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1. European Atomic Energy Community Summary of European Atomic Energy Community One of the three components of the European Communities, established by the Treaty of Rome in 1957. The entity, known commonly as Euratom, was created by member states of the European Coal and Steel Community (at that time, France, Italy, Federal [...]...
2. Charter on Fundamental Rights of the European Union Embracing mainstream international law, this section on charter on fundamental rights of the european union explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "fundamental rights of the european union, charter on" in the [...]...
3. European Union law Part 31 Contents European Union law Part 31   411 Information Law: The Commercial Exploitation of Private Sector Information in the European ... Read more...
4. Internal Market Meaning of Internal market Here is a very short concept of internal market in the European Union framework: Another term for the single market; also known as the common market, although that expression has wider connotations. Resources Notas y References See Also...
5. Internal Labor Market Resources See Also Labor Employment Law International Labor Law Industrial Safety Labour Labor Right Labor Policy...
6. Federalism in the European Union Contents Federalism in the European Union Broadly speaking, this means any system of government where several states form a unity ... Read more...
7. European Monetary Cooperation Fund The successor to the European payments Union (read this and related legal terms for further details), the EMCF was established by the European Monetary Agreement of 1958 as a vehicle to enhance monetary cooperation among......
8. European Union and Private International Law This section contain conflict of laws information and cross references related to european union and private international law on some major countries and additional jurisdictions. It covers key issues involved when citizens face international situations. Information on private international [...]...
9. European Common Market European Common MarketCross-reference: European Economic Community and European Union.......
10. European Coal And Steel Community European Coal And Steel Community Summary of European Coal And Steel Community One of three component entities within the European Communities, the coal and steel organization was formed following World War II to permit member states to equalize their access to iron and steel resources. The [...]...
11. Energy Charter Treaty Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) This section provides an overview of energy charter treaty (ect) within the legal context of Energy Institutions in international economic law, with coverage of Architecture. Resources Further Reading Kaj Hobér, "Energy Charter Treaty (ECT)," Elgar [...]...
12. European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages 5 Contents European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages   Article 16 Examination of the reports The reports presented to the ... Read more...
13. Western European Union Embracing mainstream international law, this section on western european union explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Western European Union and the European Union Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental [...]...
14. Pillars of the European Union Pillars of the European Union and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Pillars of the European Union provided by the European Union Commission: In Community parlance people often refer to the three pillars of the EU Treaty. These three pillars, which form the basic structure of [...]...
15. European Economic and Social Committee European Economic and Social Committee (EESC) and the Treaties of the European Union Description of European Economic and Social Committee (EESC) provided by the European Union Commission: The European Economic and Social Committee was set up, as an advisory body, by the Treaty establishing [...]...
16. Internal Rules Internal Rules or Regulations in Election Law Set of general rules that govern the internal workings of a collective authority or legislature, such as the creation of committees, distribution of roles, definition of rules of deliberation or determining voting procedure (by show of hands or [...]...
17. European Common Commercial Policy Article 133 (ex-Article 113) and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Article 133 (ex-Article 113) provided by the European Union Commission: Article 133 of the EC Treaty allows the European Union to negotiate, conclude and implement trade agreements with other countries of the [...]...
18. European Centre for Nuclear Research European Centre for Nuclear Research and the European Union Resources See Also CERN...
19. European System of Central Banks European System of Central Banks and the European Union Resources See Also ESCB...
20. European Convention on Human Rights Introduction The European Convention on Human Rights was a reaction against the horrific abuses of human rights that took place before and during the Second World War, followed by further abuses occurring within the newly formed Communist block. These led, in 1949, due in part to the [...]...
21. European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages 2 Contents European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages   Article 8 Education With regard to Education , the Parties undertake, ... Read more...
22. European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages 4 Contents European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages   Article 12 Cultural activities and facilities With regard to cultural activities ... Read more...
23. European Convention on Offences Relating to Cultural Property 2 Contents European Convention on Offences Relating to Cultural Property   Part V Proceedings Section I Sanctioning Article 12 The Parties ... Read more...
24. Enlargement of the European Union Contents Enlargement of the European Union In the 1950s, the EU began with just six member states. It now has ... Read more...
25. Single European Market Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental Organization Regional Organization Regional Integration...
