Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Currency Adjustment Factor A surcharge imposed on ocean freight by a carrier to offset or mitigate the impact of exchange rate fluctuations upon his freight revenue.......
2. Purchasing Power Parity An equal relationship of prices between two countries. Price levels in both countries are substantially the same, considering the rate of exchange.......
3. Spot Rate Spot Rate in International Trade Meaning of Spot Rate, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Rate of exchange quoted for purchases and sales of a foreign currency for immediate delivery and payment....
4. Cable Rate The exchange rate quoted for a given currency transferred by cable. The cable rate is higher than the rate for checks or bills of exchange denominated in the same currency because cable transfers are virtually instantaneous, thereby denying the bank or broker use of the funds during the collection p......
5. Loading Summary of Loading A risk premium in addition to interest charges and acceptance fees deducted by a bank or discount house from the face value of a bill of exchange (read here for further details) presented for discounting. This additional margin will vary, depending upon the quality of the [...]...
6. Trade Acceptance Summary of Trade Acceptance Cross-reference: Acceptance.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Trade Acceptance in International Trade Meaning of Trade Acceptance, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A bill of exchange drawn by the exporter/seller on [...]...
7. Fixing Fixing in International Trade Meaning of Fixing, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In foreign exchange, establishing of the official exchange rate of a domestic currency against other negotiable currencies....
8. Key Currency The currency of a major trading nation widely accepted in settlement of international accounts. At present, eight currencies are regarded as key currencies and are known as the Big Eight ("https://lawin.org/list-of-international-trade-law-terms/">read this and related legal [...]...
9. Soft Currency A national currency that, because of exchange controls, is not freely convertible into gold or other currencies. Such controls are usually manifest in officially set rates of exchange that do not reflect the price of the soft currency, were it permitted to trade freely.......
10. Currency Future Currency Future in International Trade Meaning of Currency Future, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A contract for the future delivery of a commodity, currency, or security on a specific date. In contrast to forward contracts, future contracts are for [...]...
11. Forward Rate Forward Rate in International Trade Meaning of Forward Rate, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The price of a foreign currency that is bought or sold for delivery and payment at a fixed future time, usually 30, 60 or 90 days. Forward transactions enable [...]...
12. Par Value The nominal value assigned to a currency by its issuing authority. Normally, this value is expressed as a quantity of gold, or another currency convertible into gold. When the market value of a currency, expressed in terms of other convertible currencies, deviates significantly from its par [...]...
13. Foreign Currency Foreign Currency in International Trade Meaning of Foreign Currency, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The currency of any foreign country which is authorized medium of circulation and the basis for record keeping in that country. Foreign currency is [...]...
14. Banker's Bill A bill of exchange drawn by a bank upon a foreign bank. Usually, these bills are drawn upon credit balances with foreign banks so as to make exchange available locally, and are clean bills of exchange. Bill of Exchange is considered here.......
15. Floating Currency Floating Currency in International Trade Meaning of Floating Currency, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): One whose value in terms of foreign currency is not kept stable (on the basis of the par value or a fixed relationship to some other currency) but [...]...
16. Dirty Float Also known as managed float, the process whereby national monetary authorities intercede in the foreign exchange markets to prevent significant fluctuations in the values of their own or other currencies. The process is accomplished by selling reserves of currencies rising in value, or the [...]...
17. Sight Rate The rate of exchange used by a bank or foreign exchange dealer in purchasing a sight bill of exchange or similar instrument denominated in a foreign currency.......
18. Promissory Note Introduction to Promissory Note Promissory Note, in the law of negotiable instruments, written instrument containing an unconditional promise by a party, called the maker, who signs the instrument, to pay to another, called the payee, a definite sum of money either on demand or at a specified [...]...
19. Outright Outright in International Trade Meaning of Outright, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In foreign exchange, a forward purchase or sale of currency which is not offset by a corresponding spot transaction. i.e. which has not been contracted through swaps. [...]...
20. Draft Summary of Draft A written, unconditional demand upon a named party to pay a specified sum of money at a prescribed date. The person who makes the demand for payment, i.e., the person who prepares the draft, is known as the drawer or maker of the instrument; the party of whom payment is [...]...
21. Currency Currency in International Trade Meaning of Currency, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The circulating media of exchange in a country. Includes money and such financial instruments as checks. Resources See Also Public Finance Public Policy Tax Law [...]...
