Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Voter Information Voter Information in Election Law A process of giving relevant factual information about an election process on a timely basis. This includes when, where and how voters will vote. When this is done during the preparatory stages of an election, particularly a general election, it aids [...]...
2. Votes Single Non-transferable Vote (sntv) in Election Law Electoral system in which the voter is asked to vote for a single candidate in a multi-member district represented by several seats. The candidates who receive the most votes are declared winners. In this type of system, electors vote for [...]...
3. Ballots Challenged Ballot in Election Law Any type of ballot paper that is contested. These are temporarily excluded from the count and set aside to clarify their validity. Discarded Ballot in Election Law Ballot paper issued to a voter and recorded as such but not placed in the ballot box. For [...]...
4. Secret Ballot Secret Ballot in Election Law A fundamental principle in democratic elections, by which the voter is entitled to vote without being seen by others, a potential source of pressure and intimidation which could invalidate the freedom of choice. An election authority is therefore obliged to [...]...
5. Voter Registration Election: Voter Registration Introduction to Voter Registration In addition to differences in political party strength, these national differences in voter participation result from variations in registration rules and the organization of elections. In Europe, governments automatical......
6. Voice Vote Introduction to Voice VoteVoice Vote, vote that is tallied by the vocal responses of its participants. Voice voting is accomplished either by a general count of "ayes" versus "nays" or by asking each participant one by one to announce his or her vote, a procedure that is......
7. Voters Unbalanced Distribution of Voters in Election Law Situation in which certain constituencies/ districts are overpopulated while others are underpopulated. This happens when electoral boundaries are not updated to reflect demographic trends or are deliberately manipulated so as to influence [...]...
8. Voter Eligible Voter in Election Law Individual who satisfies the legal requirements to participate in an election. These requirements are usually related to nationality, age, mental health, etc. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
9. Optical Mark Recognition Optical Mark Recognition (omr) Device in Election Law A scanner that can read specific marks in a defined set of locations on a page. The computer software used by an OMR scanner is programmed to recognise the meaning of the various marks and to convert scanned images into computer-readable [...]...
10. Electorate Introduction to ElectorateElectorate, term applied to all of the eligible voters in a political democracy. If a substantial majority of the mature citizens of a community are allowed to participate in elections, and if no compulsion or restraint is involved in voting, that community is cons......
11. Election Types Election: Types of Election:sIntroduction to Election TypesIn most nations, political party leaders select candidates for office in a general election. The United States is one of the few nations to hold primary elections prior to the general election campaign. In these elections, ......
12. Internet Campaign Internet Campaign in Election Law Any means of contact with voters using computer-based or other electronic communication methods. This involves developing a campaign on the internet using web sites and social networks. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
13. Credibility Credibility in Election Law In the context of elections, voter confidence in the electoral process, including voter registration, the electoral system, procedures, vote count, etc., and also in the main actors: political parties, candidates, the Election Management Body (EMB) and the media, [...]...
14. Absentee Vote Absentee Vote or Ballot in Election Law Method by which a person may vote without going to the polling station on election day. Depending on national laws, the voter has a certain period of time during which he or she can obtain a ballot before the election. The ballot paper is filled out and [...]...
15. Handbook Voter Handbook or Guide in Election Law Document usually issued to voters by the election authority to explain the steps they must follow and voting procedures in layman's terms. The handbook may also include recommendations to explain to voters what rules must be obeyed, and how they can [...]...
16. Preferential Vote Preferential Vote in Election Law System used in list-based voting which gives a greater choice to the voter, who is not obliged to keep candidates in the order in which they are presented by their parties. Voters may mark a preference for one or more candidates or may themselves rank all [...]...
17. Polling Political Campaign How Campaigns are Conducted Polling Introduction to Polling Surveys of voter opinion provide the raw material of modern political campaigns. Political consultants use this information to run campaigns that closely resemble the efforts of businesses to market produc......
18. Targeting Targeting and International Trade Economy Resources See Also industrial targeting...
19. Family Vote Family Vote in Election Law Type of vote where one family member instructs others how to vote, or even in some cases votes in place of family members (e.g. by collecting all their voters' cards). This practice is considered a type of electoral fraud. Resources See Also Election Law [...]...