26. European Option European Option in International Trade Note: there is more information about this term in the European legal Encyclopedia. Meaning of European Option, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A foreign exchange type of contract containing a provision to the [...]...
27. Internal Waters Internal Waters Definition Internal waters may be defined as waters on the landward side of the baseline ("The Law of Sea", Robin Rolf Churchill, ?Alan Vaughan Lowe, 1988), which is used for measuring the width of territorial waters. Internal waters refer to rivers, canals, and [...]...
28. Internal Controls Literature Review on (Management) Internal Controls In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Robert W. Smith offers the following summary about the topic of (Management) Internal Controls: Although a single definition is possible and identification of key [...]...
29. Internal Displacement Embracing mainstream international law, this section on internal displacement explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "internal displacement" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International [...]...
30. Internal Auditing Internal Auditing and Verification regarding Banking Law This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of Internal Auditing and Verification covered in connexion with financial law and banking / lending Institutions....
31. Internal Migrant Resources See Also Migration Internal Migration Immigration Law...
32. The Internal Structure of the Criminal Law Main source: Duff, Antony, “Theories of Criminal Law”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2008 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), ... Read more...
33. Internal Control Programs In the United States For information about Internal Control Programs in the context of international trade, click here...
34. Internal Rate of Return Literature Review on Internal Rate of Return In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] William G. Albrecht offers the following summary about the topic of Internal Rate of Return: Internal rate of return (IRR) is one of the several benefit–cost techniques that are [...]...
35. European Law European law and the European Union Related Work and Conclusions Resources See Also References (Papers) Femmes, Migration, Et Prostitution En Europe: Il N'Est Pas Question De "Travail De Sexe", Anna Zobnina, Sep 2017 Why We Must Oppose The Full Decriminalization Of Prostitution, [...]...
36. European Resources See Also Legal System Country Jurisdiction Immigration Consulate...
37. European Convention on Nationality 2 Contents European Convention on Nationality   Chapter V – Multiple nationality Article 14 – Cases of multiple nationality ex lege ... Read more...
38. European Landscape Convention Contents European Landscape Convention The purpose of the Convention is to provide an instrument devoted to the protection, management and ... Read more...
39. European Union law Part 1 Contents European Union law Part 1   1 European Union law International and Comparative Law Quarterly Volume 60, Number 2, ... Read more...
40. European Union law Part 2 Contents European Union law Part 2   14 The Akzo ruling of the Court of Justice and the Private Enforcement ... Read more...
41. European Union law Part 3 Contents European Union law Part 3   23 Determining Jurisdiction in International License Agreements: Falco Privatstiftung (C-533/07) [2009] E.C.R. I-0000 ... Read more...
42. European Union law Part 4 Contents European Union law Part 4   32 European Union Food Law Update: A Special Look at the Treaty of ... Read more...
43. European Union law Part 5 Contents European Union law Part 5   45 Barriers to Financing: Is European Union Indirect Discrimination Law the Answer for ... Read more...
44. European Union law Part 6 Contents European Union law Part 6   65 RELIGION AS A BASIS OF LAW IN THE PUBLIC ORDER OF THE ... Read more...
45. European Union law Part 7 Contents European Union law Part 7   79 Case Law of the European Union Courts – Leading Judgments 16 December ... Read more...
46. European Union law Part 8 Contents European Union law Part 8   96 European Union Environmental Law-Who Legislates for Whom in a Devolved Great Britain ... Read more...
47. European Union law Part 9 Contents European Union law Part 9   121 European Union and Controversial Biotechnologies-Technology, Economy, Ethics, Politics and Law in United ... Read more...
48. European Union law Part 10 Contents European Union law Part 10   141 European Union law as a Legal System in a Comparative Perspective. Zeno-Zencovich, ... Read more...
49. European Union law Part 11 Contents European Union law Part 11   159 Basic Conditions of Company Law and Tax Legislation forthe Third Sector in ... Read more...
50. European Union law Part 12 Contents European Union law Part 12   168 The Rule of law and the coherence of the judicial system of ... Read more...
51. European Union law Part 13 Contents European Union law Part 13   181 Competition Law and Policy in the European Union OECD Journal of Competition ... Read more...
52. European Union law Part 14 Contents European Union law Part 14   201 Insider Trading Regulations in the Context of the Principle of ‘ Rule ... Read more...