22. Forfaiting A means of financing trade based upon the transfer of debt obligations arising from the sale of goods and services, usually exports. The merchant sells to the forfaiter, without recourse, the debt obligation of the foreign purchaser, usually in the form of a trade bill of exchange or promissory [...]...
23. Foreign Currency Account Foreign Currency Account in International Trade Meaning of Foreign Currency Account, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An account maintained in a foreign bank in the currency of the country in which the bank is located. When such accounts are kept, they [...]...
24. Oanda Oanda in International Trade Meaning of Oanda, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Currency converter and calculator tool used by major corporation, tax authorities, auditing firms, and individuals around the world. See exchange rate....
25. Convertible Currency Convertible Currency in International Trade Meaning of Convertible Currency, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A currency of a nation that may be exchanged for that of another nation without restrictions. Countries with convertible currencies typically [...]...
26. Gold Standard Summary of Gold Standard A system under which a nation's currency is freely convertible into gold. The quantity of gold per unit of currency is fixed by law. Most major trading nations, however, abandoned the gold standard because of the constraints it imposes upon liquidity, although [...]...
27. Swap By agreement, the combined purchase and sale of a specified amount of foreign exchange, with different dates for sale and purchase. This arrangement permits each party to the transaction to use, for a given period of time, a currency he needs in return for one he does not need, without any [...]...
28. Agio A premium paid in the process of exchanging one currency for another, or for a bill of exchange denominated in a foreign currency.......
29. Export Contract Export Contract in International Trade Meaning of Export Contract, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The export contract is used for the international sale of certain products (industrial supplies, raw materials, manufactured goods), which are projected [...]...
30. Export Incentives Export Incentives in International Trade Meaning of Export Incentives, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Assistance provided by governments to enable or assist their suppliers in securing foreign markets. Incentives take may forms. Some, such as assisting [...]...
31. Export Manager Export Manager in International Trade Meaning of Export Manager, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An export manager serves as intermediary between foreign buyers and domestic sellers. Unlike trading companies who buy the products before selling directly [...]...
32. Stop Loss Order Stop Loss Order in International Trade Meaning of Stop Loss Order, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An order to buy (on a short position) or to sell (on a long position) foreign exchange if the rate rises above or falls below a specific limit. As soon as [...]...
33. Bank Acceptance Bank Acceptance in International Trade Meaning of Bank Acceptance, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A draft accepted by a bank usually for the purpose of financing the sale of goods to or by the bank's customer. The bill may be drawn , for example, by [...]...
34. Export Broker Export Broker in International Trade Meaning of Export Broker, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An individual or firm that brings together buyers and sellers for a fee but does not take part in actual sales transactions....
35. Through Rate A freight rate that is the total rate from origin to destination; in some cases, surcharges may be applicable to the basic freight, and are additional to the through rate.......
36. Vostro Account Funds denominated in local currency that a foreign bank holds in a local bank. ......
37. Confirming Confirming in International Trade Meaning of Confirming, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A financial service in which an independent company confirms an export order in the seller's country and makes payment for the goods in the currency of that [...]...
38. Future Contract Future Contract in International Trade Meaning of Future Contract, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A contract for the future of delivery of a commodity, currency or security on a specific date. Currency future contracts are for standard quantities over [...]...
39. Spot Market A market for commodities or currency in which the sale results in an immediate or nearly immediate exchange of the goods or instruments for cash, as compared with a futures market, which trades in contracts for the future delivery of the product.......
40. European Option European Option in International Trade Note: there is more information about this term in the European legal Encyclopedia. Meaning of European Option, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A foreign exchange type of contract containing a provision to the [...]...
41. Export License Export License in International Trade Meaning of Export License, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A government document granting the licensee the right to export a specific quantity of a commodity to a specified country. This license may be require in a [...]...
42. Check Rate The rate of exchange applicable to bankers' checks. This rate is lower than the cable rate but higher than the rate applicable to time bills of exchange, owing to the time value of money.......
43. Currency Option Currency Option in International Trade Meaning of Currency Option, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The contractually agreed right to buy (call option) or to sell (put option) a specific amount of foreign currency at a predetermined price on a specific [...]...
44. Negotiable Instrument Negotiable Instrument in International Trade Meaning of Negotiable Instrument, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A written document that can be used to transfer the rights embodied in it by mere delivery (in the case of instruments made out to bearer) or [...]...
45. Private Bill A bill of exchange (read here for further details) drawn upon and accepted by a party other than a bank; trade acceptances, for example, are private bills.......
