Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Gold Standard Summary of Gold Standard A system under which a nation's currency is freely convertible into gold. The quantity of gold per unit of currency is fixed by law. Most major trading nations, however, abandoned the gold standard because of the constraints it imposes upon liquidity, although [...]...
2. Draft Summary of Draft A written, unconditional demand upon a named party to pay a specified sum of money at a prescribed date. The person who makes the demand for payment, i.e., the person who prepares the draft, is known as the drawer or maker of the instrument; the party of whom payment is [...]...
3. Spot Rate Spot Rate in International Trade Meaning of Spot Rate, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Rate of exchange quoted for purchases and sales of a foreign currency for immediate delivery and payment....
4. Floating Currency Floating Currency in International Trade Meaning of Floating Currency, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): One whose value in terms of foreign currency is not kept stable (on the basis of the par value or a fixed relationship to some other currency) but [...]...
5. Uniform Law On Bills Of Exchange A product of the 1932 Geneva Convention on Bills of Exchange. The object of the act was to standardize various national laws and usages relative to bills of exchange, thereby overcoming an impediment to rade. The act specifies that a bill of exchange must contain:1. The term bill of exch......
6. Currency Adjustment Factor A surcharge imposed on ocean freight by a carrier to offset or mitigate the impact of exchange rate fluctuations upon his freight revenue.......
7. Banker's Bill A bill of exchange drawn by a bank upon a foreign bank. Usually, these bills are drawn upon credit balances with foreign banks so as to make exchange available locally, and are clean bills of exchange. Bill of Exchange is considered here.......
8. Put Option Spanish Translation of put optionThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to put option and / or a definition of this topic: Opción de Venta (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
9. Cross Rate The ratio between the exchange rate of two currencies in relation to a third currency.......
10. Soft Currency A national currency that, because of exchange controls, is not freely convertible into gold or other currencies. Such controls are usually manifest in officially set rates of exchange that do not reflect the price of the soft currency, were it permitted to trade freely.......
11. Call Option Spanish Translation of call option This is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to call option and / or a definition of this topic: Opción de Compra (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry). Call Option in International Trade Meaning of Call Option, [...]...
12. Fixed Exchange Rates A condition in which the official rates of exchange for most currencies, particularly those of major trading nations, are in an established ratio to one another; generally, this is the result of each currency having an established rate to gold from which a series of bilateral exchange ratios can be ......
13. Foreign Spanish Translation of foreignThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to foreign and / or a definition of this topic: Extranjero (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
14. Fixing Fixing in International Trade Meaning of Fixing, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In foreign exchange, establishing of the official exchange rate of a domestic currency against other negotiable currencies....
15. Purchasing Power Parity An equal relationship of prices between two countries. Price levels in both countries are substantially the same, considering the rate of exchange.......
16. Crawling Peg A middle ground between fixed and freely floating exchange rates. Unlike the free- floating system in which exchange rates are determined by market forces alone, and a system of fixed exchange rates (i.e., the defunct Bretton Woods system), the crawling peg scheme envisions that various trading curr......
17. Foreign Currency Translation The accounting process employed in expressing, in terms of a firm's reporting currency, those transactions that are denominated in a different currency.......
18. Par Value The nominal value assigned to a currency by its issuing authority. Normally, this value is expressed as a quantity of gold, or another currency convertible into gold. When the market value of a currency, expressed in terms of other convertible currencies, deviates significantly from its par [...]...
19. Dirty Float Also known as managed float, the process whereby national monetary authorities intercede in the foreign exchange markets to prevent significant fluctuations in the values of their own or other currencies. The process is accomplished by selling reserves of currencies rising in value, or the [...]...
20. Discount Rate Also known as the re-discount rate, the rate of interest charged by the Federal Reserve to member banks for advances. The rates are set every fourteen days by the regional Federal Reserve banks upon approval of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve system.The discount rate is a p......
21. Gold Exchange Standard A condition in which a nation maintains its reserves in a currency convertible into gold rather than in the metal itself. Since August 15, 1971, the U.S. dollar has not been freely convertible into gold by foreign central banks; it therefore does not qualify as a reserve currency for a nation on a g......