53. European Union law Part 15 Contents European Union law Part 15   216 The European Union 2005 in Luxembourg: Recent Developments in the Case Law ... Read more...
54. European Union law Part 16 Contents European Union law Part 16   221 The Uneasy Case for Top-Down Corporate Law Harmonization in the European Union ... Read more...
55. European Union law Part 17 Contents European Union law Part 17   227 DUAL LEGAL BASES IN EC ENVIRONMENTAL LAW REVISITED: NOTE ON THE JUDGMENTS ... Read more...
56. European Union law Part 18 Contents European Union law Part 18   240 RACHAEL CRAUFURD SMITH (ed.), Culture and European Union law Maastricht Journal of ... Read more...
57. European Union law Part 19 Contents European Union law Part 19   250 Merger Remedies in American and European Union Competition Law edited by François ... Read more...
58. European Union law Part 20 Contents European Union law Part 20   268 A review of the regulation of payment facilities Rhys Bollen Journal of ... Read more...
59. European Union law Part 21 Contents European Union law Part 21   277 T. HERVEY and J. McHALE, Health Law and the European Union, Cambridge ... Read more...
60. European Union law Part 22 Contents European Union law Part 22   299 Joint Ventures: Treatment under New Zealand, United States and European Competition Law ... Read more...
61. European Union law Part 23 Contents European Union law Part 23   310 Drug Marketing Exclusivity Under United States and European Union law Valerie Junod ... Read more...
62. European Union law Part 24 Contents European Union law Part 24   329 Enhancing the Legitimacy of the World Trade Organization: Why the United States ... Read more...
63. European Union law Part 25 Contents European Union law Part 25   342 IMPLEMENTING ENVIRONMENTAL LAW IN THE EUROPEAN UNION: LESSONS FROM THE BATHING WATER ... Read more...
64. European Union law Part 26 Contents European Union law Part 26   352 M.R. Joelson, An International Antitrust Primer: A Guide to the Operation of ... Read more...
65. European Union law Part 27 Contents European Union law Part 27   372 Constructing Common Cultures: The Ontological and Normative Dimensions of Law in the ... Read more...
66. European Union law Part 28 Contents European Union law Part 28   377 FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT FOR INDIGENTS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF AMERICAN CONSTITUTIONAL LAW ... Read more...
67. European Union law Part 29 Contents European Union law Part 29   383 ‘NEGATIVE’ AND ‘POSITIVE’ HARMONIZATION OF Labor law IN THE EUROPEAN UNION Catherine ... Read more...
68. European Union law Part 30 Contents European Union law Part 30   401 Judicial Enforcement of WTO Law in the European Union Some Further Reflections ... Read more...
69. European Union law Part 31 2 Contents European Union law Part 31   425 ETHICS AS REGULATORY OBLIGATION IN THE FIELD OF NOVEL FOODS AND FOOD ... Read more...
70. European Energy Charter   PART I DEFINITIONS AND PURPOSE ARTICLE 1 DEFINITIONS As used in this Treaty: (1) "Charter"means the European Energy Charter adopted in the Concluding Document of the Hague Conference on the European Energy Charter signed at The Hague on 17 December 1991; signature of the [...]...
71. European Energy Charter 5 Contents European Energy Charter   ARTICLE 2 PURPOSE OF THE TREATY This Treaty establishes a legal framework in order to ... Read more...
72. European Energy Charter 6 Contents European Energy Charter   ARTICLE 7 TRANSIT (1) Each Contracting Party shall take the necessary measures to facilitate the ... Read more...
73. European Energy Charter 7 Contents European Energy Charter   PART III INVESTMENT PROMOTION AND PROTECTION ARTICLE 10 PROMOTION, PROTECTION AND TREATMENT OF INVESTMENTS (1) ... Read more...
74. European Energy Charter 8 Contents European Energy Charter   ARTICLE 11 KEY PERSONNEL (1) A Contracting Party shall, subject to its laws and regulations ... Read more...
75. European Energy Charter 9 Contents European Energy Charter   ARTICLE 16 RELATION TO OTHER AGREEMENTS Where two or more Contracting Parties have entered into ... Read more...
76. European Energy Charter 10 Contents European Energy Charter   ARTICLE 20 TRANSPARENCY (1) Laws, regulations, judicial decisions and administrative rulings of general application which ... Read more...