20. Nomination Introduction to Nomination Nomination, in politics, the formal selection and presentation of a candidate for an elective office. Four principal methods of nomination have been used in the U.S.: nomination by political convention, by primary election, by caucus, and by petition. Before 1800 c......
21. Vote Ordinal Vote in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: A rank ordering of votes for either candidates or parties....
22. Vote System Block Vote System in Election Law A plurality/majority system used in multi-member districts in which electors have as many votes as there are candidates to be elected. Voting is candidate centred. The candidates with the highest total number of votes win the seats. Resources See Also [...]...
23. Participation Spanish Translation of participationThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to participation and / or a definition of this topic: Participación (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
24. How Voters Decide Election: How Voters DecideIntroduction to How Voters DecideMany Americans identify personally with and maintain a sense of loyalty to either the Democratic or Republican Party. Voters often acquire partisan identification in childhood as a result of parental influence. Issues and ......
25. Postal Vote Postal Vote in Election Law Process by which a voter exercises his or her right to vote from home by sending in his or her ballot by mail. It implies previous identification of the voter. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
26. Card Voter Card in Election Law Document issued after voter registration, entitling a person to vote. The card usually mentions the name, date of birth, address and sometimes the polling station where the cardholder must vote. Some legislations require the person to show their voter card as well as [...]...
27. Registration Introduction to Registration Registration, in electoral systems, method usually used to identify voters who are qualified to participate in an election. The act of registration is not, in a strict legal sense, a qualification for voting in the way that age, residence, race, literacy, and rel......
28. Invalid Ballot Invalid Ballot in Election Law Voting paper that is marked incorrectly, in a way that does not conform with the electoral law and procedures, or is illegible so that the voter's choice cannot be determined. Several things can invalidate a ballot, according to the electoral law: (1) a [...]...
29. Block Party Block Vote (pbv) in Election Law A plurality/majority system using multi-member districts in which voters cast a single party-centred vote for a party of choice and do not choose between candidates. The party with the most votes will win every seat in the electoral district. Resources [...]...
30. Presidential Elections Presidential Elections in Election Law Elections in which voters are called on to elect the president of the republic. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
31. Universal Suffrage Universal Suffrage in Election Law A fundamental principle in democratic elections, by which every citizen has the right to vote in periodic and regular elections and referenda. This right must be established by law. Restrictions may apply (minimum age, mental capacity), but the right to vote [...]...
32. Voter List Final Voter List in Election Law A final list of eligible voters for an upcoming election or referendum updated, after the display and challenge period, with neccesary actions of correction, addition and removal. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
33. Electorate Race and Social Position Introduction to Electorate Race and Social PositionRace and social position are no longer of importance in the composition of an electorate. In the United States, the 15th Amendment to the constitution, ratified in 1870, prohibited race, color, or previous condition of servitude as grounds ......
34. Protest Vote Protest Vote in Election Law A voter's choice that expresses his or her dissatisfaction or mistrust of the candidates in the race or of the election process itself. A protest vote may take the form of a blank or spoilt ballot in the ballot box, or a vote for a candidate who has no chance [...]...
35. Apathy Voter Apathy in Election Law Partial or total lack of interest on the part of certain voters in an election or in politics in general. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
36. Blank Ballot Blank Ballot in Election Law Voting paper on which a voter makes no mark, so as to not indicate a choice. Blank ballots are sometimes treated and counted as invalid, in the same way that a ballot paper marked twice is disqualified. In some countries, a blank vote can be seen as a political [...]...
37. Electoral Realignments Election: Electoral RealignmentsIntroduction to Electoral RealignmentsThe outcomes of elections often have important consequences for governmental programs and policies. In the United States, elections have had their greatest impact during times of "critical realignment"-......
38. Electorate Property Introduction to Electorate PropertyHistorically, property has been a persistent test of admittance into the electorate. The gradual relinquishment of property ownership criteria marked the evolution of the franchise in Great Britain and the United States. The influence of the frontier and t......
