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1. Electorate Race and Social Position Introduction to Electorate Race and Social PositionRace and social position are no longer of importance in the composition of an electorate. In the United States, the 15th Amendment to the constitution, ratified in 1870, prohibited race, color, or previous condition of servitude as grounds ......
2. Election Types Election: Types of Election:sIntroduction to Election TypesIn most nations, political party leaders select candidates for office in a general election. The United States is one of the few nations to hold primary elections prior to the general election campaign. In these elections, ......
3. Electoral Realignments Election: Electoral RealignmentsIntroduction to Electoral RealignmentsThe outcomes of elections often have important consequences for governmental programs and policies. In the United States, elections have had their greatest impact during times of "critical realignment"-......
4. Electoral Fraud Ballot Tampering in Election Law A method of electoral fraud which consists of manipulating the ballot in any manner which would invalidate the vote or alter the counting results. It may happen at different stages of the polling and counting operations. Resources See Also Election Law [...]...
5. Voice Vote Introduction to Voice VoteVoice Vote, vote that is tallied by the vocal responses of its participants. Voice voting is accomplished either by a general count of "ayes" versus "nays" or by asking each participant one by one to announce his or her vote, a procedure that is......
6. Internet Campaign Internet Campaign in Election Law Any means of contact with voters using computer-based or other electronic communication methods. This involves developing a campaign on the internet using web sites and social networks. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
7. Nomination Introduction to Nomination Nomination, in politics, the formal selection and presentation of a candidate for an elective office. Four principal methods of nomination have been used in the U.S.: nomination by political convention, by primary election, by caucus, and by petition. Before 1800 c......
8. How Voters Decide Election: How Voters DecideIntroduction to How Voters DecideMany Americans identify personally with and maintain a sense of loyalty to either the Democratic or Republican Party. Voters often acquire partisan identification in childhood as a result of parental influence. Issues and ......
9. Voting Preference Voting in Constitutional Law From the Comparative Constitutions Project: A ranked ballot or preferential voting system is a type of voting system in which each voter casts their vote by ranking candidates in order of preference. 'Bandwagon' Voting in Election Law Voting for [...]...
10. Voting Age Voting Age in Election Law Minimum legal age that a person must reach in order to be eligible to vote. The age is usually 18 but may vary from one country to another. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
11. Eligibility In the United States For information about Eligibility in the context of international trade, click here Eligibility (to be Elected) in Election Law The legal capacity to be a candidate. Eligibility (to Vote) in Election Law The legal capacity to be a voter. Resources See Also Disability [...]...
12. Political Parties Introduction to Political PartiesPolitical Parties, organizations that mobilize voters on behalf of a common set of interests, concerns, and goals. In many nations, parties play a crucial role in the democratic process. They formulate political and policy agendas, select candidates, conduct......
13. Poll Tax and Residence Introduction to Poll Tax and ResidenceVarious countries have employed a poll tax to raise general revenues for the conduct of government and the waging of war, not as a requirement for voting. During its first wave of popularity in the United States, after the American Revolution (1775-1783......
14. Constituency Ad Hoc Electoral Constituency in Election Law Constituency established specifically for one particular election, which is therefore redefined periodically. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
15. Free Expression Internet Speech, Defamation, Online Torts and The Good Samaritan Exemption in the Context of Internet Law Read, in this legal Encyclopedia, about the topic of this section, and, specially, about E-Commerce and the Rights of Free Speech, Press and Expression In Cyberspace...
16. Military Voting Military Voting in Election Law In some countries, members of the military are allowed to vote. Given that they are often based far from their electoral constituencies, polling centres are sometimes set up inside military bases. In other cases, military personnel vote by mail or proxy. This [...]...
17. Telephone The Mail or Telephone Order Merchandise Rule and the Electronic Commerce The Mail or Telephone Order Merchandise Rule in the Online Business Law Cellular Subscribers (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Cellular Subscribers means: Subscribers to an automatic public mobile telephone [...]...
18. Compulsory Compulsory Voting in Election Law Legal measure by which citizens are obliged to vote. In certain countries, individuals who abstain from voting without good and sufficient reason can be subject to a fine. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
19. Cost Core Cost (elections) in Election Law Direct expenses incurred by a country for the preparation and conduct of an election, largely for the compilation of voter registers, candidate registration, voting and counting of election results. This does not include other costs covered by the [...]...