22. Statutory Rate Of Duty The rate of duty on the given product specified by the Smoot- Hawley Act (read this and related legal terms for further details) of 1930. The rates established by this act are applied to Column 2 countries, i.e., those t......
23. Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes 3 Contents Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes   Article 9 (1) An instrument is deemed to ... Read more...
24. Column 2 Rate The rate of duty applied by U.S. Customs to imports from nations not enjoying Most Favored Nation (read this and related legal terms for further details) status. The Column 2 rate is the statutory rate of duty provided i......
25. Floating Exchange Rate Floating Exchange Rate in International Trade Meaning of Floating Exchange Rate, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A rate of exchange that is determined by market forces. See also clean float and dirty float. Concept of Floating Exchange Rate An [...]...
26. Foreign Currency Foreign Currency in International Trade Meaning of Foreign Currency, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The currency of any foreign country which is authorized medium of circulation and the basis for record keeping in that country. Foreign currency is [...]...
27. Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes 2 Contents Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes   Article 81 For the purpose of making protest ... Read more...
28. Private Bill A bill of exchange (read here for further details) drawn upon and accepted by a party other than a bank; trade acceptances, for example, are private bills.......
29. Through Rate A freight rate that is the total rate from origin to destination; in some cases, surcharges may be applicable to the basic freight, and are additional to the through rate.......
30. Currency Future Currency Future in International Trade Meaning of Currency Future, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A contract for the future delivery of a commodity, currency, or security on a specific date. In contrast to forward contracts, future contracts are for [...]...
31. Promissory Note Introduction to Promissory Note Promissory Note, in the law of negotiable instruments, written instrument containing an unconditional promise by a party, called the maker, who signs the instrument, to pay to another, called the payee, a definite sum of money either on demand or at a specified [...]...
32. Grid Grid in International Trade Meaning of Grid, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In foreign exchange, fixed margin within which exchange rates are not allowed to fluctuate....
33. Effective Rate of Protection The net protection afforded by a nation's tariff system to any given domestic product. For example, the higher the rate of duty, the greater the protection against foreign imports; conversely, as rates are increased on raw materials or production inputs, the costs of domestic production are [...]...
34. Trade Acceptance Summary of Trade Acceptance Cross-reference: Acceptance.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Trade Acceptance in International Trade Meaning of Trade Acceptance, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A bill of exchange drawn by the exporter/seller on [...]...
35. Exchange Rate Exchange Rate in International Trade Meaning of Exchange Rate, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The price of one currency expressed in terms of another, i.e., the number of units of one currency that may be exchanged for one unit of another currency. [...]...
36. League of Nations conventions Contents League of Nations conventions International Convention Concerning the use of Broadcasting in the Cause of Peace 23.9.1936 International Convention ... Read more...
37. Financial Accounting Standards Board Statement No 8 A far-reaching and controversial pronouncement by the Financial Accounting Standards Board governing accounting practices used by American firms in transactions involving foreign currencies. The pronouncement, known commonly as FASB 8, came into effect for fiscal years beginning January 1, 1976. Am......
38. Bilateral Exchange Rates The European Monetary System is considered here.......
39. Agio A premium paid in the process of exchanging one currency for another, or for a bill of exchange denominated in a foreign currency.......
40. Yo-Yo Effect A condition that arises under the rules of Financial Accounting Standards Board Statement No. 8 (read this and related legal terms for further details) when a foreign company's total monetary assets differ from its t......
41. Financial Law Spanish Translation of financial lawThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to financial law and / or a definition of this topic: Derecho Financiero (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
42. Key Currency The currency of a major trading nation widely accepted in settlement of international accounts. At present, eight currencies are regarded as key currencies and are known as the Big Eight ("https://lawin.org/list-of-international-trade-law-terms/">read this and related legal [...]...
43. Foreign Currency Account Foreign Currency Account in International Trade Meaning of Foreign Currency Account, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An account maintained in a foreign bank in the currency of the country in which the bank is located. When such accounts are kept, they [...]...
44. Equity Plus Fixed-Rate Debt A purchase arrangement in which the borrower contributes a portion of the purchase price (his equity) and takes a loan for the rest at a fixed rate of interest.......
45. Effective Rate Of Exchange The true cost of acquiring a unit of a given currency in terms of another currency. The effective rate includes taxes and other costs that are factored into the price of the currency converted.......
