Initiative for Sustainable Forest Landscapes: On November 20, 2013, in Warsaw, Poland, the United States joined in the launch of a new partnership, the [...]...
102. Forestry Development Resources See Also Forestry Natural Resources Forest Law...
103. Foreign Law ContentsForeign LawForeign LawConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/sMentioned in these Entries Foreign Law Foreign law and international ... Read more...
104. Foreign Sovereign Inmunity Act ContentsForeign Sovereign Inmunity ActUS main Decisions:ConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/sMentioned in these Entries Foreign Sovereign Inmunity ... Read more...
105. Foster Care Adoption: Facts ContentsFoster Care Adoption: Facts & FiguresMyths and FactsConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/s Foster Care Adoption: Facts ... Read more...
106. Found Guilty of Treason ContentsFound Guilty of TreasonConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/sMentioned in these Entries Found Guilty of Treason (Delivered ... Read more...
107. Foreign Country Search Engine listing ContentsForeign country Search Engine listingArgentinaAustralia & New ZealandBelgiumBrazilCanadaChileColumbiaCosta RicaCzech RepublicDenmarkEcuadorEl SalvadorFinlandFranceGermanyGuatemalaHondurasHungaryIndiaIsraelItalyJapanKenyaKoreaMexicoNetherlandsNorthern EuropeNorwayPanamaParaguayPeruPolandPortugalSouth AfricaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandUnited KingdomUruguayVenezuelaConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s ... Read more...
108. Forced heirship Hello ContentsForced heirshipConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/sMentioned in these Entries Forced heirship Legitime, Falcidian portion , ... Read more...
109. Following the Rules Laid Down: A Critique of Interpretivism and Neutral Principles ContentsFollowing the Rules Laid Down: A Critique of Interpretivism and Neutral PrinciplesConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/sMentioned ... Read more...
110. Foreign Law Guide (FLG) Foreign Law Guide (FLG) The FLG is the outstanding and comprehensive Foreign Law Guide. It contains the most up-to-date research ... Read more...
111. Foreign Trade Foreign Trade Definition Foreign Trade is the exchange of goods and services between nations. Goods can be defined as finished products, as intermediate goods used in producing other goods, or as agricultural products and foodstuffs. Introduction International trade enables a [...]...
112. Forensic Sciences ContentsForensic SciencesForensic Sciences in the United StatesDaubert v. Merrell Dow PharmaceuticalsKumho Tire v. CarmichaelForensic Sciences in other countriesList of Forensic ... Read more...
113. Food Balance A nation's supply of food relative to its population.......
114. Food Reserves A nation's stockpile of food in excess of current requirements; used primarily in relation to measurement of the shortfall or excess of food production by developing nations.......
115. Footloose Industry A manufacturing operation in which the cost of transportation, either of raw materials or the finished product, is not significant, thereby eliminating the requirement that the factory be located near either raw materials or the market.......
116. Foreign Banking Corporations An Edge Act bank. See Edge Act Corporation.......
117. Foreign Base Finance Company It was a financing operation organized abroad (usually in a tax haven) that had as its main purpose the arranging of loans abroad in Eurocurrencies, almost always on behalf of its parent or affiliates.......
118. Foreign Bill Of Exchange A bill of exchange (read here for further details) drawn in one state or country and payable in another.......
119. Foreign Currency Statement A financial statement prepared using a functional currency other than that in which the firm customarily reports.......
120. Foreign Currency Transaction For accounting purposes, a transaction stated in terms of a currency other than the firm's functional currency. The purchase or sale of goods priced in terms of a foreign currency and the lending or borrowing of foreign funds represent such transactions.......