Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Guest Currency The currency in which a Eurobond (read this and related legal terms for further details) or other financial obligation is issued. The currency is selected to be acceptable to both the foreign borrower and the lender, and......
2. Collective Reserve Unit An artificial currency unit proposed in 1965 by Valéry Giscard d'Estaing of France. The cru, as it was known, was to have been linked to gold to create international reserves. The GROUP OF ten (read this and relat......
3. Credit Currency Synonymous with Fiduciary Currency (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
4. Berth No Berth A stipulation that may be included in a vessel charter party (read this and related legal terms for further details) providing that if the point of loading or discharge is a berth, and if the berth is not immediately ava......
5. Cooley Loans Foreign-currency-denominated loans by the U.S. government to foreign nations to permit the purchase of American agricultural commodities. The loans are authorized by an amendment to the Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act (...
6. Multiple Currency System Synonymous with Differential Exchange Rates (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
7. Tramp A vessel that offers nonscheduled service between such ports as afford cargoes of opportunity. Unlike a Liner (read this and related legal terms for further details), a tramp seeks to acquire a full load from one shipper......
8. Gross Charter Also known as gross terms, a vessel charter arrangement whereby all expenses, to include loading, unloading, pilotage (read this and related legal terms for further details), et cetera, are for the account of the vessel.......
9. Gold Sterilization A governmental policy to prevent the expansion of a nation's money supply by preventing the accumulation of gold. In the case of a nation on the Gold Standard (read this and related legal terms for further details), ......
10. Key Currency The currency of a major trading nation widely accepted in settlement of international accounts. At present, eight currencies are regarded as key currencies and are known as the Big Eight ("https://lawin.org/list-of-international-trade-law-terms/">read this and related legal [...]...
11. Freight Broker Synonymous with Cargo Broker (read this and related legal terms for further details), in vessel charter transactions.......
12. Indicative World Plan A comprehensive investigation of world agricultural production and trade begun in 1946 by the Food and Agricultural Organization. The object of the investigation was to assess (then) current conditions in agriculture, identify future needs and opportunities, and recommend strategies. Significant obj......
13. First World Summary of First World A general reference to the industrialized nations of the West, primarily the members of the Organization For Economic Cooperation And Development (read this and related legal terms for further details), but often including other prosperous nations as well. See Second [...]...
14. Sterling Balances The official reserves of a national monetary authority held in pounds sterling, both in sterling AREA (read this and related legal terms for further details) countries and in others.......
15. Divergence Threshold Within the euro Pean Monetary System (read this and related legal terms for further details), each participating currency is assigned a value in terms of the European currency unit (ECU). The participating currency is pe......
16. Nonprivileged Foreign Status The condition of imported merchandise entered into a Foreign Trade Zone (read this and related legal terms for further details), other than goods that have been granted privileged foreign status (...
17. Pilotage The charge imposed on a vessel for the services of a pilot to guide the ship into or out o: a harbor. The actual costs of pilotage are computed in terms of pilotage units (read this and related legal terms for further detail......
18. Slot Ship Synonymous with cellularized vessel (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
19. Covered Transaction A transaction denominated in terms of a foreign currency, payable at a future date, in which protection against loss on exchange has been procured, usually in the form of a Forward Exchange Contract (read this and related le......
20. Berth A stipulation in a vessel charter party (read this and related legal terms for further details) that laytime ("https://lawin.org/list-of-international-trade-law-terms/">read this and related legal terms ......
21. Central Rate Each currency affiliated with the EUROPEAN monetary system (read this and related legal terms for further details) is assigned a value in terms of the European currency unit (ECU). The central rate is the range within wh......
22. Currency Risk The economic risk assumed by a lender or seller who is to be paid in units of a foreign currency that, when translated at some future date into his own currency, he will have sustained a loss (in terms of his own currency) because the foreign currency has depreciated in value prior to settlement of ......
23. Maritime Subsidy Board A body collateral to the Maritime administration (read this and related legal terms for further details) responsible for reviewing applications for subsidies to U.S. merchant vessel operators to permit competition with l......
24. Trip Charter The operation of a vessel, under a Time Charter (read this and related legal terms for further details), for a specific voyage or voyages.......