46. Spot Exchange Rate Spot Exchange Rate in International Trade Meaning of Spot Exchange Rate, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The price of one currency expressed in terms of another currency at a given moment in time....
47. Exchange Rate Mechanism Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) and Europe There is an entry on exchange rate mechanism (erm) in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM)" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to [...]...
48. Fixed Date Spanish Translation of on the fixed dateThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to on the fixed date and / or a definition of this topic: Fecha Fija (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
49. Fixed Term Insurance Spanish Translation of fixed term insuranceThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to fixed term insurance and / or a definition of this topic: Seguro a Plazo Fijo (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
50. Fixed Term Labor Contract Resources See Also Personnel Law Enforcement Officer Military Personnel Law Practice Management Job Labor Law Labor Right Employment Contract...
51. Fixed Annuity Description of Fixed Annuity Resources See Also Immediate Annuity...
52. Intangible Fixed Assets Spanish Translation of intangible fixed assetsThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to intangible fixed assets and / or a definition of this topic: Inmovilizado Intangible (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
53. Foreign Exchange Foreign Exchange in International Trade Meaning of Foreign Exchange, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Current or liquid claims payable in foreign currency and in a foreign country (bank balances, checks, bills of exchange). Not to be confused with foreign [...]...
54. Foreign Bill Of Exchange A bill of exchange (read here for further details) drawn in one state or country and payable in another.......
55. Forward Exchange Contract An agreement to exchange, at a specified future date, a fixed number of units of one currency for a fixed number of units of another currency. Such contracts are often procured by merchants when they must settle future accounts in a foreign currency and wish to protect against possible losses [...]...
56. Freight, All Kinds Rate A fixed charge levied by a carrier to ship a container, trailer, car, et cetera, from one point to another, irrespective of the contents. A FAK rate supersedes class or commodity rates. The shipper, in effect, pays a flat charge to move the unit and may ship whatever he wishes up to the rated capaci......
57. Forward Exchange Option Forward Exchange Option in International Trade Meaning of Forward Exchange Option, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A contractually agreed right to buy (put) or to sell (call) a specific amount of one currency for a specified amount of another [...]...
58. Freight Rate LCL/fcl in International Trade Meaning of LCL/fcl, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A way of quoting container freight rates in which the carrier agrees to pack the container at the outset (LCL) but unpacking at destination must be carried out by the [...]...
59. Common Unit of Exchange Concept of Common Unit of Exchange An introductory definition of Common Unit of Exchange is provided here: a currency in which international economic exchanges are valued Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs...
60. Foreign Exchange Control Resources See Also Finance Consumer Credit Negotiable Instrument Securities Financial Regulation Corporate Finance International Public Finance...
61. Foreign Exchange Reserve Resources See Also Finance Consumer Credit Negotiable Instrument Securities Financial Regulation Corporate Finance International Public Finance...
62. Exchange Contents Exchange Exchange Definition Exchange, in commerce, generally, may be defined as a central office or place of business, such ... Read more...
63. Par Of Exchange The value, in gold, of a unit of a nation's currency in relation to the gold value of a unit of another nation's currency.......
64. Arbitration Of Exchange Arbitration Of Exchange Summary of Arbitration Of Exchange The near- simultaneous purchase and sale of foreign bills of exchange so as to take advantage of price differentials for such instruments in different money centers.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Resources See Also [...]...
65. Blocked Exchange An exchange restriction, imposed by governmental authority, that forbids the unlicensed purchase of bills of exchange, currency, or negotiable instruments denominated in a foreign currency. The object of this measure is to prevent transmission of foreign currency reserves out of the country. [...]...
66. Exchange Control The system by which a government regulates possession of and dealings in foreign exchange. The principal objective of exchange control is to allocate foreign exchange to necessary imports and expenditures. Normally, the finance ministry or central bank is invested with the authority to issue [...]...
67. Letter Of Exchange An infrequently used synonym for bill of exchange (read here for further details).......
68. Mint Par Of Exchange The relationship, in terms of precious metal value, of two nations' currencies, derived by dividing the gold or silver content, by weight, of one nation's currency unit by the comparable metal content of another nation's currency unit.......
69. Payable With Exchange A condition that may be written on a bill of exchange or check, the effect of which is to stipulate that exchange conversion or collection costs shall be borne by the payee in the case of a bill, or the maker in the case of a check.......
