Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Factory Layout Resources See Also Industry Industrial Unionism Labor Law Industrial Disputes Business Law...
2. Factory Organization Resources See Also Industry Industrial Unionism Labor Law Industrial Disputes Business Law...
3. Collective Farm A communal farm on which the land and heavy machinery are owned by the state, but the other means of production are owned by the participating farmers. Often the member families cultivate a private plot on the farm in addition to the communal plot. Management of the farm is ostensibly controlled by ......
4. Ex Factory Ex Factory in International Trade Meaning of Ex Factory, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A non standard trade term that must be replaced by EXW Ex Works. Practical Guide to Incoterms....
5. Chorzów Factory Case Chorzów Factory Case Chorzów Factory (indemnity) (merits) Case Embracing mainstream international law, this section on chorzów factory (indemnity) (merits) case explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Chorzów Factory Case [...]...
6. Company Law The Legal History of Company Law This section provides an overview of Company Law Applied Company Law Contents of Applied Company Law Contents of this subject matter include: Introduction; Alternative Business Structures Characteristics of a Company Company's liability in Crime, Contract [...]...
7. Aged Contents Aged Aged Workers and People Related Fields Related topics include: Social Protection Find this subject in this World legal ... Read more...
8. Free Trade Commission Meeting of the CAFTA-DR Free Trade Commission In relation to the international law practice and Meeting of the Cafta-dr Free Trade Commission in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: Trade, Commercial Relations, Investment, Transportation About this subject: [...]...
9. Commercial Relations Cross References of Trade, Commercial Relations, Investment, Transportation in International Law Counternarcotics majors list, information on International Criminal Law in this legal Encyclopedia.B.2.a. Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement, information on Treaty Affairs in this legal [...]...
10. Trade Fair Trade Fair in International Trade Meaning of Trade Fair, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A stage-setting event in which firms of several nationalities present their products or services to prospective clients in a pre-formatted setting, usually a booth [...]...
11. Agriculture Agriculture in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Agriculture: Counterpart committees in the industrial sector are known as ISACs. See also IFACs. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in [...]...
12. Sister Company Sister Company in International Trade Meaning of Sister Company, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A sister company is a company with close affiliations to another company with a separate name and personnel. Both companies are owned by the same parent and [...]...
13. Labor Law Glossary Most Popular Entries related to Labor Law Glossary Labor Law (in the World) Labor Law Outline (in the World) Labor Law Career (in the World) Labor Law Overtime (in the World) Child Labor Law (in the World) Labor Law Key Terms (in the World) Labor Law Glossary (in the World)...
14. Social Integration Related Fields Related topics include: Social Integration Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Social Exclusion Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Community integration Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Social integration Find this subject in [...]...
15. State Farm Resources See Also Rural Development Rural Community Land Law Farm Agricultural Law Agriculture...
16. Delinquency Introduction to Delinquency Delinquency, criminal or antisocial behavior of juveniles. Juvenile delinquents are usually considered to be in need of treatment, rehabilitation, or discipline. The term delinquency also applies to payments that are overdue." (1) Related Fields Related [...]...
17. Rural Institutions Related Fields Related topics include: Rural Development Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Rural Community Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Land Law Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Farm Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. [...]...
18. Medical Law Medical Law......
19. Affiliate Company Definition of Affiliate Company in International Trade The following is a concept of Affiliate Company in the context of international trade law, from the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A Company that is less than 50% owned by a parent company; the parents acts as [...]...
20. Unemployment Unemployment (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Unemployment means: refers to all people above a specified age who are not in paid employment or self-employed, but are available for work and have taken specific steps to seek paid employment or self-employment. Long-term [...]...
21. Food Related Fields Related topics include: Food Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Agriculture Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Food Law Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Restaurant Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Related [...]...
22. The Family and the Market: A Study of Ideology and Legal Reform Contents The Family and the Market: A Study of Ideology and Legal Reform   Frances E. Olsen Reform strategies aimed ... Read more...
23. Subpart F A provision of the Internal Revenue Code (Sections 951-64) that imposes U.S. income taxes on the undistributed earnings of "controlled foreign corporations." Subpart F was incorporated into the Code by the Revenue Act of 1962; prior to that time, earnings by foreign subsidiaries of U.S. fi......
24. Confidentiality Agreement Confidentiality Agreement in International Trade Meaning of Confidentiality Agreement, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A type of contract used to protect sensitive technical or commercial information from disclosure to others. Such agreement is often [...]...