25. Devaluation Summary of Devaluation The official reduction of the value of a nation's money in relation to a standard (usually gold), special drawing rights, or the U.S. dollar. Inasmuch as all currencies are ultimately valued in terms of some standard, devaluation results in the conscious increase [...]...
26. Gross Terms Synonymous with Gross Charter (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
27. Visby Amendment A proposed revision to the Hague Agreement (read this and related legal terms for further details) of 1924 on the liability of ocean carriers for loss and damage to cargo. The Visby Amendment does not contemplate materia......
28. Weather Permitting A condition in a vessel charter party that provides that time lost during loading or discharge because of weather conditions shall not count as Laytime (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
29. Group Of Twenty-Four A block of less developed nations that has called for the allocation of 45 percent of the voting quota at the international Monetary Fund (read this and related legal terms for further details) to Third World nations. Cu......
30. Notice Of Readiness Written notification provided by a vessel owner to a charterer, shipper, or consignee that the vessel has arrived at port and is prepared to commence loading or discharging of cargo, as the case may be. Failure by the charterer, shipper, or consignee to commence loading/discharging is apt to start L......
31. Reserve Currency Summary of Reserve Currency The currency of a major trading national, widely accepted in international transactions and regarded as stable, that is held by the central banks or monetary authorities of other nations as a form of collateral for their own currency. The use of reserve [...]...
32. Clean Acceptance A formal acknowledgment by a principal in negotiations for the charter of a vessel that he accepts the offer submitted to him, without further modification, and that he binds himself to execute the charter PARTY (read this a......
33. Column 2 Rate The rate of duty applied by U.S. Customs to imports from nations not enjoying Most Favored Nation (read this and related legal terms for further details) status. The Column 2 rate is the statutory rate of duty provided i......
34. Green Clause A provision in a letter OF CREDIT (read this and related legal terms for further details) similar to a RED CLAUSE (read this and related legal t......
35. Minimum List A statistical classification system for foreign trade advanced by the League of Nations. The report entitled Minimum List of Commodities for International Trade Statistics was published in 1938. Following World War II, it was superseded by the United Nations standard international Trade Classificati......
36. On Board Bill Of Lading An ocean bill of LADING (read this and related legal terms for further details) bearing the carrier's endorsement "on board" or words of like import stipulating that the cargo covered by the bill of lading ......
37. Tariff (Customs) A document issued by a nation's customs authority principally for the purpose of specifying rates of duty to be applied on various imported products. A tariff customarily also includes quantitative restrictions (quotas) upon certain imports, preferential duties on products imported from specifie......
38. Currency Convertible In Fact A national currency that can be used for the settlement of private transactions, as contrasted with an artificial CURRENCY UNIT (read this legal term for further details), such as special drawing rights, which are used only by governments for t......
39. Gold Tranche Position A drawing of foreign exchange from the international monetary FUND (read this and related legal terms for further details), by a member nation up to or equal with that country's gold on deposit with the IMF. In effec......
40. Net Ton A unit of measurement in determining the cargo-carrying capacity of a vessel. It is computed in the same manner as the Gross Ton (read this and related legal terms for further details) but includes only revenue-producing......
41. Soft Loan A loan repayable by a foreign borrower in a Soft Currency (read this and related legal terms for further details). Such loans usually have been the product of long-term sales to countries without hard currency repayment ......
42. Blocked Exchange An exchange restriction, imposed by governmental authority, that forbids the unlicensed purchase of bills of exchange, currency, or negotiable instruments denominated in a foreign currency. The object of this measure is to prevent transmission of foreign currency reserves out of the country. [...]...
43. General Agreements To Borrow An arrangement among the GROUP OF TEN (read this and related legal terms for further details) nations to provide supplemental financing to the International Monetary Fund (...
44. Unilinear Tariff Synonymous with general TARIFF (read this and related legal terms for further details). Union D'Assureurs Des Credits Inter- Nationaux. The full, formal name of the Berne Union (...
45. Notional Concept Of Valuation An approach to the application of ad valorem duties that holds that duties should be applied upon the price the goods "ought to fetch" under specified conditions; this view was widely held for many years and was embraced in the Brussels Definition Of Value (...
46. Foreign Currency Foreign Currency in International Trade Meaning of Foreign Currency, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The currency of any foreign country which is authorized medium of circulation and the basis for record keeping in that country. Foreign currency is [...]...
