Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Fao Fao Fao (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Fao means: is a food and agriculture organization, founded in 1945. Covers questions of food resources and agricultural development in order to improve the lives of the peoples of the world. Embracing mainstream international law, this [...]...
2. Agriculture Agriculture in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Agriculture: Counterpart committees in the industrial sector are known as ISACs. See also IFACs. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in [...]...
3. Indicative World Plan A comprehensive investigation of world agricultural production and trade begun in 1946 by the Food and Agricultural Organization. The object of the investigation was to assess (then) current conditions in agriculture, identify future needs and opportunities, and recommend strategies. Significant obj......
4. FAO Activities Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ActivitiesIntroduction to FAO ActivitiesFunctions of the FAO include collecting, analyzing, and distributing information about nutrition, food, and agriculture; fostering conservation of natural resources; and promoting both a......
5. FAO Structure Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations StructureIntroduction to FAO StructureAt present the organization represents 187 member countries plus the European Union; it is headed by a director general. Each member nation has one vote in the general conference, the poli......
6. Floating Currency Floating Currency in International Trade Meaning of Floating Currency, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): One whose value in terms of foreign currency is not kept stable (on the basis of the par value or a fixed relationship to some other currency) but [...]...
7. Reserve Currency Summary of Reserve Currency The currency of a major trading national, widely accepted in international transactions and regarded as stable, that is held by the central banks or monetary authorities of other nations as a form of collateral for their own currency. The use of reserve [...]...
8. Forensic Science Introduction to Forensic ScienceForensic Science or Medical Jurisprudence, also called forensics, the application of science to law. Forensic science uses highly developed technologies to uncover scientific evidence in a variety of fields.Modern forensic science has a broad range of......
9. Foreign Spanish Translation of foreignThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to foreign and / or a definition of this topic: Extranjero (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
10. Forward Exchange Contract An agreement to exchange, at a specified future date, a fixed number of units of one currency for a fixed number of units of another currency. Such contracts are often procured by merchants when they must settle future accounts in a foreign currency and wish to protect against possible losses [...]...
11. Foreign Trade Control Law In the United States For information about Foreign Trade Control Law in the context of international trade, click here...
12. Foreign Currency Statement A financial statement prepared using a functional currency other than that in which the firm customarily reports.......
13. Foreign Assets Resources See Also Further Reading Information about Foreign Assets in the Encyclopedia of World Trade: from Ancient Times to the Present (Cynthia Clark Northrup) ...
14. Forensic Scientists Forensic Science Forensic ScientistsIntroduction to Forensic ScientistsWithin the broad area of forensic science, there are many subspecialties, including pathology (the examination of body tissues and fluids), toxicology (the study of poisons, including drugs), odontology (the stu......
15. Foreign Policy COREU (CORespondance EUropéenne) and the Treaties of the European Union Description of COREU (CORespondance EUropéenne) provided by the European Union Commission: Coreu is an EU communication network between the Member States and the Commission for cooperation in the fields of [...]...
16. Currency Risk The economic risk assumed by a lender or seller who is to be paid in units of a foreign currency that, when translated at some future date into his own currency, he will have sustained a loss (in terms of his own currency) because the foreign currency has depreciated in value prior to settlement of ......
17. Guest Currency The currency in which a Eurobond (read this and related legal terms for further details) or other financial obligation is issued. The currency is selected to be acceptable to both the foreign borrower and the lender, and......
18. Currency Currency in International Trade Meaning of Currency, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The circulating media of exchange in a country. Includes money and such financial instruments as checks. Resources See Also Public Finance Public Policy Tax Law [...]...
19. Foreign Exchange Foreign Exchange in International Trade Meaning of Foreign Exchange, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Current or liquid claims payable in foreign currency and in a foreign country (bank balances, checks, bills of exchange). Not to be confused with foreign [...]...
20. European Currency Unit (ECU) European Currency Unit (ECU) and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of European Currency Unit (ECU): A unit of value based on a "currency basket" comprising specific amounts of the [...]...
21. Foreign Asset Control In the United States For information about Foreign Asset Control in the context of international trade, click here...
22. International Economic Institutions Institutions Related to International Economic Law In international economic law, institutions related to international economic law includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal encyclopedia: li> International Labour Organization (ILO) Food and Agriculture Organization [...]...