20. Recording Direct Recording Electronic (dre) Equipment in Election Law Machines or computers normally installed at a polling station, which record and simultaneously store votes. This can be done using a touch screen (with or without a special pen), or by using devices that involve pressing one or more [...]...
21. Advance Voting Advance Voting in Election Law Method by which a registered voter who cannot vote on election day may do so earlier. This can be done in several ways, including by postal vote or at a specific location. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
22. Civil Jurisdiction Civil Jurisdiction and Judgments This section evaluates the law of civil jurisdiction and the enforcement of foreign judgments, taking into account the implications of the new Brussels I Regulation recast and the Regulation (EU) 1215/2012. This section covers: the jurisdictional rules [...]...
23. Internet Jurisdiction Internet Jurisdiction in Electronic Commerce Internet Jurisdiction in the Online Business Law Internet Jurisdiction in Private International Law This section contain conflict of laws information and cross references related to internet jurisdiction on some major countries and additional [...]...
24. Social Networking Social Networking in Electronic Commerce Social Networking in the Online Business Law Resources See Also Internet Discovery Internet Evidence Internet Jurisdiction Trade Secrets Trademark Weblogs Cyberlaw ...
25. Internet Tax Internet Tax in Electronic Commerce Internet Tax in the Online Business Law Resources See Also Internet Discovery Internet Evidence Internet Jurisdiction Trade Secrets Trademark Weblogs Cyberlaw ...
26. Voter Registration Election: Voter Registration Introduction to Voter Registration In addition to differences in political party strength, these national differences in voter participation result from variations in registration rules and the organization of elections. In Europe, governments automatical......
27. Psephology Psephology in Election Law The study of voting and voting patterns. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
28. Simulation Simulation in Election Law Exercise carried out prior to an election to test the equipment and the implementation procedures for election day. Also known as mock polling, this can help to train polling staff and demonstrate voting procedures to voters. Resources See Also Vocational Training [...]...
29. Technology Contract Technology Contract Review and the Electronic Commerce Technology Contract Review in the Online Business Law Resources See Also PPC Advertising Social Networking Online Business Law Internet Law Spam Startups Internet Tax Crossborder Commerce Technology Law Terms of Use ...
30. Electoral Rights Electoral Rights in Election Law All the civil rights and liberties that a citizen may enjoy in the context of an election, including the right to register as a voter, the right to vote, stand as a candidate, join a political party and campaign. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws [...]...
31. Voter Information Voter Information in Election Law A process of giving relevant factual information about an election process on a timely basis. This includes when, where and how voters will vote. When this is done during the preparatory stages of an election, particularly a general election, it aids [...]...
32. Political Behavior Political Science: Fields in Political Science: Political BehaviorIntroduction to Political BehaviorPolitical behavior involves the study of how people involve themselves in political processes and respond to political activity. The field emphasizes the study of voting behavior, wh......
33. Election Campaign Election Campaign in Election Law Series of activities, occurring before a vote, carried out by political parties or individuals, in order to promote their political programme and principles. These activities can include meetings, rallies, interviews, debates, etc., in order to attract the [...]...
34. Ballots Challenged Ballot in Election Law Any type of ballot paper that is contested. These are temporarily excluded from the count and set aside to clarify their validity. Discarded Ballot in Election Law Ballot paper issued to a voter and recorded as such but not placed in the ballot box. For [...]...
35. Domain Name Intellectual Property in the Context of Internet Law Read, in this legal Encyclopedia, about the topic of this section, and, specially, about Rights in Internet Domain Names...
36. Secret Ballot Secret Ballot in Election Law A fundamental principle in democratic elections, by which the voter is entitled to vote without being seen by others, a potential source of pressure and intimidation which could invalidate the freedom of choice. An election authority is therefore obliged to [...]...
37. Voting System Mixed Voting System in Election Law A system which combines elements of majoritarian and proportional representation systems. There are two kinds of mixed systems: parallel systems and Mixed Member Proportional Systems. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
38. Absentee Vote Absentee Vote or Ballot in Election Law Method by which a person may vote without going to the polling station on election day. Depending on national laws, the voter has a certain period of time during which he or she can obtain a ballot before the election. The ballot paper is filled out and [...]...