47. Coastwise Option A provision of the carriage OF GOODS BY SEA ACT (read this and related legal terms for further details) (COGSA) which permits COGSA to be incorporated into bills of lading covering shipments in the domestic maritime comm......
48. Pivot Charge The minimum charge imposed by an air carrier for the use of a Unit Load Device (read this and related legal terms for further details), or air container. The charge is based upon a Pivot Weight (...
49. Roosa Bonds Bonds sold by the U.S. Treasury in the 1960s to foreign central banks for dollars as part of a Swap Arrangement (read this and related legal terms for further details) to relieve exchange rate instability. The bonds prov......
50. Safeguard Measures Actions taken by a nation to protect its domestic industry and commerce from what it views as unfair or improper practices by a trading partner. For example, a trading partner's use of improper subsidies designed to artificially stimulate exports might result in such safeguard measures as the im......
51. International Gold Bullion Standard A Gold Bullion standard (read this and related legal terms for further details) that permits redemption of currency into gold only for purposes of export.......
52. Arrived Ship A vessel under charter that has arrived at its point of loading or discharge; laytime (read this and related legal terms for further details) will begin to accrue from the time of arrival. A vessel has arrived if it fill......
53. Super Gold Tranche A condition in which drawings by a member of the international Monetary Fund (read this and related legal terms for further details) cause fund holdings of the member's currency to fall below 75 percent of the member......
54. Underdevelopment Summary of Underdevelopment A condition in which a nation's per capita real income is significantly below that enjoyed in the industrialized world, and where national income is inadequate to provide the investment capital essential to expand the economy. In addition, most underdeveloped [...]...
55. Cross-Currency Exposure Obligations denominated in terms of a given currency that are not matched by equivalent revenues in terms of that currency. For example, a firm with obligations of 10 million Japanese yen but revenues of only 8 million yen are exposed to the degree that they must purchase, in the foreign exchange ma......
56. Himilaya Clause A provision in an ocean bill of lading that extends to stevedores or other employees of a carrier the carrier defenses against claims for loss and damage of cargo provided in the carriage of goods by sea act (read this and r......
57. Insular Possessions Certain offshore possessions of the United States that are considered to be beyond the Customs Territory (read this and related legal terms for further details). The insular possessions are the Virgin Islands, Guam, Amer......
58. As Laytime A condition in some vessel charter agreements stipulating that time lost to the vessel because the charterer, shipper, or consignee cannot provide a berth for the ship will count as laytime, i.e., LAYTIME (read this and rela......
59. Differential Exchange Rates A scheme in which a government prescribes different rates of exchange for the local currency, depending upon the transaction involved. The government may assign its currency a given value in terms of gold for capital transfers, for example, but provide for a less favorable rate of exchange for impor......
60. Dirty Float Also known as managed float, the process whereby national monetary authorities intercede in the foreign exchange markets to prevent significant fluctuations in the values of their own or other currencies. The process is accomplished by selling reserves of currencies rising in value, or the [...]...
61. Domestication The process whereby foreign investors are forced, by governmental sanction, to relinquish their control or interest in local enterprises to local nationals. The term can be applied to an Expropriation (read this and related ......
62. Free of Capture and Seizure A clause in an ocean marine policy that deletes from the list of covered perils the WAR RISKS (read this and related legal terms for further details) of capture and seizure, and losses attributable thereto. All such war-......
63. Nonprivileged Domestic Status The condition of merchandise of U.S. origin entered into a foreign trade zone (read this and related legal terms for further details), other than goods that have been granted privileged domestic STATUS (...
64. Voluntary Stranding A grounding which results from the design and actions of the master to save the ship from imminent peril. Costs and sacrifices resulting from the voluntary act are recoverable in General Average (read this and related legal ......
65. Column 1 Rate The rate of duty applied by U.S. Customs to imports from nations enjoying Most Favored Nation (read this and related legal terms for further details) status. See TARIFF (CUSTOMS); Tariff Schedules of the United States.......
66. Drawing Unit Reserve Asset More commonly known by the acronym DURA, a proposed artificial currency unit to be used as an international reserve asset. The Dura was an evolutionary step toward the creation of the special drawing rights (read this and re......
67. Mart And Countermart letters patent (read this and related legal terms for further details) issued by governmental authority to vessel owners authorizing them to wage war upon national enemies and to derive profit from vessels or goods acqui......