23. Currency Future Currency Future in International Trade Meaning of Currency Future, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A contract for the future delivery of a commodity, currency, or security on a specific date. In contrast to forward contracts, future contracts are for [...]...
24. Currency Option Currency Option in International Trade Meaning of Currency Option, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The contractually agreed right to buy (call option) or to sell (put option) a specific amount of foreign currency at a predetermined price on a specific [...]...
25. Excess Foreign Currencies Foreign currency, derived from the sale of U.S. agricultural commodities under P.L. 480, in excess of current U.S. requirements. Periodically, the U.S. Treasury reviews the foreign currency position of the U.S. government. Upon finding that holdings of any given currency exceed requirements for that......
26. A Concise Encyclopedia of the United Nations Contents A Concise Encyclopedia of the United Nations Author: Volger, Helmut, ed. Publication details: New York: Kluwer Law International, 2002. ... Read more...
27. Closed Virtual Currency Contents Closed Virtual Currency Closed Virtual Currency in the E-Commerce Law Non-convertible (or closed) virtual currency is specific toa particular ... Read more...
28. Forward Exchange Option Forward Exchange Option in International Trade Meaning of Forward Exchange Option, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A contractually agreed right to buy (put) or to sell (call) a specific amount of one currency for a specified amount of another [...]...
29. Soft Currency A national currency that, because of exchange controls, is not freely convertible into gold or other currencies. Such controls are usually manifest in officially set rates of exchange that do not reflect the price of the soft currency, were it permitted to trade freely.......
30. Convertible Currency Convertible Currency in International Trade Meaning of Convertible Currency, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A currency of a nation that may be exchanged for that of another nation without restrictions. Countries with convertible currencies typically [...]...
31. United Dredging Company (united States) V. United Mexican States United Dredging Company (united States) v. United Mexican States Embracing mainstream international law, this section on united dredging company (united states) v. united mexican states explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The [...]...
32. Exchange Control The system by which a government regulates possession of and dealings in foreign exchange. The principal objective of exchange control is to allocate foreign exchange to necessary imports and expenditures. Normally, the finance ministry or central bank is invested with the authority to issue [...]...
33. Foreign Aid Concept of Foreign Aid An introductory definition of Foreign Aid is provided here: Donations of money, goods, or services from one nation to another. Such donations can be made for a humanitarian, altruistic purpose, or to advance the national interests of the giving nation. While in total [...]...
34. Cooley Loans Foreign-currency-denominated loans by the U.S. government to foreign nations to permit the purchase of American agricultural commodities. The loans are authorized by an amendment to the Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act (...
35. Forward Margin In foreign exchange transactions, the difference between the current, or "spot," price for a given currency and the price at some future date. If the "futures" price, that quoted by sellers of contracts for future purchase of that currency, is higher than the spot price, the subj......
36. National Currency National Currency in the E-Commerce Law Fiat Currency (a.k.a. “real currency,” “real money,” or “national currency”), is the coin and paper money of a country that is designated as its legal tender; circulates; and is customarily used and accepted as a medium of exchange in the issuing [...]...
37. Key Currency The currency of a major trading nation widely accepted in settlement of international accounts. At present, eight currencies are regarded as key currencies and are known as the Big Eight ("https://lawin.org/list-of-international-trade-law-terms/">read this and related legal [...]...
38. World Meteorological Organization WMO – World Meteorological Organization Further Reading A concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including World Meteorological Organization , H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including World [...]...
39. Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvements Act A 1982 act of Congress, constituting Title IV of the export trading company act (read this and related legal terms for further details), which amends the Sherman Act and Federal Trade Commission Act to clarify their inap......
40. Intergovernmental Organizations A list of some Intergovernmental Organizations is the following: Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization ( CTBTO ) Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) Global Environment Facility ( GEF ) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) International Atomic [...]...
41. Medical Law Medical Law......
42. Hard Money Hard Money (currency) in International Trade Meaning of Hard Money (currency), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Currency of a nation having stability in the country and abroad. Refers to currency that is accepted internationally and freely convertible. [...]...