39. E-commerce Services Agreement E-commerce Services Agreement and the Electronic Commerce Resources See Also Click Fraud Copyright Cybercrime Cybersquatting E-Commerce Law Internet Advertising Internet Contracts Internet Defamation ...
40. Election Manipulation Election Manipulation in Election Law Deliberate attempt to tamper with the registration of voters, polling and/or counting processes. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
41. Complaint Form Complaint Form in Election Law Tool developed by the election administration and made available to stakeholders in the electoral process to address and register a complaint about a specific aspect of the electoral process. It can be made available on paper or as an electronic form on a [...]...
42. E-Commerce Regulations The Conduct and Regulation of Internet commerce in the Context of Internet Law Read, in this legal Encyclopedia, about the topic of this section, and, specially, about Best Practices for U.S. Companies in Evaluating Global E-Commerce Regulations and Operating Internationally...
43. Equal Suffrage Equal Suffrage in Election Law Principle by which all voters have equal voting rights and do not suffer any form of discrimination. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
44. Judicial Action Judicial Action in Election Law A judicial process initiated to address a specific legal problem. With respect to an election, legal action can be taken regarding any phase of the process, including voter registration, candidate nomination, voting operations, a dispute over results or any [...]...
45. Computer The Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act and the Electronic Commerce The Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act in the Online Business Law Concept of Netwar An introductory definition of Netwar is provided here: the primary objective of "netwar" is to use computer [...]...
46. Handbook Voter Handbook or Guide in Election Law Document usually issued to voters by the election authority to explain the steps they must follow and voting procedures in layman's terms. The handbook may also include recommendations to explain to voters what rules must be obeyed, and how they can [...]...
47. Streams Streams in Election Law Separate queues formed at a polling station to organise and speed up the voting process. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
48. Cycle Electoral Cycle in Election Law Refers to the different stages of the electoral process and can be represented as a visual planning and training tool designed to help development agencies, electoral assistance providers and electoral officials in partner countries to understand the cyclical [...]...
49. Internet Evidence Internet Evidence in Electronic Commerce Internet Evidence in the Online Business Law Resources See Also PPC Advertising Social Networking Online Business Law Internet Law Spam Startups Internet Tax Crossborder Commerce Technology Law Terms of Use ...
50. Internet Privacy Internet Privacy in Electronic Commerce Internet Privacy in the Online Business Law Resources See Also PPC Advertising Social Networking Online Business Law Internet Law Spam Startups Internet Tax Crossborder Commerce Technology Law Terms of Use ...
51. Attorney-Client Communications Civil Jurisdiction and Litigation in the Context of Internet Law Read, in this legal Encyclopedia, about the topic of this section, and, specially, about Use of Email in Attorney-Client Communications...
52. Electronic Surveillance Surveillance ElectronicIntroduction to Electronic SurveillanceElectronic Surveillance, the interception of communications by electronic listening or other devices by someone who is not a party to the conversation. Electronic surveillance may be conducted by governments or individua......
53. Electronic Discovery Law E-Discovery Law......
54. Electronic Database ResourcesSee Also see Database...
55. Electronic Commerce The Conduct and Regulation of Internet commerce in the Context of Internet Law Read, in this legal Encyclopedia, about the topic of this section, and, specially, about Antitrust Restrictions on the Conduct of Electronic Commerce Electronic Commerce in Cyberlaw Antitrust Restrictions on the [...]...
56. Electronic Marketplaces Electronic Marketplaces: Contracts with Buying Companies and the Electronic Commerce Electronic Marketplaces: Contracts with Buying Companies in the Online Business Law Resources See Also PPC Advertising Social Networking Online Business Law Internet Law Spam Startups Internet Tax [...]...
57. Electronic Media Electronic Media in Election Law Means of communication, dissemination and publication of information which differ from the printed press. Information is stored, transmitted and published using technology. Chief among these are internet-based publications, as well as some aspects of television [...]...
58. Electronic Signature Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act and the Electronic Commerce Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act in the Online Business Law Resources See Also Online Tax Internet Law Internet Marketing Internet Privacy Internet Sales Internet Tax [...]...