68. Artificial Currency Unit An international standard of value created by a multilateral agreement. An artificial currency unit (ACU) is not a currency in the conventional sense in that it cannot be used to settle private transactions. An ACU is given a value in terms of a basket of various national currencies in fixed or vari......
69. Manufacturer's Particulars Details of the construction of an intermodal container, as specified in the container's DATA PLATE (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
70. Nairobi Treaty On The Protection Of The Olympic Symbol An international agreement to protect the Olympic symbol against commercial use without the approval of the International Olympic Committee (IOC). The treaty specifies that adhering states will prohibit use of the Olympic symbol on goods or advertising or as a trademark except under license from th......
71. Balance of Trade Balance Of Trade Summary of Balance Of Trade The sum total, in monetary terms, of a nation's merchandise (i.e., "visible") exports less the value of merchandise imports during a given time period, usually one year. Merchandise imports and exports are contrasted with trade in [...]...
72. Food Balance A nation's supply of food relative to its population.......
73. International Reserves Gold, hard currencies, and special drawing rights (read this and related legal terms for further details) issued by the international monetary fund (...
74. Monetary Reserves Precious metal, or foreign currencies convertible into metal, held by a national treasury or central bank as security for money in circulation.......
75. Gold Reserves The gold held by a nation as reserves for currency issued. After U.S. abandonment of the gold standard in 1933, Congress mandated that the Federal Reserve banks would have to hold gold certificates, reflecting gold on deposit with the U.S. Treasury equivalent to at least 25 percent of currency [...]...
76. Food Related Fields Related topics include: Food Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Agriculture Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Food Law Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Restaurant Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Related [...]...
77. Food Aid Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to food aid in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
78. Food Law Introduction This entry provides an overview of the legal framework of food law, with a description of the most significant features of food law at international level. Related Work and Conclusions Resources See Also References (Papers) Water, Water, Nowhere: Adapting Water Rights For A [...]...
79. Food and Beverages Law Food and Beverages Law......
80. Food Safety Food safety and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Food safety provided by the European Union Commission: The European Union has made food safety one of the main priorities of its policy agenda. It is a horizontal objective to be taken into account in several areas of Community [...]...
81. Food Issues Food in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to Food: On March 21, 2013, the United States joined consensus on a resolution adopted by at the 22nd session of the HRC on the right to food. U.N. Doc. A/HRC/RES/22/9. Attorney Adviser Julianna Bentes delivered the [...]...
82. Food Policy Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to food policy in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
83. Food Industry Resources See Also Farming Farm Bill Agricultural Law Agriculture Reform Agriculture...
84. Food Contamination Resources See Also Chemical Armament...
85. Food Security Resources See Also Economic Development Social development...
86. Food Composition Resources See Also Food Agriculture Food Law Restaurant...
87. Food Hygiene Resources See Also Food Agriculture Food Law Restaurant...
88. Food Requirements Resources See Also Food Agriculture Food Law Restaurant...
89. Food Reserve Resources See Also Food Agriculture Food Law Restaurant...
90. Food Shortage Resources See Also Food Agriculture Food Law Restaurant...
91. Food Supply Resources See Also Food Agriculture Food Law Restaurant...
92. Food Subsidy Resources See Also Taxation Public Finance Public Policy Tax Law Financial Regulation...
93. Food And Agriculture Organization Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Introduction to Food and Agriculture Organization Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), specialized United Nations agency whose main goal is to eliminate hunger on a world scale. The organization's mandate is [...]...
94. Food Importing Developing Countries The Decision on LLDCs and Food Importing Developing Countries (NFIDC) This section provides an overview of the decision on lldcs and food importing developing countries (nfidc) within the legal context of Sectorial Agreements in international economic law (Main Regulatory Areas)....
95. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Organization United Nations United Nations System UN Agency...
96. Reserves In insurance industry usage, funds set aside to satisfy claims which have arisen but not yet paid. Such reserves fall into two categories: (11 Those arising from claims made upon the insurer but not yet actually paid; and (2) claims which have been incurred but not yet reported. In the latter case, ......
97. Technical Reserves Spanish Translation of technical provision, technical reserves, underwriting reservesThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to technical provision, technical reserves, underwriting reserves and / or a definition of this topic: Provisiones Técnicas (in Spanish, [...]...