25. Social Assistance Related Fields Related topics include: Social Assistance Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Welfare Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Social Protection Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Social Services Find this subject in this World legal [...]...
26. European Company European Company and Europe There is an entry on european company in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "European Company" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney Leach (Profile [...]...
27. Export Companies In the United States For information about Export Companies in the context of international trade, click here...
28. World Trade Organization Functions World Trade Organization In relation to the international law practice and world trade organization in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: Trade, Commercial Relations, Investment, and Transportation About this subject:WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement [...]...
29. System of Preferences Ized System of Preferences In relation to the international law practice and Ized System of Preferences in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: Trade, Commercial Relations, Investment, Transportation About this subject: Other Trade Agreements and Trade-related [...]...
30. Children Legitimacy of Children Introduction to Children Legitimacy of Children, being born of legally married parents." (1) The Children's Online Privacy Protection Act and the Electronic Commerce The Children's Online Privacy Protection Act in the Online Business Law Children Reaching [...]...
31. Holding Company Holding Company in International Trade Meaning of Holding Company, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Holding companies are corporations that are created for the sole purpose of obtaining and managing a controlling interest in other companies. There are [...]...
32. Subsidiary Subsidiary or Subordinate Election Management Body in Election Law An Election Management Body (EMB) that is not the primary or principal entity responsible for the organisation of elections within a given state. It may be regional or local. Subsidiary in International Trade Meaning of [...]...
33. Crimes In relation to religious matters, find out about Crimes and the following issues in this world legal Encyclopedia: Force, Priest, Preserve Order Interrupt, Liquors, Traffic Theory, Blasphemy, Crime Religion, God, Ridicule, Virgin Profanity, Proof, Excuse Sunday, Business, Fishing Charity, [...]...
34. Social Security Administration Related Fields Related topics include: Social Protection Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Social Security Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Employment Affairs Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Welfare State Find this subject in this World [...]...
35. Commonwealth Courts Some Commonwealth Courts Commonwealth Courts include the following items: High Court of Calcutta See this section in the corresponding legal Encyclopedia for more information. High Court of Madhya Bharat See this section in the corresponding legal Encyclopedia for more [...]...
36. Trade-related Issues Trade Agreements and Trade-related Issues In relation to the international law practice and other trade agreements and trade-related issues in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: Trade, Commercial Relations, Investment, and Transportation About this [...]...
37. Development Economics Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to development economics in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
38. Enterprises Tripartite Declaration Of Principles Concerning Multinational Enterprises And Social Policy A pronouncement by the Governing Body of the International Labour Office concerning the obligations of multinational firms to the workers and societies within which they operate. The declaration [...]...
39. Forgery Introduction to ForgeryForgery, in criminal law, fraudulent altering of a written document or seal, with the intent of injuring the interests of another person or of fraudulently obtaining governmental revenue. Forgeries must be executed with such skill or in such circumstances as to be mis......
40. Company Insurance Schemes Spanish Translation of company saving plans and company insurance schemesThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to company saving plans or company insurance schemes and / or a definition of this topic: Previsión Social Empresarial (in Spanish, without translation [...]...
41. Company Saving Plans Spanish Translation of company saving plans and company insurance schemesThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to company saving plans or company insurance schemes and / or a definition of this topic: Previsión Social Empresarial (in Spanish, without translation [...]...
42. Royalties In the United States For information about Royalties in the context of international trade, click here Royalties and the Laws of International Trade Royalties Intellectual Property and Competition Law Royalties in International Trade Meaning of Royalties, according to the Dictionary of [...]...
43. Elder Care Related Fields Related topics include: Social Protection Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Social Security Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Employment Affairs Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Welfare State Find this subject in this World [...]...
44. Maternity Maternity Related Fields Related topics include: Social Protection Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Social Security Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Employment Affairs Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Welfare State Find this subject in [...]...
45. Right to A Fair Hearing Right to a Fair Hearing in Administrative Law Cases In relation to the right to a fair hearing in administrative law cases and constitutional law, Swati Jhaveri[1] made the following observation: The genesis of the requirement of a fair hearing in administrative law cases can be traced [...]...
46. Franchising Business and Big Data Strategy in Franchising, the Law and other Social Sciences Franchising has been a popular approach to growing a business. Leveraging big data for growing a franchise business is also getting popular. In this paper, we show that building up a good "family" [...]...
47. Exempted Company A company exempted from income taxes of the jurisdiction in which it is organized in return for a stipulation by the company that it will not trade in that country.......