77. European Energy Charter 11 Contents European Energy Charter   ARTICLE 24 EXCEPTIONS (1) This Article shall not apply to Articles 12, 13 and 29. ... Read more...
78. European Energy Charter 12 Contents European Energy Charter   ARTICLE 27 Settlement of Disputes BETWEEN CONTRACTING PARTIES (1) Contracting Parties shall endeavour to settle ... Read more...
79. European Energy Charter 2 Contents European Energy Charter   ARTICLE 31 ENERGY-RELATED EQUIPMENT The provisional Charter Conference shall at its first meeting commence examination ... Read more...
80. European Energy Charter 3 Contents European Energy Charter   ARTICLE 35 SECRETARIAT (1) In carrying out its duties, the Charter Conference shall have a ... Read more...
81. European Energy Charter 4 Contents European Energy Charter   ARTICLE 42 AMENDMENTS (1) Any Contracting Party may propose amendments to this Treaty. (2) The ... Read more...
82. European Convention on Nationality Contents European Convention on Nationality   Chapter I – General matters Article 1 – Object of the Convention This Convention ... Read more...
83. European Convention on Nationality 3 Contents European Convention on Nationality   Chapter VIII – Co-operation between the States Parties Article 23 – Co-operation between the ... Read more...
84. Common Market Summary of Common Market A supranational organization of trading nations, created to promote economic collaboration and minimize constraints on the free movement of goods among the member states. Features of a common market include elimination of tariffs on goods moving between member [...]...
85. European Communities Summary of European Communities The name for the collective institution that embraces the European Economic Community, the European Atomic Energy Community, and the European Coal And Steel Community (qq.v.). Each of the three entities was established by separate convention, the earliest of [...]...
86. European Currency Unit Summary of European Currency Unit The European Monetary System is considered here.(Main Author: William J. Miller) European Currency Unit and the European Union Resources See Also ECU...
87. European Economic Community Summary of European Economic Community One of the three components of the European Communities. In March 1957, the members of the European Coal and Steel Community (France, Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, and the Benelux countries) expanded the sphere of economic cooperation through the [...]...
88. European Investment Bank Summary of European Investment Bank A multilateral development bank established in 1958 by the Treaty of Rome for the purpose of assisting in the balanced growth of the European economic community (read this and related legal terms for further details) (EEC). The bank grants long-term loans [...]...
89. European Monetary System Summary of European Monetary System A mechanism established by the European Communities to mitigate exchange rate fluctuations among the members and establish a zone of "monetary stability in Europe."The EMS is, in part, a fulfillment of the 1970 Werner Report (read this and [...]...
90. European Patent System A series of agreements among European states, the object of which is harmonized patent laws and regulations. The system includes the following agreements: European Patent Convention, also known as the Munich Patent Convention, and the Convention on Granting of European Patents, provides patent prot......
91. European Payments Union Summary of European Payments Union An intra-European mechanism for the periodic settlement of trade balances. The EPU was established July 1, 1950, among the members of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation (read this and related legal terms for further details) (OEEC) to [...]...
92. European Recovery Program Commonly known as the Marshall Plan, a post-World War II program to assist the reconstruction of Europe. The plan was proposed by U.S. Secretary of State George Marshall in 1947 and implemented by the Economic Cooperation Act of 1948. During the course of the program, U.S. $13.6 billion in assistanc......
93. European Terms An expression of the value of any foreign currency in terms of how many units equal one dollar; effective September 1, 1979, most New York banks employed this foreign currency method for transactions.......
94. Spot Market A market for commodities or currency in which the sale results in an immediate or nearly immediate exchange of the goods or instruments for cash, as compared with a futures market, which trades in contracts for the future delivery of the product.......
95. European Orphan Works The recently passed EU orphan works directive will give, when implemented at the national level, non-profit libraries, archives, and similar organizations the right to use orphan works after first conducting a diligent search......
96. European Court of Justice Introduction to European Court of Justice European Court of Justice, court of law of the European Union (EU), established in 1957. The court is charged with ruling on all questions brought before it concerning the founding treaties of the EU and legislation made under those treaties. Since [...]...
97. European Union Legal Materials Two sources for E.U. information stand out in my mind. First, the European Union'sEuropa, which posts (a) EU news and press releases, (b) links to EU Web sites, including the European Parliament, banks, courts and agencies and (c) the best collection of EU legal materials on [...]...