98. Underwriting Reserves Spanish Translation of technical provision, technical reserves, underwriting reservesThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to technical provision, technical reserves, underwriting reserves and / or a definition of this topic: Provisiones Técnicas (in Spanish, [...]...
99. Payment under Reserves Payment Under Reserves in International Trade Meaning of Payment Under Reserves, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In a letter of credit payment made against a non-complaint or questionable presentation, against which the beneficiary agree to repay if [...]...
100. Lending Against Oil Reserves Lending Against Oil and Gas Reserves in relation with Oil and Gas Reserve Lending This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of Lending Against Oil and Gas Reserves covered in connexion with Oil and Gas Reserve Lending and banking / lending Institutions....
101. The Right to Food In relation to the the right to food and constitutional law, Mathilde Cohen[1] made the following observation: In the face of persistent chronic hunger in some regions of the world and malnutrition in others, the recognition of the right to food is on the rise. The notion of a right to [...]...
102. Oil-for-food Program Embracing mainstream international law, this section on oil-for-food program explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "oil-for-food program" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law [...]...
103. Right to Adequate Food This section provides an overview of right to adequate food within the legal context of International Economic Law and Human Rights in international economic law (Cross-Cutting Challenges). Resources Further Reading Bernard O'Connor, "Right to Adequate Food," Elgar Encyclopedia [...]...
104. Contaminated Food Resources See Also Food Agriculture Food Law Restaurant...
105. A-Z Encyclopedia of Food Controversies and the Law ContentsThe A-Z Encyclopedia of Food Controversies and the LawBibliographic DetailsTable of ContentsPrefaceReviewsPublisher CommentsAnnotationSynopsis The A-Z Encyclopedia of Food Controversies and ... Read more...
106. World Food Program Introduction to World Food ProgramWorld Food Program (WFP), unit of the United Nations, created in 1961 by the General Assembly as a three-year experimental project of the UN and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the UN. In 1965 the assembly voted to extend the program "fo......
107. World Food Council WFC – World Food Council Further ReadingA concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including World Food Council , H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including World Food Council , Boczek, Boleslaw Adam [...]...
108. World Food Programme WFP – World Food Programme Further Reading A concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including World Food Programme , H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including World Food Programme , Boczek, [...]...
109. International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture ContentsTitle of the TreatyAbout the International Treaty on Plant Genetic ... Read more...
110. International Union of Food, Agricultural, Hotel, Restaurant, Catering, Tobacco and Allied Workers' Associations Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental Organization Regional Organization Regional Integration...
111. Footloose Industry A manufacturing operation in which the cost of transportation, either of raw materials or the finished product, is not significant, thereby eliminating the requirement that the factory be located near either raw materials or the market.......
112. Foreign Assets Control Regulations A pronouncement issued under authority of Section 5 (b) of the trading with the enemy act (read this and related legal terms for further details) that prohibits importation of products manufactured in, or containing comp......
113. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act A Federal law, adopted in 1977, that forbids any U.S. company, its officers, employees, directors, agents, or major stockholders to make payments to any foreign official, candidate for office, or political party as an inducement to obtain, retain, or expand business. Violation of the act authorizes ......
114. Foreign Currency Statement A financial statement prepared using a functional currency other than that in which the firm customarily reports.......
115. Foreign Currency Translation The accounting process employed in expressing, in terms of a firm's reporting currency, those transactions that are denominated in a different currency.......
116. Foreign Market Price For purposes of customs valuation comparisons, generally the price of like merchandise sold for consumption in the country of origin.......
117. Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvements Act A 1982 act of Congress, constituting Title IV of the export trading company act (read this and related legal terms for further details), which amends the Sherman Act and Federal Trade Commission Act to clarify their inap......
118. Foreign Traders Index A database of foreign importers or potential importers of American products maintained by the International Trade Administration of the U.S. Department of Commerce as a source of business data for U.S. exporters. The file contains information on more than 140,000 potential purchasers in 143 countrie......
119. Forex An acronym for foreign exchange.......
120. Forty Footer An ocean container with an overall length of approximately forty feet. A standard forty-foot container has an external height of approximately eight feet. A standard forty-foot container constitutes two twenty-foot equivalent units in measuring a ship's container-carrying capacity.......