43. Federation Of American Controlled Shipping An association of American firms that operate Liberian- and Panamanian-registered tankers, bulk carriers, and specialized vessels. Currently, federation member firms control over forty-three million deadweight tons of foreign shipping. In addition, federation members control approximately one-half t......
44. International Currency Trends in International Political Economy: International CurrencyIntroduction to International CurrencyExplosive growth in the exchange of foreign currencies in international markets has also transformed the global political economy (see foreign exchange). Advanced telecommunicatio......
45. Convertible virtual currency Contents Convertible (or open) virtual currency Convertible (or open) virtual currency may be either centralized or decentralized. Convertible virtual currency ... Read more...
46. Acts of State In the United States For information about Acts of state in the context of international trade, click here...
47. Export Companies In the United States For information about Export Companies in the context of international trade, click here...
48. Food Related Fields Related topics include: Food Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Agriculture Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Food Law Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Restaurant Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Related [...]...
49. Food Law Introduction This entry provides an overview of the legal framework of food law, with a description of the most significant features of food law at international level. Related Work and Conclusions Resources See Also References (Papers) Water, Water, Nowhere: Adapting Water Rights For A [...]...
50. Agio A premium paid in the process of exchanging one currency for another, or for a bill of exchange denominated in a foreign currency.......
51. Food Balance A nation's supply of food relative to its population.......
52. Food Reserves A nation's stockpile of food in excess of current requirements; used primarily in relation to measurement of the shortfall or excess of food production by developing nations.......
53. Medical Examiner Forensic Science: The Medical ExaminerIntroduction to Medical ExaminerThe medical examiner is the central figure in the forensic investigation of crimes involving a victim. It is the responsibility of the medical examiner to visit the crime scene, conduct an autopsy (an examination......
54. Food and Beverages Law Food and Beverages Law......
55. World Federation Of United Nations Associations WFUNA – World Federation of United Nations Associations Further ReadingA concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including World Federation of United Nations Associations , H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A [...]...
56. Food Safety Food safety and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Food safety provided by the European Union Commission: The European Union has made food safety one of the main priorities of its policy agenda. It is a horizontal objective to be taken into account in several areas of Community [...]...
57. Agriculture Policy Advisory Committee Agriculture Policy Advisory Committee (APAC) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Agriculture Policy Advisory Committee (APAC): A policy-level committee that forms part of the private sector [...]...
58. Appreciation Definition of Appreciation in International Trade The following is a concept of Appreciation in the context of international trade law, from the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In foreign exchange, an increase in the value of the currency of one nation in relation to [...]...
59. Foreign Officials Immunity Immunity, Foreign Officials in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): In 2010, the U.S. Supreme Court held in Samantar v. Yousuf that the FSIA does not govern the immunity of foreign officials. see this [...]...
60. Food Issues Food in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to Food: On March 21, 2013, the United States joined consensus on a resolution adopted by at the 22nd session of the HRC on the right to food. U.N. Doc. A/HRC/RES/22/9. Attorney Adviser Julianna Bentes delivered the [...]...
61. Food Policy Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to food policy in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
62. Food Industry Resources See Also Farming Farm Bill Agricultural Law Agriculture Reform Agriculture...
63. Food Contamination Resources See Also Chemical Armament...
64. Food Security Resources See Also Economic Development Social development...
65. Calorie Deficiency Resources See Also Food Agriculture Food Law Restaurant...
66. Food Composition Resources See Also Food Agriculture Food Law Restaurant...
67. Food Hygiene Resources See Also Food Agriculture Food Law Restaurant...
68. Food Requirements Resources See Also Food Agriculture Food Law Restaurant...
69. Food Reserve Resources See Also Food Agriculture Food Law Restaurant...
70. Food Shortage Resources See Also Food Agriculture Food Law Restaurant...
71. Food Supply Resources See Also Food Agriculture Food Law Restaurant...
72. Food Subsidy Resources See Also Taxation Public Finance Public Policy Tax Law Financial Regulation...
73. Blocked Exchange An exchange restriction, imposed by governmental authority, that forbids the unlicensed purchase of bills of exchange, currency, or negotiable instruments denominated in a foreign currency. The object of this measure is to prevent transmission of foreign currency reserves out of the country. [...]...