59. Electronic Transactions The Uniform Electronic Transactions Act and the Electronic Commerce The Uniform Electronic Transactions Act in the Online Business Law Resources See Also Online Tax Internet Law Internet Marketing Internet Privacy Internet Sales Internet Tax Crossborder Commerce Keyword Advertising ...
60. Electronic An Integrated Electronic Iqa System for Hei, the Law and other Social Sciences Most HEIs have piecemeal partially linked QMS (Quality Management System) or mechanisms to manage the data, statistics and documents heavy quality management of its academic aspirations disjointed from the planning [...]...
61. Electronic Messages Consumer Adoption of Pc-based/mobile-based Electronic Word-of-mouth Messages, the Law and other Social Sciences Electronic word of mouth (eWOM) on products and services is getting more important in consumer behavior as well as marketing communication. Regarding the issue, marketing and [...]...
62. Electronic Payment Electronic Payment Frameworks: Characterization, Main Initiatives and Challenges, the Law and other Social Sciences This article presents what an electronic payment framework is, its main features and benefits, what the main electronic payment frameworks proposed so far are and, the current [...]...
63. Electronic Dissertations Electronic Theses and Dissertations (etds), the Law and other Social Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) have been a recent addition to the library's online access system, or digital project. this topic traces the history of dissertations, from their printed form and [...]...
64. Electronic Industry Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to electronic industry in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
65. Electronic Evidence Introduction This entry provides an overview of the legal framework of electronic evidence, with a description of the most significant features of electronic evidence at international level. Related Work and Conclusions Resources See Also References (Papers) The Crime Lab In The Age Of The [...]...
66. Electronic Computer Resources See Also Computer Fraud Computer Electronic Surveillance Electronic Commerce...
67. Electronic Publishing Resources See Also Computer Fraud Computer Electronic Surveillance Electronic Commerce...
68. Electronic Network Resources See Also Enterprise Joint Enterprise Joint Venture...
69. Electronic Library Resources See Also Library Law Library Legal Deposit Public Law Library Information Science Research Investigation Legal Research Study...
70. Electronic Messaging Resources See Also Publishing Publishing Contract Legal Publisher Academic Publishing...
71. Electronic Learning Resources See Also Vocational Training Training Vocational Education Continuing Legal Education Training Contract...
72. Electronic Commerce Law Concepts ContentsIntroduction to Electronic Commerce LawTaxes in InternetInternet AgreementsOnline Privacy and Security Intellectual Property in Internet Online Promotion legal issuesRegulation of ... Read more...
73. Electronic Frontier Foundation Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) is a group of people (lawyers, technologists, volunteers, and visionaries) who share a passionate commitment to defending digital information, innovation, and technology from attempts by government and business to [...]...
74. Electronic Voting Origins Electronic Voting Origins of Electronic VotingIntroduction to Electronic Voting OriginsElectronic voting has been used in United States elections since the mid-1970s. The first electronic voting system is believed to be the Video Voter, an electromechanical device. The incentive fo......
75. Electronic Voting Problems Electronic Voting Problems with Electronic VotingIntroduction to Electronic Voting ProblemsScientific concerns about the reliability of electronic vote tallying were raised early on, in a 1975 report by voting technology consultant Roy Saltman at the U.S. National Bureau of Standar......
76. Electronic Data Interchange Definition of Electronic Data InterchangeIn accordance with the work A Dictionary of Law, this is a description of Electronic Data Interchange : EDI (electronic data interchange, EDI) The use of electronic data-transmission networks to exchange information. Significant commercial contracts set [...]...
77. Electronic Health Record Electronic Health Record (ehr) Diffusion: an Examination of Physician Resistance, the Law and other Social Sciences Since the enactment of the United States Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act in 2009, there has been substantial progress in the diffusion [...]...
78. Electronic Funds Transfers Electronic Funds Transfers in relation with Electronic Funds Transfer Systems This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of Electronic Funds Transfers covered in connexion with Electronic Funds Transfer Systems and banking / lending Institutions....
79. Electronic Document Management Resources See Also Computer Fraud Computer Electronic Surveillance Electronic Commerce...
80. Electronic Document Delivery Resources See Also Publishing Publishing Contract Legal Publisher Academic Publishing...