46. Piggyback Distribution Piggyback Distribution in International Trade Meaning of Piggyback Distribution, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Piggyback is a form of distribution in foreign markets in which a SME company (the "rider"), deals with a larger company (the [...]...
47. Long Rate The rate paid by a bank or foreign exchange broker for long bills of exchange (i.e., those having a tenor of more than thirty days) payable abroad.......
48. Hard Money Hard Money (currency) in International Trade Meaning of Hard Money (currency), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Currency of a nation having stability in the country and abroad. Refers to currency that is accepted internationally and freely convertible. [...]...
49. Reserve Currency Summary of Reserve Currency The currency of a major trading national, widely accepted in international transactions and regarded as stable, that is held by the central banks or monetary authorities of other nations as a form of collateral for their own currency. The use of reserve [...]...
50. Export Trading Company Export Trading Company and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Export Trading Company: (Also known as an export management company.) A private firm that provides related-related services to other [...]...
51. Export Business Plan Export Business Plan in International Trade Meaning of Export Business Plan, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The purpose of an export business plan is to prepare companies, specially middle and small to enter the international market place or to better [...]...
52. Customs Rate The rate of exchange employed by U.S. Customs in converting foreign currency invoices for the purpose of arriving at a value, in U.S. dollars, for imported merchandise. Ad valorem duties are applied on the dollar value. In accordance with the Customs Simplification Act of 1956, the secretary of the......
53. Export Management Company A private company that serves as the export department of other firms, usually small- and medium-size manufacturers. An EMC will provide a variety of services for its clients, to include locating customers abroad, arranging transportation and financing for the merchandise, developing foreign [...]...
54. Through Bill of Lading Through Bill of Lading in International Trade Meaning of Through Bill of Lading, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A single bill of lading covering receipt of the cargo at the point of origin for delivery to the ultimate consignee, using two or more modes [...]...
55. Clausing The insertion of a notation on the face of a bill of exchange to describe the transaction that gives rise to the bill, e.g., "export of five cases welding equipment to Argentina aboard the SS Atlantic Mariner." The purpose of clausing a bill of exchange is to identify those bills that may ......
56. General Cargo Rate General Cargo Rate in International Trade Meaning of General Cargo Rate, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The rate a carrier charges for the shipment of cargo that does not have a special class rate or commodity rate....
57. Clean Float The condition in which the values of national currencies vis-a-vis each other are determined by market forces without government intervention to maintain prearranged rates of exchange.......
58. Surcharge Surcharge and International Trade Resources See Also Import Surcharge...
59. Claused Bill of Lading Claused Bill of Lading in International Trade Meaning of Claused Bill of Lading, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A bill of lading that contains notations or remarks as to defects in the goods or packaging. Also called foul or dirty bill of lading. See [...]...
60. Grid Grid in International Trade Meaning of Grid, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In foreign exchange, fixed margin within which exchange rates are not allowed to fluctuate....
61. Straight Straight B/L in International Trade Meaning of Straight B/l, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A non-negotiable bill of lading which specifies the consignee to whom the goods are to be delivered. It is used when payment for the goods has been made in [...]...
62. Gold Reserves The gold held by a nation as reserves for currency issued. After U.S. abandonment of the gold standard in 1933, Congress mandated that the Federal Reserve banks would have to hold gold certificates, reflecting gold on deposit with the U.S. Treasury equivalent to at least 25 percent of currency [...]...
63. Exchange Rate Exchange Rate in International Trade Meaning of Exchange Rate, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The price of one currency expressed in terms of another, i.e., the number of units of one currency that may be exchanged for one unit of another currency. [...]...
64. Exchange Risk Exchange Risk in International Trade Meaning of Exchange Risk, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The possibility of receiving less or paying more money because a receivable or a payable is denominated in a foreign currency. Countries with shortages of [...]...
65. Exchange Contents Exchange Exchange Definition Exchange, in commerce, generally, may be defined as a central office or place of business, such ... Read more...
66. Blocked Exchange An exchange restriction, imposed by governmental authority, that forbids the unlicensed purchase of bills of exchange, currency, or negotiable instruments denominated in a foreign currency. The object of this measure is to prevent transmission of foreign currency reserves out of the country. [...]...
67. Exchange of Notes Exchange of Letters/Notes and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Exchange of Letters/Notes provided by the European Union Commission: States may express their consent to be bound by an "exchange of letters/notes". The basic characteristic of this procedure is that the [...]...