74. Par Value The nominal value assigned to a currency by its issuing authority. Normally, this value is expressed as a quantity of gold, or another currency convertible into gold. When the market value of a currency, expressed in terms of other convertible currencies, deviates significantly from its par [...]...
75. Food And Agriculture Organization Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Introduction to Food and Agriculture Organization Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), specialized United Nations agency whose main goal is to eliminate hunger on a world scale. The organization's mandate is [...]...
76. Codex Alimentarius Commission Codex Alimentarius Commission in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Codex Alimentarius Commission: An organization established in 1963 by the Food and Agriculture Organization in conjunction with [...]...
77. Holding Company Holding Company in International Trade Meaning of Holding Company, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Holding companies are corporations that are created for the sole purpose of obtaining and managing a controlling interest in other companies. There are [...]...
78. Common Currency Common Currency and Europe There is an entry on common currency in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Common Currency" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney Leach (Profile [...]...
79. Single Currency Single Currency and Europe There is an entry on single currency in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Single Currency" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney Leach (Profile [...]...
80. Food Importing Developing Countries The Decision on LLDCs and Food Importing Developing Countries (NFIDC) This section provides an overview of the decision on lldcs and food importing developing countries (nfidc) within the legal context of Sectorial Agreements in international economic law (Main Regulatory Areas)....
81. Calorie Resources See Also Food Agriculture Food Law Restaurant...
82. Royalties In the United States For information about Royalties in the context of international trade, click here Royalties and the Laws of International Trade Royalties Intellectual Property and Competition Law Royalties in International Trade Meaning of Royalties, according to the Dictionary of [...]...
83. Wipo Wipo Wipo in International Trade Meaning of Wipo, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The World Intellectual Property Organization is specialized agency of the United Nations system that seeks to promote international cooperation in the protection of [...]...
84. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Organization United Nations United Nations System UN Agency...
85. International Convention for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas 3 Contents International Convention for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas   Article XI 1. The Contracting Parties agree that there should ... Read more...
86. List of United Nations Cross References List of United Nations Cross References Economic and Social Council General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade International Bank for Reconstruction ... Read more...
87. Dirty Float Also known as managed float, the process whereby national monetary authorities intercede in the foreign exchange markets to prevent significant fluctuations in the values of their own or other currencies. The process is accomplished by selling reserves of currencies rising in value, or the [...]...
88. Fiduciary Currency A currency backed solely by the faith of the government that issues it. The term does not carry the negative import often associated with fiat money (read this and related legal terms for further details). See also Money......
89. Free Trade Area Summary of Free Trade Area An association of states that seeks to overcome impediments to trade among members by reducing or eliminating tariffs among the participants. The members of a free trade area do not maintain a common external tariff nor do they (usually) provide for the free flow [...]...
90. Vostro Account Funds denominated in local currency that a foreign bank holds in a local bank. ......
91. Diet Diet (legislature) Introduction to Diet Diet (legislature), term applied to the legislature of certain states or nations. The term is commonly used as the English name for the legislatures of several foreign countries. The term diet for a government body originated in the Frankish tribal [...]...
92. United Nations University UNU – United Nations University Further Reading A concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including United Nations University , H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including United Nations University [...]...
93. United Nations Volunteers UNV – United Nations Volunteers Further Reading A concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including United Nations Volunteers , H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including United Nations Volunteers [...]...
94. Exchanger Exchanger Contents Exchanger in the E-Commerce Law An exchanger (also sometimes called a virtual currency exchange) is a person/entity engaged ... Read more...
95. Sister Company Sister Company in International Trade Meaning of Sister Company, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A sister company is a company with close affiliations to another company with a separate name and personnel. Both companies are owned by the same parent and [...]...
96. Sectorial Agreements Sectorial Agreements in International Economic Law In international economic law, sectorial agreements includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal encyclopedia: li> The WTO Agreements on Agriculture (AoA) The Decision on LLDCs and Food Importing Developing Countries [...]...
97. The Right to Food In relation to the the right to food and constitutional law, Mathilde Cohen[1] made the following observation: In the face of persistent chronic hunger in some regions of the world and malnutrition in others, the recognition of the right to food is on the rise. The notion of a right to [...]...