81. Electronic Funds Transfer Systems Electronic Funds Transfer Systems regarding Banking Law This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of Electronic Funds Transfer Systems covered in connexion with financial law and banking / lending Institutions....
82. Electronic Voting Introduction to Electronic Voting Electronic Voting, a balloting system that allows votes to be entered and recorded in an electronic form. These balloting systems are also referred to as e-voting or direct-recording electronic systems (DREs). The voter uses a direct entry device to register......
83. Communications Law Communications and Intellectual Property Law Contents of Communications and Intellectual Property Law Contents of this subject matter include: Introduction to the international legal system Freedom of expression and constitutional regulation Regulatory Approaches to the Media and [...]...
84. Communications Introduction This entry provides an overview of the legal framework of communications, with a description of the most significant features of communications at international level. Related Work and Conclusions Resources See Also Publishing Publishing Contract Legal Publisher Academic [...]...
85. Electronic Equipment Resources See Also Electronics Electronic Commerce Internet Fraud Electronic Surveillance...
86. Control of Mass Communications Totalitarianism The Party and its Tools Control of Mass CommunicationsIntroduction to Control of Mass CommunicationsBy virtue of the monopoly of mass communications the ruling party and the government are in possession of all channels through which people receive information, guida......
87. Communications Problems Biogeography-based Optimization Applied to Wireless Communications Problems, the Law and other Social Sciences Biogeography-based optimization (BBO) is a recently introduced evolutionary algorithm. BBO is based on mathematical models that describe how species migrate from one island to [...]...
88. Postal Communications Embracing mainstream international law, this section on postal communications explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "postal communications" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International [...]...
89. Communications Lawyer Introduction This entry provides an overview of the legal framework of communications lawyer, with a description of the most significant features of communications lawyer at international level. Related Work and Conclusions Resources See Also References (Papers) Net Neutrality'S Path To [...]...
90. Communications Officer Introduction This entry provides an overview of the legal framework of communications officer, with a description of the most significant features of communications officer at international level. Related Work and Conclusions Resources See Also References (Papers) Table Of Contents, May 2016 [...]...
91. Electronic Data Processing Resources See Also Computer Fraud Computer Electronic Surveillance Electronic Commerce...
92. Communications Policy Resources See Also Publishing Publishing Contract Legal Publisher Academic Publishing...
93. Communications Satellite Resources See Also Publishing Publishing Contract Legal Publisher Academic Publishing...
94. Data Communications Network Resources See Also Publishing Publishing Contract Legal Publisher Academic Publishing...
95. Air, Space, and Communications legal resources Air, Space, and Communications legal resources ContentsAviationSpaceCommunicationsConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/sMentioned in these Entries Aviation Aviation ... Read more...
96. Naval Institute v. Charter Communications ContentsUnited States Naval Institute v. Charter Communications and Berkley Publishing GroupConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/s United ... Read more...
97. Electronic Records ContentsElectronic RecordsWhat are Considered Electronic RecordsThe Meaning of an Electronic RecordE-mail that records communicationsSoftware created by a government organization Data ... Read more...
98. Stored Communications The Internet and the Stored Communications Act and the Electronic Commerce The Internet and the Stored Communications Act in the Online Business Law Resources See Also PPC Advertising Social Networking Online Business Law Internet Law Spam Startups Internet Tax Crossborder Commerce [...]...
99. Taxation of Electronic Commerce The Conduct and Regulation of Internet commerce in the Context of Internet Law Read, in this legal Encyclopedia, about the topic of this section, and, specially, about Taxation of Electronic Commerce...
100. Electronic Contract Formation Electronic Contract Formation In his Book “Implicity of Electronic Contract Formation: With Reference to Email and Website Copyright” (2009), Taimur ... Read more...
101. Electronic Contract Creation Electronic Contract Creation In his Book “Implicity of Electronic Contract Formation: With Reference to Email and Website Copyright” (2009), Taimur ... Read more...
102. Trade and Electronic Commerce Trade and Electronic Commerce and the World Trade Organization Trade and Electronic Commerce in relation to the World Trade Organization (WTO) covers several issues....
103. Cooperative Communications Autonomic Cooperative Communications, the Law and other Social Sciences When perceived from the perspective of Physical Layer upwards, as it capitalises on signal processing in both the spatial and temporal domains, the concept of Link Layer inherent Distributed Cooperative Relaying based on [...]...