48. Yugen Kaisha A form of limited company organization used in Japan for small or family-con- trolled corporations. This form, usually identified by the letters YK, resembles the American dosed corporation and usually includes restrictions on the transfer of stock. A large or public company is usually organized as ......
49. Occupational Pension Scheme Related Fields Related topics include: Social Protection Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Social Security Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Employment Affairs Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Welfare State Find this subject in this World [...]...
50. Act of State Act of State and Political Question Doctrines In relation to the international law practice and act of state and political question doctrines in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: Foreign Relations About this subject:Alaska v. Kerry Note: there is [...]...
51. Mutual Company Resources See Also Social Protection Social Security Employment Affairs Welfare State...
52. Orphanage Resources See Also Social Protection Social Security Employment Affairs Welfare State Family Responsibility...
53. Parent Resources See Also Social Protection Social Security Employment Affairs Welfare State Family Responsibility...
54. Company Union Company union in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of Company union provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: Can be used to describe either an enterprise union or a yellow union. Resources See Also Trade Unionism Trade Union Chartism Trade Union Legislation Resources Trade Union Topics [...]...
55. Export Control Export Control and the Laws of International Trade Export control reform initiative Export Administration System Commerce control list Export Control in Merger and Acquisitions Dual use items End-use-based controls Reexports Software and technology Regulatory requirements for all [...]...
56. Un Assembly Resolutions Assembly Resolution In relation to the international law practice and Assembly Resolution in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: International Human Rights About this subject: Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, and Related Issues Under this topic, in [...]...
57. Child Care Facilities Resources See Also Social Protection Social Security Employment Affairs Welfare State Family Responsibility...
58. Children With Disabilities Resources See Also Social Protection Social Security Employment Affairs Welfare State Family Responsibility...
59. Guaranteed Income Resources See Also Social Protection Social Security Employment Affairs Welfare State Family Responsibility...
60. Paid Leave Resources See Also Social Protection Social Security Employment Affairs Welfare State Family Responsibility...
61. Parental Leave Resources See Also Social Protection Social Security Employment Affairs Welfare State Family Responsibility...
62. Sabbatical Leave Resources See Also Social Protection Social Security Employment Affairs Welfare State Family Responsibility...
63. Work Life Balance Resources See Also Social Protection Social Security Employment Affairs Welfare State Family Responsibility...
64. Social Stress Child Abuse Cause Social StressStress brought on by a variety of social conditions raises the risk of child abuse within a family. These conditions include unemployment, illness, poor housing conditions, a larger-than-average family size, the presence of a new baby or a disabled person in t......
65. Disability The Legal History of Disability This section provides an overview of Disability Related Fields Related topics include: Disability Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Health Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Related Fields Related topics include: Social [...]...
66. Hindu Joint Family The Legal History of Hindu Joint FamilyThis section provides an overview of Hindu Joint Family ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Hindu Joint Family in the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History (Oxford University Press) [...]...
67. Parent Company Parent Company in International Trade Meaning of Parent Company, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A parent company, sometimes called a holding company, is a corporation that has subsidiaries which are wholly or partially-owned separate businesses [...]...
68. Forms of Business Organization Forms of Business Organization: Summary In this entry, Forms of Business Organization covers: Sole Proprietorship Fiduciary Duty General Partnership and Limited Partnership Trust Limited Liability Company Corporation Majority Shareholders Duties of Majority Shareholders, Directors and [...]...
69. Visitation Visitation: Main Elements The coverage of Visitation includes the following main elements: Adoption For detailed information on this issue, please read the corresponding entry. Surrogate Mother Contracts There is information on this basic subject matter in this legal reference. References See [...]...
70. Commercial Law Questions Contents Commercial law Questions Questions about Commercial law How did Sherman Anti-Trust Act affect restraints of trade? What are some ... Read more...
71. Chaebols Chaebols in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Chaebols: South Korea's industrial conglomerates. The four largest chaebols are Hyundai, Samsung, Lucky-Goldstar, and Daewoo....
72. Labeling In the United States For information about Labeling in the context of international trade, click here...
73. State Department In the United States For information about State Department in the context of international trade, click here...
74. Health Issues Health in 2013 (Continuation) United States views on international law [1] in relation to Health: On September 26, 2013, the 24th session of the HRC adopted, without a vote, a resolution on "the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and [...]...
75. Social Participation Related Fields Related topics include: Social Integration Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Social Exclusion Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Community integration Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Social integration Find this subject in [...]...