39. Electorate Gender Introduction to Electorate GenderRestrictions on the basis of gender were ended in the United States with the passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920, and in Great Britain with enactment of the "flapper vote" law in 1928. Women were enfranchised in Germany under the Weimar Constitut......
40. Political Parties Introduction to Political PartiesPolitical Parties, organizations that mobilize voters on behalf of a common set of interests, concerns, and goals. In many nations, parties play a crucial role in the democratic process. They formulate political and policy agendas, select candidates, conduct......
41. Recording Direct Recording Electronic (dre) Equipment in Election Law Machines or computers normally installed at a polling station, which record and simultaneously store votes. This can be done using a touch screen (with or without a special pen), or by using devices that involve pressing one or more [...]...
42. Free Expression Internet Speech, Defamation, Online Torts and The Good Samaritan Exemption in the Context of Internet Law Read, in this legal Encyclopedia, about the topic of this section, and, specially, about E-Commerce and the Rights of Free Speech, Press and Expression In Cyberspace...
43. Preliminary Preliminary Results in Election Law Total or partial results released by the electoral administration. They cannot be considered final or official until all complaints and appeals have been resolved. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
44. Tactical Tactical Voting in Election Law A vote based on political calculation, often implying that the elector votes for a party or candidate that he or she does not really support, but does so to keep out a party or candidate that he or she does not want to see elected. Resources See Also Election [...]...
45. Compulsory Compulsory Voting in Election Law Legal measure by which citizens are obliged to vote. In certain countries, individuals who abstain from voting without good and sufficient reason can be subject to a fine. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
46. Information Officer Information Officer in Election Law Person appointed by the election authority to provide information to the public, generally in every polling station. The information officer guides voters and provides assistance to those who experience difficulties in exercising their right to vote. [...]...
47. Optical Character Recognition Optical Character Recognition (ocr) Device in Election Law Scanning system that takes images and uses computer software to recognise the shapes of printed or handwritten characters, such as numbers and letters, and stores them as computer-readable data. OCR is typically used to convert printed [...]...
48. Ballot Counting Ballot Counting in Election Law Series of operations performed after voting has closed to count the number of ballots in a ballot box, compare that number to the signatures on the voter register and count the number of votes obtained by each list or candidate. Resources See Also Election Law [...]...
49. Alternative Vote Majority (Alternative Vote Method) in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: This majority system is based upon, full, standard, and preferential voting. Accordingly electors are required to number all candidates in order of preference. A candidate requires an absolute [...]...
50. Constituency Ad Hoc Electoral Constituency in Election Law Constituency established specifically for one particular election, which is therefore redefined periodically. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
51. Valid Valid Ballot or Valid Vote in Election Law Ballot which clearly indicates the voter's intention and fulfils the requirements of electoral law and can be included in the vote count. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
52. Electorate Historical Electorate Historical OverviewIntroduction to Electorate HistoricalSince the beginning of the 18th century, there has been a struggle to expand the electorate in many countries to include new groups or classes of citizens or subjects. Many criteria have been used throughout history......
53. Activities Busing Activities in Election Law Transportation by bus (or other means) of voters, organised by candidates or political parties so that people can go and cast their votes. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
54. Buying Vote Buying in Election Law Illegal act involving the payment of money or the promise of benefits by a candidate to voters who, in exchange, promise to vote for him or her. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
55. Disenfranchisement Disenfranchisement in Election Law The revocation of the right of suffrage (the right to vote) of a person or group of people, or through practices that prevent a person from exercising his or her right to vote. Disfranchisement can be explicit, for example as a result of legal provisions, or [...]...
56. Stakeholder Stakeholder in Election Law Actor involved in and concerned with the electoral process: voters, election administration, candidates, political parties, voters, media, civil society, international and domestic observers and donors. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral [...]...
57. Rally An increase in stock or commodity prices following a decline.......
58. Tabulation Tabulation of Votes in Election Law The process of compiling the result of a vote count at an election. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
59. Reader Optical Reader in Election Law Machine to scan and identify prerecorded data. In an election, this technology can be used to read the ticks or other signs marked on a ballot paper by voters to indicate their choice of candidate(s). An optical reader can also be used to process voter [...]...