104. Paper Trail for Electronic Voting Electronic Voting A 'Paper Trail' for Electronic VotingIntroduction to Paper Trail for Electronic VotingThis lack of an independent proof, or audit trail, for the vote data collected by DREs led numerous computer scientists to consider the requirement that all electronic el......
105. List of Electronic commerce legal resources in internet 1. Attorney -General’s Department. E-Commerce Description The purpose of this site is to provide updates on legal developments in electronic ... Read more...
106. eLaw ContentseLawIntroductioneLaw HistoryTwo Semantic ProyectsImplementationeLaw GoalsMain ComponentsWorkflow ProceduresMS Word templates and macrosStrengths and Weaknesses of the ProjectResourcesNotes and ReferencesSee AlsoFurther Reading ... Read more...
107. Electoral Reform Introduction Electoral Reform, elimination of undemocratic, dishonest, and corrupt practices in the conduct of public elections. Reform is usually effected by statutory enactments that contain provisions for accomplishing one or more of the following ends: a change in the qualification [...]...
108. Eligible Paper Drafts, bills of exchange, and other instruments that satisfy requirements for discount or re-discount at the counters of a Federal Reserve bank. In addition to being eligible, i.e., arising from an approved transaction, the paper must be acceptable, i.e., drawn, accepted, or endorsed by a credit-wo......
109. Elgar Encyclopedia of Comparative Law ContentsElgar Encyclopedia of Comparative LawPrefaceRelated SourcesComparative and Foreign Law GuidesOther International EncyclopediasSee Also Elgar Encyclopedia of Comparative Law This legal ... Read more...
110. Election Introduction to Election Election, procedure that allows members of an organization or community to choose representatives who will hold positions of authority within it. The most important elections select the leaders of local, state, and national governments. The chance to decide who will [...]...
111. Electoral Systems Election: Electoral Systems Introduction to Electoral Systems The manner in which governments organize elections and determine winners also affects participation rates. Majority systems require that a victorious candidate receive more than 50 percent of the vote. Under a plurality system, [...]...
112. Electorate Introduction to ElectorateElectorate, term applied to all of the eligible voters in a political democracy. If a substantial majority of the mature citizens of a community are allowed to participate in elections, and if no compulsion or restraint is involved in voting, that community is cons......
113. Electorate Gender Introduction to Electorate GenderRestrictions on the basis of gender were ended in the United States with the passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920, and in Great Britain with enactment of the "flapper vote" law in 1928. Women were enfranchised in Germany under the Weimar Constitut......
114. Electorate Historical Electorate Historical OverviewIntroduction to Electorate HistoricalSince the beginning of the 18th century, there has been a struggle to expand the electorate in many countries to include new groups or classes of citizens or subjects. Many criteria have been used throughout history......
115. Electorate Property Introduction to Electorate PropertyHistorically, property has been a persistent test of admittance into the electorate. The gradual relinquishment of property ownership criteria marked the evolution of the franchise in Great Britain and the United States. The influence of the frontier and t......
116. Electrocution Introduction to ElectrocutionElectrocution, in a legal sense, a method of inflicting the death penalty on a convicted criminal by passing an electric current through the body. Electrocution was first used in 1890 in New York State. By 1972, at the time of the U.S. Supreme Court decision on ......
117. Elder Law Introduction to Elder Law In the Preface to his book "Older People in Law and Society," Jonathan Herring of Exeter College Oxford, says: "It is remarkable how little has been written on the English law and older people. While elder law is a well-established field of study in [...]...
118. Forum Non Conveniens Definition of Forum Non Conveniens In accordance with the work A Dictionary of Law, this is a description of Forum Non Conveniens : (Latin: not in agreement with the judicial forum) A doctrine that permits a court to decline to accept jurisdiction over a case, so that the case may be tried in [...]...
119. El Salvador The Legal History of El Salvador This section provides an overview of El Salvador Resources See Also Legal System Country Jurisdiction Immigration Consulate Resources See Also Legal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading El Salvador in the Oxford [...]...
120. Electoral Commission Electoral Commission in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: An institution set up to manage and supervise elections....