98. Oil-for-food Program Embracing mainstream international law, this section on oil-for-food program explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "oil-for-food program" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law [...]...
99. Right to Adequate Food This section provides an overview of right to adequate food within the legal context of International Economic Law and Human Rights in international economic law (Cross-Cutting Challenges). Resources Further Reading Bernard O'Connor, "Right to Adequate Food," Elgar Encyclopedia [...]...
100. Contaminated Food Resources See Also Food Agriculture Food Law Restaurant...
101. A-Z Encyclopedia of Food Controversies and the Law Contents The A-Z Encyclopedia of Food Controversies and the Law Bibliographic Details Title: The A-Z Encyclopedia of Food Controversies and ... Read more...
102. World Food Program Introduction to World Food ProgramWorld Food Program (WFP), unit of the United Nations, created in 1961 by the General Assembly as a three-year experimental project of the UN and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the UN. In 1965 the assembly voted to extend the program "fo......
103. World Food Council WFC – World Food Council Further ReadingA concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including World Food Council , H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including World Food Council , Boczek, Boleslaw Adam [...]...
104. World Food Programme WFP – World Food Programme Further Reading A concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including World Food Programme , H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including World Food Programme , Boczek, [...]...
105. International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture Contents Title of the Treaty The International Treaty on Plant ... Read more...
106. International Union of Food, Agricultural, Hotel, Restaurant, Catering, Tobacco and Allied Workers' Associations Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental Organization Regional Organization Regional Integration...
107. Foreign Law Contents Foreign Law Foreign law and international law are distinct areas of law. Foreign law, froma an U.S. perspective, involves ... Read more...
108. Foreign Country Search Engine listing Contents Foreign country Search Engine listing Since search engine companies rely on Webmasters to take the trouble to submit information ... Read more...
109. Following the Rules Laid Down: A Critique of Interpretivism and Neutral Principles Contents Following the Rules Laid Down: A Critique of Interpretivism and Neutral Principles   Mark V. Tushnet Interpretivism and neutral ... Read more...
110. Foreign Law Guide (FLG) Foreign Law Guide (FLG) The FLG is the outstanding and comprehensive Foreign Law Guide. It contains the most up-to-date research ... Read more...
111. Foreign Service The Foreign Service Introduction to the Foreign Service Today, most nations staff their foreign services with career civil servants who are selected on the basis of competitive examinations. Until recent times, however, foreign service personnel were political appointees, often from noble [...]...
112. Forensic Sciences Contents Forensic Sciences Forensic Science is any scientific methodology used for the purposes of the search, identification, preservation, and analysis ... Read more...
113. Footloose Industry A manufacturing operation in which the cost of transportation, either of raw materials or the finished product, is not significant, thereby eliminating the requirement that the factory be located near either raw materials or the market.......
114. Force Majeure Summary of Force Majeure A superior or irresistible force, the impact of which is to discharge parties to a contract from their obligations to perform. Examples of such conditions are acts of war, governmental edicts, or natural disasters.(Main Author: William J. Miller) [...]...
115. Foreign Base Finance Company It was a financing operation organized abroad (usually in a tax haven) that had as its main purpose the arranging of loans abroad in Eurocurrencies, almost always on behalf of its parent or affiliates.......
116. Foreign Bill Of Exchange A bill of exchange (read here for further details) drawn in one state or country and payable in another.......
117. Foreign Corporation A corporation operating in a jurisdiction other than the one in which it was chartered. For example, a corporation chartered in France and one chartered in Connecticut would be equally foreign in New York. Occasionally the term alien corporation is applied to distinguish corporations chartered in no......
118. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act A Federal law, adopted in 1977, that forbids any U.S. company, its officers, employees, directors, agents, or major stockholders to make payments to any foreign official, candidate for office, or political party as an inducement to obtain, retain, or expand business. Violation of the act authorizes ......
119. Foreign Currency Translation The accounting process employed in expressing, in terms of a firm's reporting currency, those transactions that are denominated in a different currency.......
120. Foreign Entity Within the meaning of financial Accounting Standards Board Statement No. 8 (read this and related legal terms for further details) relative to accounting for foreign currency transactions, aforeign entity is an affiliate......