60. By-elections By-elections in Election Law Elections conducted to re-allocate one or several seats in a representative assembly following the death, resignation or dismissal of the incumbent(s). Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
61. Deadline Deadline For Voter Registration in Election Law Date after which citizens may no longer register to exercise their right to vote. Voter registration occurs over a specific period, defined by electoral law. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
62. Poll Tax and Residence Introduction to Poll Tax and ResidenceVarious countries have employed a poll tax to raise general revenues for the conduct of government and the waging of war, not as a requirement for voting. During its first wave of popularity in the United States, after the American Revolution (1775-1783......
63. Primary Elections Primary Elections in Election Law Elections generally held within political parties to designate the candidates who will represent them in the elections. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
64. Ballot Ballot Definition Ballot, in modern usage, a sheet of paper used in voting, usually in an electoral system that allows the voter to make choices secretly. The term may also designate the method and act of voting secretly by means of a mechanical device. Used in elections in all democratic [...]...
65. Ballot Paper Mock Ballot Paper in Election Law Ballot paper used during civic and voter education campaigns to familiarise voters with the real ballot papers used on election day. It shows the ballot structure, how it should be marked and how to avoid marking it in a way that would render it invalid. [...]...
66. Foreigner Foreigner in Election Law A person in a state of which he or she is not a citizen. In some countries, foreign residents are legally allowed to vote under certain conditions, mainly in local elections, such as municipal council elections. Resources See Also Migration Internal Migration [...]...
67. General Elections General or National Elections in Election Law Two terms used to indicate democratic selection of representatives or officials at a national level. The term general election is more often used in republican parliamentary systems, while the term national election is more common in republican [...]...
68. Plurality Plurality in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: A term related to the "first past the post" system of voting. The candidate who attains the highest number of votes in an election or ballot attains a plurality or "simple majority" of votes and is elected....
69. International Election International Election Assistance in Election Law Financial and/or technical support provided by international organisations or specialised NGOs to a country in order to help it organise elections. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
70. Method Highest Average Method in Election Law Formula used in party list proportional voting systems to convert votes into seats. The total number of votes for each party or list is divided by a series of divisors using the D'Hondt method (1,2,3, etc.) or Sainte-Laguë method (1, 3, 5, etc.). [...]...
71. Multi-party Elections Multi-party Elections in Election Law Elections in which a minimum of two parties or candidates runs for office. Plurality is an essential condition of democratic elections. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
72. Timetable Electoral Calendar or Timetable in Election Law A schedule according to which all the phases of a specific election process will take place, such as the day on which voter registration begins and ends, the day on which individuals register their candidacy, the election campaign period, [...]...
73. Candidate Candidate, person who seeks or is nominated for an office, prize, or honor. In politics, candidates aspire to be elected to office by conducting campaigns. (1) Candidate in Election Law Any person who aspires to public office and fulfills the eligibility criteria set by the Election Management [...]...
74. Electronic Voting Origins Electronic Voting Origins of Electronic VotingIntroduction to Electronic Voting OriginsElectronic voting has been used in United States elections since the mid-1970s. The first electronic voting system is believed to be the Video Voter, an electromechanical device. The incentive fo......
75. Electronic Voting Problems Electronic Voting Problems with Electronic VotingIntroduction to Electronic Voting ProblemsScientific concerns about the reliability of electronic vote tallying were raised early on, in a 1975 report by voting technology consultant Roy Saltman at the U.S. National Bureau of Standar......
76. Paper Trail for Electronic Voting Electronic Voting A 'Paper Trail' for Electronic VotingIntroduction to Paper Trail for Electronic VotingThis lack of an independent proof, or audit trail, for the vote data collected by DREs led numerous computer scientists to consider the requirement that all electronic el......
77. Electronic Media Electronic Media in Election Law Means of communication, dissemination and publication of information which differ from the printed press. Information is stored, transmitted and published using technology. Chief among these are internet-based publications, as well as some aspects of television [...]...