76. Social Services Social Services Related Fields Related topics include: Social Service Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Social Work Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Social Worker Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Social Service Social [...]...
77. Children Prevention And Treatment Programs Child Abuse Producting Children Prevention and Treatment ProgramsIn the United States many types of social programs, usually at the county or state levels, have attempted to reduce and prevent child abuse. Current approaches involve identifying high-risk parents-such as young, single, first......
78. Social Security The Legal History of Social Security in Modern Europe This section provides an overview of Social Security in Modern Europe Most Popular Entries related to Social Security Social Security (in the World) Social Security Benefits (in the World) Social Security Office (in the World) Social [...]...
79. Managing Director Managing Director in International Trade Meaning of Managing Director, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A managing director is someone who is responsible for the daily operations of a company, organization, or corporate division. In some countries, the [...]...
80. Digitalization ITt Strategy Follows Digitalization, the Law and other Social Sciences The IT strategy is a key anchor for the further development of a company-centric information management in today's times. For serving as such, existing IT strategies need a regular check and revision to meet the [...]...
81. Greenhouse Gas Emissions Litigation in U.S. Courts Regarding Greenhouse Gas Emissions In relation to the international law practice and Litigation in U.S. Courts Regarding Greenhouse Gas Emissions in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: Sanctions, Export Controls, International [...]...
82. Factoring Law Concepts Contents Factory Law Concepts FACTORING THE FACTOR THE VARIOUS ROLES OF FACTORS THE FACTORING CONTRACT TREATMENT OF CREDIT RISK. “TRUE ... Read more...
83. Family law questions Contents Family law questions What can be done to prevent injury or irreparable harm during the pendency of the lawsuit? ... Read more...
84. Falcidian portion Contents Falcidian portion The one-fourth portion of a succession that may be retained by the instituted heir in civil law ... Read more...
85. Fairmount Glass Works v. Crunden-Martin Wooden Ware Co. Contents Fairmount Glass Works v. Crunden-Martin Wooden Ware Co. 1899 Kentucy Court of Appeals • Fairmount gave price quote on ... Read more...
86. Famous lawyers Contents Famous lawyers   Bella Abzug (1920-1998) – Women’s Rights Activist, Anti-War Activist, Lawyer, U.S. Representative Raúl Alfonsà­n (1927-2009) – ... Read more...
87. Fair Use Contents Fair Use Fair Use and Copyright One of the rights accorded to the owner of copyright is the right ... Read more...
88. FAQs Contents You Are Not Alone (Maybe) Before you ask us a question about the Encyclopedia of Law, check this list ... Read more...
89. Fair Measure: The Legal Status of Underenforced Constitutional Norms Contents Fair Measure: The Legal Status of Underenforced Constitutional Norms   Lawrence Gene Sager The federal judiciary sometimes declines to ... Read more...
90. Fascism Fascism Definition Fascism may be defined as a 20th-century form of totalitarian dictatorship that sought to create a viable society by strict regimentation of national and individual lives; conflicting interests would be adjusted by total subordination to the service of the state and [...]...
91. Fascism in Italy Contents Fascism in Italy Mussoliny Policies in Italy In 1922 Mussolini seized control of the Italian government and established a ... Read more...
92. Factor Mobility The capacity of the factors of production to move freely among nations in search of maximum economic return.......
93. Factor Reversibility The act of intensifying the input of a given production factor and reducing the input of another contrary to traditional behavior. For example, a formerly labor-intensive pursuit such as farming may undergo factor reversibility when an infusion of capital machinery eliminates significant labor invol......
94. Factor Services Payments remitted abroad for the local use of foreign-origin factors of production, e.g., payments sent home by foreign workers or interest paid to foreign lenders.......
95. Factoring Summary of Factoring A method of financing trade whereby the factor purchases the seller's accounts receivable, usually advancing a portion of the receivables, with the balance paid upon maturity of the accounts. In most cases, the factor assumes all commercial risks associated with the [...]...
96. Fair Market Value The value an imported product would fetch, under similar circumstances of sale, were the goods sold in the country of origin. Customs authorities are usually interested in the fair market value of imported merchandise inasmuch as sales below such value may serve as the basis of a Dumping (...
97. Familiar Drawing Techniques process within the international monetary FUND (read this and related legal terms for further details) whereby a member nation suffering balance of payments problems may obtain foreign currencies from the IMF in exchange......
98. Fairs Contents Fairs Fairs as an U.S. State Statute Topic This term is one of the topics in some U.S. State ... Read more...