98. European Commission Spanish Translation of European Commission This is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to European Commission and / or a definition of this topic: Comisión Europea (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry). European Commission and the Treaties of the [...]...
99. European Community Law Spanish Translation of European community lawThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to European community law and / or a definition of this topic: Derecho Comunitario (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
100. European Parliament Spanish Translation of European Parliament This is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to European Parliament and / or a definition of this topic: Parlamento Europeo (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry). European Parliament and the Treaties of the [...]...
101. European Union Law Sources Spanish Translation of sources for European Union LawThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to sources for European Union Law and / or a definition of this topic: Fuentes del Derecho de la Unión Europea (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
102. European Union Regulation Spanish Translation of European Union regulationThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to European Union regulation and / or a definition of this topic: Reglamento Comunitario (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
103. European Patent Convention European Patent Convention (EPC) in E.U. Patent System Nineteen European countries are parties to the European Patent Convention. A patent application filed under this convention will, when granted, usually automatically be effective in each of the countries designated by the applicant. [...]...
104. European Budget Budget and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Budget provided by the European Union Commission: All the Union's revenue and expenditure is entered in the Community budget on the basis of annual forecasts. The budget is governed by several principles, including: • unity: [...]...
105. European Central Bank European Central Bank (ECB) and the Treaties of the European Union Description of European Central Bank (ECB) provided by the European Union Commission: The European Central Bank was inaugurated on 30 June 1998. On 1 January 1999 it took over responsibility for implementing European monetary [...]...
106. European Council European Council and the Treaties of the European Union Description of European Council provided by the European Union Commission: The European Council is the term used to describe the regular meetings of the Heads of State or Government of the European Union Member States. Its purpose is to [...]...
107. European Development Fund EDF and the Treaties of the European Union Description of EDF provided by the European Union Commission: The European Development Fund is the main instrument for Community aid for development cooperation in the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries and the Overseas Countries and [...]...
108. European Economic Area European Economic Area and the Treaties of the European Union Description of European Economic Area provided by the European Union Commission: Agreement Between the Community, and three Member States of the European Free Trade Area (EFTA)(not Switzerland) entered into force on 1 January 2004 [...]...
109. European Community European Community (EC) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of European Community (EC): (Previously known as the European Economic Community, or EEC; the term "European Communities" [...]...
110. European Currency Unit (ECU) European Currency Unit (ECU) and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of European Currency Unit (ECU): A unit of value based on a "currency basket" comprising specific amounts of the [...]...
111. Grey Market Grey Market in International Trade Meaning of Grey Market, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A situation that consists of unauthorized traders buying and selling a company's product in different countries. Companies confronted with a grey situation can [...]...
112. European Union Law Contents of European Union Law Contents of this subject matter include: Session 1: legal competence, legislation and decision-making Session 2: Supremacy and Direct Effect and state liability in damages Session 3: Enforcement actions against Member States and Preliminary Rulings Session 4: EU [...]...
113. European Neighbourhood Policy European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) The European Neighbourhood Policy, abbreviated as ENP, was developed in 2004, with the objective of avoiding the emergence of new dividing lines between the enlarged European Union (EU) and its neighbours to the South and East Through the ENP, the EU offers [...]...
114. European Convention on Cybercrime Embracing mainstream international law, this section on european convention on cybercrime explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "cybercrime, european convention on" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic [...]...
115. European Convention on Extradition Embracing mainstream international law, this section on european convention on extradition explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "extradition, european convention on" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic [...]...
116. European Integration Embracing mainstream international law, this section on european integration explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "european integration" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law [...]...
117. European Law of Nations Embracing mainstream international law, this section on european law of nations explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "european law of nations" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of [...]...
118. European Social Charter Embracing mainstream international law, this section on european social charter explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental Organization Regional Organization Regional [...]...
119. European Space Agency Embracing mainstream international law, this section on european space agency explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. European Space Agency and the European Union Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental [...]...
120. European Monetary Institute European Monetary Institute (emi) and Europe There is an entry on european monetary institute (emi) in the European legal encyclopedia. European Monetary Institute and the European Union Resources See Also EMI Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "European Monetary Institute [...]...