78. Voting Preference Voting in Constitutional Law From the Comparative Constitutions Project: A ranked ballot or preferential voting system is a type of voting system in which each voter casts their vote by ranking candidates in order of preference. 'Bandwagon' Voting in Election Law Voting for [...]...
79. Voting Age Voting Age in Election Law Minimum legal age that a person must reach in order to be eligible to vote. The age is usually 18 but may vary from one country to another. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
80. Cumulative Voting Cumulative Voting in Constitutional Law From the Comparative Constitutions Project: A semiproportional system of voting in which each voter has as many votes as there are seats to fill, but each voter may give all of his/her votes to one candidates, or split them up as s/he desires. Cumulative [...]...
81. Advance Voting Advance Voting in Election Law Method by which a registered voter who cannot vote on election day may do so earlier. This can be done in several ways, including by postal vote or at a specific location. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
82. Carousel Voting Carousel Voting in Election Law A method of vote rigging which involves multiple voting, in particular when voters are transported to different polling stations so that they can cast their votes for the same candidate or the same list more than once. Another example is voters using a ballot [...]...
83. Limited Voting Limited Voting in Election Law Voting system used in multi-member constituencies. Voters have more than one vote but fewer votes than the number of seats to be filled. The candidates with the most votes get elected, but not necessarily with absolute majority. Under a variant of Limited Vote [...]...
84. Military Voting Military Voting in Election Law In some countries, members of the military are allowed to vote. Given that they are often based far from their electoral constituencies, polling centres are sometimes set up inside military bases. In other cases, military personnel vote by mail or proxy. This [...]...
85. Open Voting Open Voting in Election Law Situation whereby a voter casts his or her vote in front of everybody in the polling station, meaning the vote is no longer secret. This may happen due to a voter's own carelessness (does not fold his or her ballot paper when leaving the polling booth or simply [...]...
86. Proxy Voting Proxy Voting or Vote by Proxy in Election Law Vote cast by a person on behalf of another, as stipulated by law, when he or she cannot exercise his or her right to vote in person. To vote by proxy, the voter must nominate a trusted person whom he or she delegates to vote on his or her behalf. [...]...
87. Voting System Mixed Voting System in Election Law A system which combines elements of majoritarian and proportional representation systems. There are two kinds of mixed systems: parallel systems and Mixed Member Proportional Systems. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
88. Split-ticket Voting Concept of Split-ticket Voting Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Resources See Also Voting Campaigns Elections...
89. Electronic Surveillance Surveillance ElectronicIntroduction to Electronic SurveillanceElectronic Surveillance, the interception of communications by electronic listening or other devices by someone who is not a party to the conversation. Electronic surveillance may be conducted by governments or individua......
90. Electronic Discovery Law E-Discovery Law......
91. Electronic Database ResourcesSee Also see Database...
92. Electronic Commerce The Conduct and Regulation of Internet commerce in the Context of Internet Law Read, in this legal Encyclopedia, about the topic of this section, and, specially, about Antitrust Restrictions on the Conduct of Electronic Commerce Electronic Commerce in Cyberlaw Antitrust Restrictions on the [...]...
93. Electronic Communications Civil Jurisdiction and Litigation in the Context of Internet Law Read, in this legal Encyclopedia, about the topic of this section, and, specially, about Email and other Electronic Communications in Litigation and in Corporate and Employer Policies...
94. Electronic Marketplaces Electronic Marketplaces: Contracts with Buying Companies and the Electronic Commerce Electronic Marketplaces: Contracts with Buying Companies in the Online Business Law Resources See Also PPC Advertising Social Networking Online Business Law Internet Law Spam Startups Internet Tax [...]...
95. Electronic Signature Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act and the Electronic Commerce Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act in the Online Business Law Resources See Also Online Tax Internet Law Internet Marketing Internet Privacy Internet Sales Internet Tax [...]...
96. Electronic Transactions The Uniform Electronic Transactions Act and the Electronic Commerce The Uniform Electronic Transactions Act in the Online Business Law Resources See Also Online Tax Internet Law Internet Marketing Internet Privacy Internet Sales Internet Tax Crossborder Commerce Keyword Advertising ...