99. Family Structure Child Abuse Cause Family StructureCertain types of families have an increased risk of child abuse and neglect. For example, single parents are more likely to abuse their children than married parents. However, single-parent families usually earn less money than other families, so this may a......
100. Farrer Herschell Farrer Herschell Farrer Herschell, 1st Baron (1837-1899), lord chancellor of England, was born on the 2nd of November 1837. His ... Read more...
101. Fair Trade Laws Introduction to Fair Trade LawsFair Trade Laws, in commerce, legislation permitting manufacturers to set minimum resale prices for their branded products sold by retailers to consumers. The proliferation of chain stores prompted attempts to introduce such legislation in the 1920s to prevent......
102. False Arrest False Arrest and Imprisonment Introduction to False Arrest False Arrest and Imprisonment, unlawful or unjustifiable seizure and custody of a person." (1) Description of False Arrest Resources See Also False Imprisonment Resources Notes and References Information about False Arrest in the [...]...
103. False Imprisonment Kinds of Torts: Intentional Torts False ImprisonmentIntroduction to False ImprisonmentIn this tort, a person unlawfully restrains another person against that person's will. The restrained party must have no reasonable, known means of escape and must be aware of the imprisonment......
104. False Pretenses Criminal Law: Crimes Against Property False PretensesIntroduction to False PretensesTheft by false pretenses occurs when a person obtains title to the property of another by knowingly making false representations, either spoken or written, with the intent to defraud the victim. The......
105. False Statement Introduction to False Statement False Statement, something that is presented as being true but is actually false." (1) Resources Notes and References Information about "https://lawin.org/encarta-encyclopedia/" title="Microsoft Encarta Online Ency......
106. Family Allowances Introduction to Family AllowancesFamily Allowances, financial payments made by governments to parents to subsidize the cost of raising children. In many countries, family allowances are designed to increase populations by offering financial incentives to parents who have large families. The......
107. FAO Activities Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ActivitiesIntroduction to FAO ActivitiesFunctions of the FAO include collecting, analyzing, and distributing information about nutrition, food, and agriculture; fostering conservation of natural resources; and promoting both a......
108. FAO Structure Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations StructureIntroduction to FAO StructureAt present the organization represents 187 member countries plus the European Union; it is headed by a director general. Each member nation has one vote in the general conference, the poli......
109. Fasting Introduction to FastingFasting, abstention from food, and often also from drink, for a longer than usual period. Fasting has been practiced for centuries in connection with religious ceremonies. Fasts are observed among Christians, Jews, Muslims, Confucianists, Hindus, Daoists, Jainists, an......
110. Fault Introduction to Fault Fault (law), culpability or responsibility for a mistake or an offense." (1) Embracing mainstream international law, this section on fault explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry [...]...
111. Failure to Diagnose Law Failure to Diagnose Law......
112. Family Law Contents Family Law......
113. Fashion Law Fashion Law......
114. Family The Legal History of Family This section provides an overview of Family Family (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Family means: the United Nations General Assembly in its resolution 44/82 of 8 December 1989, proclaimed 1994 as the International Year of the Family (IYF) with its [...]...
115. Fatwa The Legal History of FatwaThis section provides an overview of Fatwa ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Fatwa in the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History (Oxford University Press) The Oxford Encyclopedia of American [...]...
116. Facto Laws Ex Post Facto Laws in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: Ex post facto literally means after the fact. Legislation is called ex post facto if the law attempts to extend backwards in time or punish acts committed before the date of the law's approval. Therefore, a [...]...
117. Facet Facet in Legal Information RetrievalThe following is a basic concept of Facet in relation to information retrieval. In addition to this, Facet may be applied to legal texts, including case law, legislation and scholarly works. Facets are fundamental categories, aspects, or faces of phenomena [...]...
118. Fair-use Guidelines Fair-use guidelines in Law LibrariesThe follow definition of Fair-use guidelines is of use in law library research: The doctrine of fair use allows copyrighted works to be used for purposes such as criticism, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, or research. Fair use generally applies to [...]...
119. Famous Treaties Famous International Treaties Resources See Also Popular Treaties Topics Treaties of the United Nations (UN) Types of Treaties International Treaties Famous Treaties Law of Treaties Numbered Treaties ...
120. F.A.S. F.A.S. and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of F.A.S.: An abbreviation (for "free alongside") used in international trade statistics and t sales contracts; a method of valuing traded [...]...