68. Exchange Rates Multiple Exchange Rates (also known as Differential Exchange Rates) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Multiple Exchange Rates (also known as Differential Exchange Rates): [...]...
69. Exchange Controls Exchange Controls and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Exchange Controls: The rationing of foreign currencies and other instruments for settling international financial [...]...
70. Clean Bill of Exchange Any bill of exchange (read here for further details) not accompanied by documents, such as invoices, bills of lading, et cetera. See direct collection.......
71. Effective Rate Of Exchange The true cost of acquiring a unit of a given currency in terms of another currency. The effective rate includes taxes and other costs that are factored into the price of the currency converted.......
72. Gold Exchange Standard A condition in which a nation maintains its reserves in a currency convertible into gold rather than in the metal itself. Since August 15, 1971, the U.S. dollar has not been freely convertible into gold by foreign central banks; it therefore does not qualify as a reserve currency for a nation on a g......
73. Exchange Control Restrictions Embracing mainstream international law, this section on exchange control restrictions explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "exchange control, restrictions" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of [...]...
74. Exchange Rate Mechanism Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) and Europe There is an entry on exchange rate mechanism (erm) in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM)" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to [...]...
75. Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations Case Embracing mainstream international law, this section on exchange of greek and turkish populations case explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "exchange of greek and turkish populations case" in the Parry and [...]...
76. Par Of Exchange The value, in gold, of a unit of a nation's currency in relation to the gold value of a unit of another nation's currency.......
77. Eurobill Of Exchange A bill of exchange (read here for further details) drawn in a currency other than that used in the country of the maker.......
78. Mint Par Of Exchange The relationship, in terms of precious metal value, of two nations' currencies, derived by dividing the gold or silver content, by weight, of one nation's currency unit by the comparable metal content of another nation's currency unit.......
79. Pecuniary Exchange The settlement of obligations by payment of money, rather than by goods or services.......
80. Premium (Exchange) In foreign exchange transactions, the rise in value of one currency when measured against another currrency.......
81. Rationing Of Exchange An exchange control imposed by governmental authority to regulate transactions in foreign exchange. Under a rationing of exchange scheme, only the government may issue exchange to importers, and holders of bills of exchange denominated in a foreign currency must surrender them to the government in e......
82. Bill of Exchange Bill of Exchange in International Trade Meaning of Bill of Exchange, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An unconditional order in writing, signed by a creditor (drawer) such as a buyer, and addressed to another person (drawee), typically a bank, ordering [...]...
83. Foreign Exchange Foreign Exchange in International Trade Meaning of Foreign Exchange, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Current or liquid claims payable in foreign currency and in a foreign country (bank balances, checks, bills of exchange). Not to be confused with foreign [...]...
84. Spot Exchange Spot Exchange in International Trade Meaning of Spot Exchange, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The purchase and sale of foreign exchange for delivery and payment at the time of the transaction....
85. Differential Exchange Rates A scheme in which a government prescribes different rates of exchange for the local currency, depending upon the transaction involved. The government may assign its currency a given value in terms of gold for capital transfers, for example, but provide for a less favorable rate of exchange for impor......
86. Dual Exchange Market A governmentally mandated system for the handling of foreign exchange transactions under which officially sanctioned imports or other approved transactions are accommodated at a given, prescribed rate of exchange while other transactions employ the market rate of exchange. For a listing of countries......
87. Fixed Exchange Rates A condition in which the official rates of exchange for most currencies, particularly those of major trading nations, are in an established ratio to one another; generally, this is the result of each currency having an established rate to gold from which a series of bilateral exchange ratios can be ......
88. Floating Exchange Rates A condition in which parities among foreign currencies are absent: a currency's worth in relation to other currencies is determined largely by market forces, with only occasional government intervention to prevent disruptive swings in the value of an important currency.......
89. Forward Exchange Contract An agreement to exchange, at a specified future date, a fixed number of units of one currency for a fixed number of units of another currency. Such contracts are often procured by merchants when they must settle future accounts in a foreign currency and wish to protect against possible losses [...]...
90. Multiple Exchange Rates Synonymous with Differential Exchange Rates (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
91. Floating Exchange Rate Floating Exchange Rate in International Trade Meaning of Floating Exchange Rate, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A rate of exchange that is determined by market forces. See also clean float and dirty float. Concept of Floating Exchange Rate An [...]...
92. Forward Exchange Option Forward Exchange Option in International Trade Meaning of Forward Exchange Option, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A contractually agreed right to buy (put) or to sell (call) a specific amount of one currency for a specified amount of another [...]...