97. Electronic An Integrated Electronic Iqa System for Hei, the Law and other Social Sciences Most HEIs have piecemeal partially linked QMS (Quality Management System) or mechanisms to manage the data, statistics and documents heavy quality management of its academic aspirations disjointed from the planning [...]...
98. Electronic Messages Consumer Adoption of Pc-based/mobile-based Electronic Word-of-mouth Messages, the Law and other Social Sciences Electronic word of mouth (eWOM) on products and services is getting more important in consumer behavior as well as marketing communication. Regarding the issue, marketing and [...]...
99. Electronic Payment Electronic Payment Frameworks: Characterization, Main Initiatives and Challenges, the Law and other Social Sciences This article presents what an electronic payment framework is, its main features and benefits, what the main electronic payment frameworks proposed so far are and, the current [...]...
100. Electronic Dissertations Electronic Theses and Dissertations (etds), the Law and other Social Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) have been a recent addition to the library's online access system, or digital project. this topic traces the history of dissertations, from their printed form and [...]...
101. Electronic Industry Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to electronic industry in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
102. Electronic Evidence Introduction This entry provides an overview of the legal framework of electronic evidence, with a description of the most significant features of electronic evidence at international level. Related Work and Conclusions Resources See Also References (Papers) The Crime Lab In The Age Of The [...]...
103. Electronic Computer Resources See Also Computer Fraud Computer Electronic Surveillance Electronic Commerce...
104. Electronic Publishing Resources See Also Computer Fraud Computer Electronic Surveillance Electronic Commerce...
105. Electronic Equipment Resources See Also Electronics Electronic Commerce Internet Fraud Electronic Surveillance...
106. Electronic Network Resources See Also Enterprise Joint Enterprise Joint Venture...
107. Electronic Library Resources See Also Library Law Library Legal Deposit Public Law Library Information Science Research Investigation Legal Research Study...
108. Electronic Messaging Resources See Also Publishing Publishing Contract Legal Publisher Academic Publishing...
109. Electronic Learning Resources See Also Vocational Training Training Vocational Education Continuing Legal Education Training Contract...
110. Electronic Commerce Law Concepts ContentsIntroduction to Electronic Commerce LawTaxes in InternetInternet AgreementsOnline Privacy and Security Intellectual Property in Internet Online Promotion legal issuesRegulation of ... Read more...
111. Electronic Frontier Foundation Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) is a group of people (lawyers, technologists, volunteers, and visionaries) who share a passionate commitment to defending digital information, innovation, and technology from attempts by government and business to [...]...
112. Electronic Data Interchange Definition of Electronic Data InterchangeIn accordance with the work A Dictionary of Law, this is a description of Electronic Data Interchange : EDI (electronic data interchange, EDI) The use of electronic data-transmission networks to exchange information. Significant commercial contracts set [...]...
113. Electronic Health Record Electronic Health Record (ehr) Diffusion: an Examination of Physician Resistance, the Law and other Social Sciences Since the enactment of the United States Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act in 2009, there has been substantial progress in the diffusion [...]...
114. Electronic Funds Transfers Electronic Funds Transfers in relation with Electronic Funds Transfer Systems This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of Electronic Funds Transfers covered in connexion with Electronic Funds Transfer Systems and banking / lending Institutions....
115. Electronic Data Processing Resources See Also Computer Fraud Computer Electronic Surveillance Electronic Commerce...
116. Electronic Document Management Resources See Also Computer Fraud Computer Electronic Surveillance Electronic Commerce...
117. Electronic Document Delivery Resources See Also Publishing Publishing Contract Legal Publisher Academic Publishing...
118. Electronic Funds Transfer Systems Electronic Funds Transfer Systems regarding Banking Law This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of Electronic Funds Transfer Systems covered in connexion with financial law and banking / lending Institutions....
119. Voting Right Voting Right and Decision-Making Procedures in the United NationsFurther ReadingA concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including Voting Right, H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including Voting Right, [...]...
120. Block Voting A condition within some steamship conferences whereby several carriers regularly vote in unison on various issues before the conference, especially as related to pricing. By employing this approach the block may gain effective control of the conference.......