70. Pecuniary Exchange The settlement of obligations by payment of money, rather than by goods or services.......
71. Premium (Exchange) In foreign exchange transactions, the rise in value of one currency when measured against another currrency.......
72. Rationing Of Exchange An exchange control imposed by governmental authority to regulate transactions in foreign exchange. Under a rationing of exchange scheme, only the government may issue exchange to importers, and holders of bills of exchange denominated in a foreign currency must surrender them to the government in e......
73. Sole Of Exchange Bill of Exchange is considered here.......
74. Tax Rate Other Popular Tax Definitions in the World Legal Encyclopedia Adjusted Gross Income (sometimes, including Tax Rate) Ad......
75. Bills of Exchange The Legal History of Bills of Exchange in English Common Law This section provides an overview of Bills of Exchange in English Common Law Bills of Exchange, Drafts, Checks, and Trade Acceptances in relation with Negotiable Instruments This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of [...]...
76. Rate Spanish Translation of tariff and rateThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to tariff or rate and / or a definition of this topic: Tarifa (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
77. Exchange of Notes Exchange of Letters/Notes and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Exchange of Letters/Notes provided by the European Union Commission: States may express their consent to be bound by an "exchange of letters/notes". The basic characteristic of this procedure is that the [...]...
78. Exchange Rates Multiple Exchange Rates (also known as Differential Exchange Rates) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Multiple Exchange Rates (also known as Differential Exchange Rates): [...]...
79. Exchange Controls Exchange Controls and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Exchange Controls: The rationing of foreign currencies and other instruments for settling international financial [...]...
80. Bill of Exchange Bill of Exchange in International Trade Meaning of Bill of Exchange, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An unconditional order in writing, signed by a creditor (drawer) such as a buyer, and addressed to another person (drawee), typically a bank, ordering [...]...
81. Spot Exchange Spot Exchange in International Trade Meaning of Spot Exchange, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The purchase and sale of foreign exchange for delivery and payment at the time of the transaction....
82. Stock Exchange Law Contents Stock Exchange Law Stock Exchange Law Stock exchange law is today a subdivision of capital markets or securities law. ... Read more...
83. Student Exchange Resources See Also Education Policy Training Policy...
84. Stock Exchange Resources See Also Finance Consumer Credit Negotiable Instrument Securities Financial Regulation Corporate Finance...
85. Information Exchange Resources See Also Library Law Library Legal Deposit Public Law Library Information Science Research Investigation Legal Research Study...
86. Actual Value Rate A freight rate applicable to certain commodities where, depending upon the actual goods, value may vary greatly. For example, the classification "scientific instruments" may embrace low-value laboratory glassware or high-value precision instruments. In such cases, the shipper must declare ......
87. Bank Rate The rate at which the Bank of England and the Bank of Canada lend to commercial banks.......
88. Base Rate The specific commodity or general class rate applicable to a product in a common carrier's tariff. Various surcharges, fuel adjustments, currency adjustment factors, et cetera, may be imposed on top of the base rate; they are often expressed as a percentage of the base rate.......
89. Cable Rate The exchange rate quoted for a given currency transferred by cable. The cable rate is higher than the rate for checks or bills of exchange denominated in the same currency because cable transfers are virtually instantaneous, thereby denying the bank or broker use of the funds during the collection p......
90. Central Rate Each currency affiliated with the EUROPEAN monetary system (read this and related legal terms for further details) is assigned a value in terms of the European currency unit (ECU). The central rate is the range within wh......
91. Check Rate The rate of exchange applicable to bankers' checks. This rate is lower than the cable rate but higher than the rate applicable to time bills of exchange, owing to the time value of money.......
92. Clean Bill of Exchange Any bill of exchange (read here for further details) not accompanied by documents, such as invoices, bills of lading, et cetera. See direct collection.......
93. Column 1 Rate The rate of duty applied by U.S. Customs to imports from nations enjoying Most Favored Nation (read this and related legal terms for further details) status. See TARIFF (CUSTOMS); Tariff Schedules of the United States.......
94. Combination Rate An inland freight rate from point of origin to destination derived by adding two or more intermediate rates.......