93. Spot Exchange Rate Spot Exchange Rate in International Trade Meaning of Spot Exchange Rate, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The price of one currency expressed in terms of another currency at a given moment in time....
94. ESA Agreement on the Protection and Exchange of Classified Information Contents ESA Agreement on the Protection and Exchange of Classified Information Title of Treaty Agreement between the States Parties to ... Read more...
95. Arbitration Of Exchange Arbitration Of Exchange Summary of Arbitration Of Exchange The near- simultaneous purchase and sale of foreign bills of exchange so as to take advantage of price differentials for such instruments in different money centers.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Resources See Also [...]...
96. Dollar Exchange A draft or bill of exchange, wherever drawn, payable in U.S. dollars.......
97. Letter Of Exchange An infrequently used synonym for bill of exchange (read here for further details).......
98. Payable With Exchange A condition that may be written on a bill of exchange or check, the effect of which is to stipulate that exchange conversion or collection costs shall be borne by the payee in the case of a bill, or the maker in the case of a check.......
99. Sole Of Exchange Bill of Exchange is considered here.......
100. Bills of Exchange The Legal History of Bills of Exchange in English Common Law This section provides an overview of Bills of Exchange in English Common Law Bills of Exchange, Drafts, Checks, and Trade Acceptances in relation with Negotiable Instruments This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of [...]...
101. Stock Exchange Law Contents Stock Exchange Law Stock Exchange Law Stock exchange law is today a subdivision of capital markets or securities law. ... Read more...
102. Student Exchange Resources See Also Education Policy Training Policy...
103. Stock Exchange Resources See Also Finance Consumer Credit Negotiable Instrument Securities Financial Regulation Corporate Finance...
104. Information Exchange Resources See Also Library Law Library Legal Deposit Public Law Library Information Science Research Investigation Legal Research Study...
105. Bilateral Exchange Rates The European Monetary System is considered here.......
106. Dollar Bill Of Exchange Synonymous with Dollar Exchange (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
107. Foreign Bill Of Exchange A bill of exchange (read here for further details) drawn in one state or country and payable in another.......
108. Inland Bill Of Exchange A bill drawn and payable in the same state.......
109. Prime Bill Of Exchange A bill of exchange (read here for further details) that states on its face that it arises from the sale of goods.......
110. Time Bill Of Exchange A bill of exchange (read here for further details) payable other than "at sight," i.e., immediately upon presentation. Bills drawn at sixty days' sight or thirty days date, for example, are time bills.......
111. Uniform Law On Bills Of Exchange A product of the 1932 Geneva Convention on Bills of Exchange. The object of the act was to standardize various national laws and usages relative to bills of exchange, thereby overcoming an impediment to rade. The act specifies that a bill of exchange must contain:1. The term bill of exch......
112. Duplication of A Bill of Exchange Spanish Translation of duplication of a bill of exchangeThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to duplication of a bill of exchange and / or a definition of this topic: Multiplicación de la Letra de Cambio (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
113. Securities and Exchange Commission Spanish Translation of Securities and Exchange CommissionThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to Securities and Exchange Commission and / or a definition of this topic: Comisión Nacional del Mercado de Valores (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary [...]...
114. Common Unit of Exchange Concept of Common Unit of Exchange An introductory definition of Common Unit of Exchange is provided here: a currency in which international economic exchanges are valued Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs...
115. Fixed Exchange Rate Concept of Fixed Exchange Rate An introductory definition of Fixed Exchange Rate is provided here: the rate of exchange of a currency or currency is set by agreement between governments or by government policy (see also gold standard) Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs...
116. Scope of the Securities Exchange Legislation Scope of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934: Main Elements in the United States of America (In the U.S. law) The coverage of Scope of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 includes the following element(s): Securities Regulation For detailed information on this issue, please read the [...]...
117. American Stock Exchange Description of American Stock Exchange Resources See Also Exchanges Securities Regulation...
118. Foreign Exchange Control Resources See Also Finance Consumer Credit Negotiable Instrument Securities Financial Regulation Corporate Finance International Public Finance...
119. Foreign Exchange Reserve Resources See Also Finance Consumer Credit Negotiable Instrument Securities Financial Regulation Corporate Finance International Public Finance...
120. London Guidelines for the Exchange of Information on Chemicals in International Trade Contents London Guidelines for the Exchange of Information on Chemicals in International Trade   PART I. GENERAL PROVISIONS 1. Definitions ... Read more...