95. Contract Rate In the steamship industry, the freight rate applicable to goods shipped by a firm that has executed an exclusive patronage contract (read this and related legal terms for further details) with a Conference (...
96. Customs Rate The rate of exchange employed by U.S. Customs in converting foreign currency invoices for the purpose of arriving at a value, in U.S. dollars, for imported merchandise. Ad valorem duties are applied on the dollar value. In accordance with the Customs Simplification Act of 1956, the secretary of the......
97. Differential Exchange Rates A scheme in which a government prescribes different rates of exchange for the local currency, depending upon the transaction involved. The government may assign its currency a given value in terms of gold for capital transfers, for example, but provide for a less favorable rate of exchange for impor......
98. Differential Rate A freight rate derived by compiling existing intermediate rates; this process is used where no through rate exists between the points of origin and destination.......
99. Directional Rate A freight rate reduced for cargo moving in a direction where cargo is light, for the purpose of stimulating movements. Under such circumstances, it is quite possible that the rate for the same product moving in the other direction (where tonnage is heavy) may be significantly higher.......
100. Dollar Bill Of Exchange Synonymous with Dollar Exchange (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
101. Dual Exchange Market A governmentally mandated system for the handling of foreign exchange transactions under which officially sanctioned imports or other approved transactions are accommodated at a given, prescribed rate of exchange while other transactions employ the market rate of exchange. For a listing of countries......
102. Effective Interest Rate Also known as the real interest rate, the return to capital derived by adjusting the nominal rate of interest for inflation. For example, a bond may bear a nominal rate of interest (the rate that the instrument pays) of 10 percent; by deducting the rate of inflation—say, 4 percent—we derive the ......
103. Effective Lending Rate The actual cost of a loan when such factors as commitment fees and compensating balances are computed on top of the interest rate.......
104. Floating Exchange Rates A condition in which parities among foreign currencies are absent: a currency's worth in relation to other currencies is determined largely by market forces, with only occasional government intervention to prevent disruptive swings in the value of an important currency.......
105. Green Rate A special rate of exchange used in converting agricultural prices fixed in units of account into national currencies, within the framework of the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further deta......
106. Inland Bill Of Exchange A bill drawn and payable in the same state.......
107. Interest Rate Risk The risk borne by the holder of fixed rate securities that interest rates will rise above those paid by his holdings, thereby depriving him of interest that might otherwise have been earned.......
108. Long Rate The rate paid by a bank or foreign exchange broker for long bills of exchange (i.e., those having a tenor of more than thirty days) payable abroad.......
109. Minimum Lending Rate The rate at which the Bank of England lends to members of the discount market against the security of treasury bills or other government paper with less than five years to mature.......
110. Multiple Exchange Rates Synonymous with Differential Exchange Rates (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
111. Noncontract Rate The freight rate applicable to commodities shipped by a firm that has not executed an exclusive patronage contract (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
112. Paper Rate A rate in a tariff under which no cargo moves.......
113. Predatory Rate An ocean freight rate set intentionally low so as to drive out competition. Soviet flag carriers, animated by motives other than commercial profit, were widely criticized for establishing predatory rates. Certain noncommunist carriers, enjoying heavy state subsidies, were also suspected of setting p......
114. Prime Bill Of Exchange A bill of exchange (read here for further details) that states on its face that it arises from the sale of goods.......
115. Proportional Rate A freight rate that is constructed by adding separate joint or local rates applying to a through movement. A proportional rate, unlike a Combination rate (read this and related legal terms for further details), is applic......
116. Real Interest Rate Synonymous with effective interest Rate (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
117. Released Valuation Rate A lower tariff rate provided by a common carrier to a shipper in return for a reduced claim liability on the part of the carrier. For example, a carrier may offer a reduced rate if the shipper agrees to release the value of the product at fifty cents per pound. The Interstate Commerce Commission mus......
118. Riskless Rate Of Return The rate of interest paid by government securities; it constitutes a base against which other rates of return may be judged in assessing the effective use of capital.......
119. Royalty Rate The return that a firm receives from granting license for the use of its processes, trademarks, et cetera, to another firm.......
120. Sight Rate The rate of exchange used by a bank or foreign exchange dealer in purchasing a sight bill of exchange or similar instrument denominated in a foreign currency.......